Hasil untuk "Evolution"

G. Simpson

B. Rensch

Tosio Kato

B. Charlesworth

R. Boyd, P. Richerson

S. Arnold

O. Ladyzhenskaya

In this volume, Olga A. Ladyzhenskaya expands on her highly successful 1991 Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei lectures. The lectures were devoted to questions of the behaviour of trajectories for semigroups of nonlinear bounded continuous operators in a locally non-compact metric space and for solutions of abstract evolution equations. The latter contain many initial boundary value problems for dissipative partial differential equations. This work, for which Ladyzhenskaya was awarded the Russian Academy of Sciences' Kovalevskaya Prize, reflects the high calibre of her lectures; it is essential reading for anyone interested in her approach to partial differential equations and dynamical systems. This edition, reissued for her centenary, includes a new technical introduction, written by Gregory A. Seregin, Varga K. Kalantarov and Sergey V. Zelik, surveying Ladyzhenskaya's works in the field and subsequent developments influenced by her results.

M. Nowak, R. May

A. Rzhetsky, M. Nei

F. Arnold

R. Bürger, M. Lynch

Woo-jai Lee, J. Conroy, W. Huntting Howell et al.

Kevin N. Lala, Gillian Brown, Kalyani Twyman et al.

B. Crespi

Floriana-Bogdana CIOBANU, Marius VLADU

The LEADER programme provides new opportunities for rural development, identifies the local gaps/needs and implements the new solutions using a bottom-up approach. The publication follows the evolution of the programme both at European and national level, namely in Romania. The information was generated by the Ministry of Agriculture website and Rural Development and by the European Commission. They were processed by the Court of Accounts. In the European Union it was first introduced 32 years ago while in Romania only 16 years ago. The central mechanism and at the same time the beneficiary of this programme is the LAG (Local Action Group), meant to facilitate implementing the LEADER principles. The programme became compulsory to every member state between 2014–2020 and each state had to provide 5% of the rural development fund for the LEADER policy, excepting Croatia since it had just adhered to the EU, in 2013.In Romania, between 2011–2012, 163 LAGs were established while currently the number goes up to 259. However, parts of the Romanian territory are still not covered by any LAG, although they are eligible for the LEADER implementation. On the other hand, between 2014–2020 some LAGs’ functioning authorizations were canceled. In Europe, a number of 143,487 LEADER projects were registered. Although the EU planned to provide funding of up to Euro 9.2 billion, the real amount was of 7 billion.

Robabeh Ghasemi mobarakeh, Mohammad Mahdi Taghdisi, Seyedeh Fatemah Hosaini Mirsafy

The issue of Christians' belief in the divinity and goodness of Jesus (pbuh) - in the sense that they call this divine prophet God, the son of God, or the son of God - is one of the most important issues that commentators of the Holy Quran have tried to criticize. In this research, we intend to examine the evolution of the Qur'an commentators' opinions in addressing and criticizing this issue and show what changes have been made in the commentators' understanding of this historical concept. The results of the research show that the commentators of the early period only disproved this theory, and the commentators of the middle period, by emphasizing the explanation of the verses and without referring to the Christian religious sources, only limited themselves to the irrationality of this theory, but the commentators of the contemporary period, while carefully examining the sources of Christianity and talking with their scholars, they have tried to show the time and how to create this belief deviation in Christianity and express the reasons for its cancellation in a documented way.

Kumail Zaidi, Danilo Marchesini, Casey Papovich et al.

We present the construction of a deep multiwavelength point-spread-function-matched photometric catalog in the Ultra-Deep Survey (UDS) field following the final UKIDSS UDS release. The catalog includes photometry in 24 filters, from the MegaCam- uS 0.38 μ m band to the Spitzer-IRAC 8 μ m band, over ∼0.9 deg ^2 and with a 5 σ depth of 25.3 AB in the K -band detection image. The catalog, containing ≈188,564 (136,235) galaxies at 0.2 < z < 8.0 with stellar mass $\mathrm{log}({M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot })\gt 8$ and K -band total magnitude K < 25.2 (24.3) AB, enables a range of extragalactic studies. We also provide photometric redshifts, corresponding redshift probability distributions, and rest-frame absolute magnitudes and colors derived using the template-fitting code eazy-py . Photometric redshift errors are less than 3%−4% at z < 4 across the full brightness range in the K band and stellar mass range $8\lt \mathrm{log}({M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot })\lt 12$ . Stellar population properties (e.g., stellar mass, star formation rate, dust extinction) are derived from the modeling of the spectral energy distributions using the codes FAST and Dense Basis.

Steven Jan

Applying the theory of memetics to music offers the prospect of reconciling general Darwinian principles with the style and structure of music. The nature of the units of cultural evolution in music—memes or, more specifically, musemes—can potentially shed light on the evolutionary processes and pressures attendant upon early-hominin musicality. That is, primarily conjunct, narrow-tessitura musemes (those conforming to Ratner's “singing style,” and its instrumental assimilations) and primarily disjunct, wide-tessitura musemes (those conforming to Ratner's “brilliant style,” and its vocal assimilations) appear to be the outcome of distinct cultural-evolutionary processes. Moreover, musemes in each category arguably acquire their fecundity (perceptual-cognitive salience, and thus transmissibility) by appealing to different music-underpinning brain and body subsystems. Given music's status as an embodied phenomenon, both singing-style and brilliant-style musemes recruit and evoke image schemata, but those in the former category draw primarily upon vocal images of line, direction and continuity; whereas those in the latter category draw primarily upon rhythmic impetus and energy. These two museme-categories may have been molded by distinct biological-evolutionary processes—the evolution of fine vocal control, and that of rhythmic synchronisation, respectively; and they might—via the process of memetic drive—have themselves acted as separate and distinct selection pressures on biological evolution, in order to optimize the environment for their replication. As a case-study of (primarily) singing-style musemes, this article argues that a passage from the love duet “Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix” from Camille Saint-Saëns' opera Samson et Dalila op. 47 (1877) is the cultural-evolutionary antecedent of the Introduction/Chorus/Outro material of ABBA's song “The Winner Takes It All.” Discussion of their melodic and harmonic similarities supports a memetic link between elements of Saint-Saëns' duet and ABBA's song. These relationships of cultural transmission are argued to have been impelled by the fecundity of the shared musemes, which arises from the image-schematic and embodied effects of the implication-realisation structures (in Narmour's sense) that comprise them; and which is underwritten by the coevolution of musemes with vocal- and rhythmic-production mechanisms, and associated perceptual-cognitive schemata.

Matthew J. Pekarek, Eric A. Weaver

As respiratory pathogens, influenza B viruses (IBVs) cause a significant socioeconomic burden each year. Vaccine and antiviral development for influenza viruses has historically viewed IBVs as a secondary concern to influenza A viruses (IAVs) due to their lack of animal reservoirs compared to IAVs. However, prior to the global spread of SARS-CoV-2, the seasonal epidemics caused by IBVs were becoming less predictable and inducing more severe disease, especially in high-risk populations. Globally, researchers have begun to recognize the need for improved prevention strategies for IBVs as a primary concern. This review discusses what is known about IBV evolutionary patterns and the effect of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 on these patterns. We also analyze recent advancements in the development of novel vaccines tested against IBVs, highlighting the promise of computational vaccine design strategies when used to target both IBVs and IAVs and explain why these novel strategies can be employed to improve the effectiveness of IBV vaccines.

E. Nimwegen, J. Crutchfield, M. Huynen

We introduce and analyze a general model of a population evolving over a network of selectively neutral genotypes. We show that the population's limit distribution on the neutral network is solely determined by the network topology and given by the principal eigenvector of the network's adjacency matrix. Moreover, the average number of neutral mutant neighbors per individual is given by the matrix spectral radius. These results quantify the extent to which populations evolve mutational robustness-the insensitivity of the phenotype to mutations-and thus reduce genetic load. Because the average neutrality is independent of evolutionary parameters-such as mutation rate, population size, and selective advantage-one can infer global statistics of neutral network topology by using simple population data available from in vitro or in vivo evolution. Populations evolving on neutral networks of RNA secondary structures show excellent agreement with our theoretical predictions.