Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

D. North, R. Thomas

Jun-jun Huang, Yanfang Feng, Huifang Xie et al.

The environmental risks of hydrochar on soils need to be clarified before mass engineering application. The influence of soil microbes needs to be investigated to illustrate the impact of hydrochar on greenhouse gas emissions. More research needs to be conducted to reveal the economic benefits of hydrochar and the coupling with anaerobic digestion. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology has increasingly been considered for biomass conversion applications because of its economic and environmental advantages. As an HTC conversion product, hydrochar has been widely used in the agricultural and environmental fields for decades. A CiteSpace-based system analysis was used for conducting a bibliometric study to understand the state of hydrochar environmental application research from 2011 to 2021. Researchers had a basic understanding of hydrochar between 2011 and 2016 when they discovered hydrochar could apply to agricultural and environmental improvement projects. Keyword clustering results of the literature published in 2017–2021 showed that soil quality and plant growth were the major research topics, followed by carbon capture and greenhouse gas emissions, organic pollutant removal, and heavy metal adsorption and its bioavailability. This review also pointed out the challenge and perspective for hydrochar research and application, namely: (1) the environmental effects of hydrochar on soils need to be clarified in terms of the scope and conditions; (2) the influence of soil microorganisms needs to be investigated to illustrate the impact of hydrochar on greenhouse gas emissions; (3) combined heavy metal and organic contaminant sorption experiments for hydrochar need to be conducted for large-scale applications; (4) more research needs to be conducted to reveal the economic benefits of hydrochar and the coupling of hydrochar with anaerobic digestion technology. This review suggested that it would be valuable to create a database that contains detailed information on how hydrochar got from different sources, and different preparation conditions can be applied in the environmental field. Graphical Abstract

Jeroen Kole

Defeng He, Weiliang Xiong, Shaoyuan Li et al.

This note presents a novel and efficient Economic Model Predictive Control (EMPC) scheme specifically designed for non-dissipative systems subject to state and input constraints. To address the stability challenge of EMPC for constrained non-dissipative systems, a new concept of convergence filters is introduced. Three alternative convergence filters are designed accordingly to be incorporated into the receding horizon optimization problem of EMPC. To improve online computational efficiency, the variable horizon approach without explicit terminal state constraints is adopted. This design allows for a flexible trade-off among convergence speed, economic performance, and computational burden via simple parameter adjustment. Moreover, sufficient conditions are rigorously derived to guarantee recursive feasibility and stability. The advantages of the proposed EMPC are validated through simulations on a classical non-dissipative continuous stirred-tank reactor.

Annie Liang

Machine learning algorithms can now outperform classic economic models in predicting quantities ranging from bargaining outcomes, to choice under uncertainty, to an individual's future jobs and wages. Yet this predictive accuracy comes at a cost: most machine learning algorithms function as black boxes, offering little insight into \emph{why} outcomes occur. This article asks whether machine learning can guide the development of new economic theories. Economic models serve an important purpose beyond prediction -- they uncover the general mechanisms behind observed behaviors. A model that identifies the causal pathways of economic development is more valuable than one that merely predicts which countries will escape poverty, because it enables policymakers to encourage that development in countries where it might not have happened otherwise. Similarly, a model that predicts imperfectly across many domains can be more valuable than one that is highly accurate in a specific domain, since the former allows insights and data obtained from one setting to inform decisions and policy in another. Applying machine learning algorithms off-the-shelf is unlikely to yield such models. But recent work shows that, when reconceived with the aims of an economic modeler in mind, machine learning methods can improve both prediction and understanding. These approaches range from adversarially training algorithms to expose the limits of existing models, to imposing economic theory as a constraint on algorithmic search. Advances in large language models complement these strategies and open new research directions.

Michael Koenig, Jakob Rauch, Martin Woerter

Understanding the effects of economic shocks on firms is critical for analyzing economic growth and resilience. We introduce a Web-Based Affectedness Indicator (WAI), a general-purpose tool for real-time monitoring of economic disruptions across diverse contexts. By leveraging Large Language Model (LLM) assisted classification and information extraction on texts from over five million company websites, WAI quantifies the degree and nature of firms' responses to external shocks. Using the COVID-19 pandemic as a specific application, we show that WAI is highly correlated with pandemic containment measures and reliably predicts firm performance. Unlike traditional data sources, WAI provides timely firm-level information across industries and geographies worldwide that would otherwise be unavailable due to institutional and data availability constraints. This methodology offers significant potential for monitoring and mitigating the impact of technological, political, financial, health or environmental crises, and represents a transformative tool for adaptive policy-making and economic resilience.

Selin Dilli

This article aims to bridge the mainstream social science and the economic history literatures on the drivers of gender equality across contexts. We discuss the explanations in the social science literature on five central dimensions of global gender equality—health, work, education, marriage, and political representation—and survey the economic history literature that studied these explanations in the historical context. We analyze the commonalities and contradictions in the theoretical and methodological approaches of the two strands. The survey then offers an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that can bridge the two strands. By doing so, the review article discusses how incorporating the economic history literature into the social science literature can improve our current understanding of global gender equality in two ways. First, the long durée perspective provides insight into the diversity in the historical turning points in gender equality across world regions over the 20th century. Second, it suggests that the integration of a historical perspective can tackle the difficulties in isolating causal mechanisms and identify why standard economic and institutional conditions have varying impacts on gender equality outcomes across world regions. It also identifies the limitations in the current social science and economic history literatures and provide directions for future research.

Claudia-Florina BOTAR

The information paradigms defining contemporary society call for the character of plurivalence through their omnipresence in multiple areas of activity. Their ubiquitous character provides the basis of the accounting-computer science interdependence, the undeniable reality being marked by the computer indispensability in the professional accountant’s life. In this way, specialized literature becomes allencompassing by the approaches marked by complexity and density regarding the issues of modernizing the accounting by its massive computerization. The cloud accounting phenomenon is a component part of the innovative changes that accounting has undergone lately. The research paper aims to outline the bibliometric universe of the cloud accounting concept based on the methods, tools and techniques subscribed to bibliometrics in view of reflecting its representativeness through the lens of specialized literature. The results thus obtained consolidate the emblematic character of the cloud accounting issue in light of the massive interest manifested for its thoroughness and exploration equally by researchers, theoreticians and practitioners. The study also stands out for its originality, being currently the only one dealing with issues of cloud accounting concept bibliometrics. The attribute of uniqueness of this paper is defined by shaping the research universe assigned to the phenomenon based on specialized literature, identifying the manner to reshape the profession and the field by changing the digital paradigm and illustrating the representativeness of technology in the academic community through the perspective of the bibliometrics tool. Likewise, an element of novelty is given by highlighting the definition of cloud accounting from the author’s perspective based on the image provided by the literature review.

Mohammad Yousuf Mehmood, Syed Junaid Haqqani, Faraz Zaidi et al.

Cities are widely considered the lifeblood of a nations economy housing the bulk of industries, commercial and trade activities, and employment opportunities. Within this economic context, multinational corporations play an important role in this economic development of cities in particular, and subsequently the countries and regions they belong to, in general. As multinational companies are spread throughout the world by virtue of ownership-subsidiary relationship, these ties create complex inter-dependent networks of cities that shape and define socio-economic status, as well as macro-regional influences impacting the world economy. In this paper, we study these networks of cities formed as a result of ties between multinational firms. We analyze these networks using intra-regional, inter-regional and hybrid ties (conglomerate integration) as spatial motifs defined by geographic delineation of world's economic regions. We attempt to understand how global cities position themselves in spatial and economic geographies and how their ties promote regional integration along with global expansion for sustainable growth and economic development. We study these networks over four time periods from 2010 to 2019 and discover interesting trends and patterns. The most significant result is the domination of inter-regional motifs representing cross regional ties among cities rather than national and regional integration.

Jonas Schießl, Ruchuan Ou, Timm Faulwasser et al.

This paper presents first results for near optimality in expectation of the closed-loop solutions for stochastic economic MPC. The approach relies on a recently developed turnpike property for stochastic optimal control problems at an optimal stationary process, combined with techniques for analyzing time-varying economic MPC schemes. We obtain near optimality in finite time as well as overtaking and average near optimality on infinite time horizons.

O. Lunyakov

The author clarified the degree of achievement of the credit market equilibrium in the conditions of information asymmetry and active digitalization of processes in activity of credit market participants. The subject of research is the economic and technological conditions for achieving credit rationing equilibrium. The purpose of the research is to highlight the nature of the impact of digitalization on the degree of achieving equilibrium in the credit market in the context of digitalization. The author focuses on the new conditions of functioning of the credit market, when the current digitalization allows to significantly complement the credit profile of borrowers, and new participants appear in the credit market. The objective of research is assessment of compliance of theoretical postulates on achieving the credit rationing equilibrium in the context of digitalization of processes associated with the lending. The authors’ hypothesis is that the credit market has the potential to increase the return on a loan per currency unit of borrowers’ loans, and the current estimates of the of defaults borrowers’ probability, interest rates are “biased”. As the main methods, the author used systematic and logical methods, which made it possible to consider the credit market equilibrium in terms of the economic relationships between its participants and the achieved economic indicators. As a result of the analysis of theoretical concept of credit rationing equilibrium, taking into account the identified qualitative changes, that take place in the credit market in the context of digitalization. The author concludes that is the potential increase the rate of return on credit operations. Extending the borrower credit data with alternative, non-credit sources, as expected, allows to get more accurate creditworthiness assessment. The results of the research to some extent serve as a rationale for possible decisions of central banks to expand the traditional sources of borrowers’ credit histories, reconfigure the existing information exchange architecture in the credit market.

Leonard Mushunje, Maxwell Mashasha

This paper uses nighttime light(NTL) data to measure the nexus of the non-banking sector, particularly insurance, and economic growth in South Africa. We hypothesize that insurance sector growth positively propels economic growth due to its economic growth-supportive traits like investment protection and optimal risk mitigation. We also claim that Nighttime light data is a good economic measure than Gross domestic product (GDP). We used weighted regressions to measure the relationships between nighttime light data, GDP, and insurance sector development. We used time series South African GDP data collected from the World Bank for the period running from 2000 to 2018, and the nighttime lights data from the National Geophysical Data Centre (NGDC) in partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). From the models fitted and the reported BIC, AIC, and likelihood ratios, the insurance sector proved to have more predictive power on economic development in South Africa, and radiance light explained economic growth better than GDP and GDP/Capita. We concluded that nighttime data is a good proxy for economic growth than GDP/Capita in emerging economies like South Africa, where secondary data needs to be more robust and sometimes inflated. The findings will guide researchers and policymakers on what drives economic development and what policies to put in place. It would be interesting to extend the current study to other sectors such as micro-finances, mutual and hedge funds.

Patrick M. Duerr, William J. Wolf

The paper re-examines the principal methodological questions, arising in the debate over the cosmological standard model's postulate of Dark Matter vs. rivalling proposals that modify standard (Newtonian and general-relativistic) gravitational theory, the so-called Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and its subsequent extensions. What to make of such seemingly radical challenges of cosmological orthodoxy? In the first part of our paper, we assess MONDian theories through the lens of key ideas of major 20th century philosophers of science (Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan), thereby rectifying widespread misconceptions and misapplications of these ideas common in the pertinent MOND-related literature. None of these classical methodological frameworks, which render precise and systematise the more intuitive judgements prevalent in the scientific community, yields a favourable verdict on MOND and its successors -- contrary to claims in the MOND-related literature by some of these theories' advocates; the respective theory appraisals are largely damning. Drawing on these insights, the paper's second part zooms in on the most common complaint about MONDian theories, their ad-hocness. We demonstrate how the recent coherentist model of ad-hocness captures, and fleshes out, the underlying -- but too often insufficiently articulated -- hunches underlying this critique. MONDian theories indeed come out as severely ad hoc: they do not cohere well with either theoretical or empirical-factual background knowledge. In fact, as our complementary comparison with the cosmological standard model's Dark Matter postulate shows, with respect to ad-hocness, MONDian theories fare worse than the cosmological standard model.

O. Borodiyenko, Y. Malykhina, Y. Protopopova et al.

The purpose of the article is to study current social and economic prerequisites of the strategic development of higher educational institutions (universities) in the conditions of war and post-war period.The theoretical significance of the article is that, based on the authors’ analysis, the social and economic prerequisites for the strategic development of universities in the conditions of war and post-war period are characterized; a comprehensive analysis of political, economic, social and demographic and technological factors that cause opportunities/threats to the strategic development of universities is presented.The practical significances of the article are that the main challenges that will hinder the strategic development of universities in the conditions of war and post-war period were highlighted; strategic tasks for universities based on current peculiarities of social and economic environment are proposed.It is substantiated that in the process of strategic development of universities it is advisable to conduct an in-depth comprehensive analysis of political, economic, social and demographic and technological factors that directly affect or will likely affect their (universities) strategic goals and objectives. The method of PEST analysis was used to comprehensively characterize the set of the most significant factors of influence.It is determined that the significant political factors are large-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation, domestic political center-oriented processes and prevailing of populist paradigms, national policy on economic development/global leadership/competitiveness. Among the economic factors are significant losses of social and economic potential of the country's regions, significant destruction of infrastructure, loss of human potential due to external migration, rising unemployment, loss of export positions, relocation of business from the occupied territories.Among the social and demographic factors, it was substantiated significant migration flows, declining of pace of population reproduction, accelerating the aging process, increasing the share of single-parent families, the unity of Ukrainian society in the direction of countering the enemy, a high level of patriotism, the formation of a democratic political nation and civil society, responsibility, ability to radically change the further history of Ukraine.The key challenges that create opportunities/threats for the strategic development of universities are identified: the need to restore the material and technical base, human resources and research infrastructure of universities, bringing training programs in line with regional labor markets, introduction of retraining/adult training programs, optimization and reengineering of business processes, providing flexibility in responding to changing conditions, introducing the concept of result-based university management, increasing the level oftechnologization and digitalization of business processes, strengthening the research component in activities along with deepening the level of international partnership.Strategic vectors of development of universities during post-war period are proposed: the need to intensify cooperation with partners, focus on research aimed at overcoming the greatest societal challenges, involving a wide range of stakeholders in the process of co-production and innovation, building "smart specialization" of each university, implementation of certain principles (positioning of university, synergy, integration, technological development, involvement, optimality) in the process of strategizing, incorporation of ICT in order to improve internal business processes of universities, widespread implementation of the so-called partnership model of university management, implementation of communicative and information function in cooperation with refugees, accelerating training of engineering and technological specialties.

Lidia Poniży, M. Latkowska, J. Breuste et al.

Urban allotment gardens (AGs) provide a unique combination of productive and recreational spaces for the inhabitants of European cities. Although the reasons behind the decision to have a plot, as well as the mode of use and gardening practices, are well recognised in the literature, these issues are mainly considered in relation to particular case studies within a single country. The regional diversity of European allotment gardens is still poorly understood, however. This knowledge gap became an incentive for us to carry out the present study. The research was conducted in seven countries: Austria, Estonia, Germany, France, Portugal, Poland and the UK. Surveys were used to assess the motivations of users regarding plot uses and gardening practices. Information was also collected during desk research and study visits, making use of available statistical data. Allotment gardens in Europe are currently very diverse, and vary depending on the historical, legal, economic and social conditions of a given country, and also as determined by geographical location. Three main types of plots were distinguished, for: cultivation, recreation–cultivation, and cultivation–recreation. The recreational use of AGs has replaced their use for food production in countries with a long history of urban gardening. The only exception is the UK. In some countries, the production of food on an AG plot is still its main function; however, the motivations for this are related to better quality and taste (the UK), as well as the economic benefits of self-grown fruits and vegetables (Portugal, Estonia). Among the wide range of motivations for urban gardening in Europe, there is increasing emphasis on active recreation, contact with nature and quality food supply.

Corina-Graziella BÂTCĂ-DUMITRU, Daniela-Nicoleta SAHLIAN, Cleopatra ȘENDROIU

In the article hereby we present aspects regarding the responsibility centres and what they represent, respectively, the types of responsibility centres and the decisions about choosing the type of such a centre, as well as regarding the internal assignment prices and the methods for their setting.

Belal Panahi, Mohammad Reza Fathi, Ali Mahdieh Najafabadi et al.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between past behaviors and financial literacy with the intention to invest in the stock market with the mediating role of individual variables. The main question in this research is: What is the relationship between past behaviors and financial literacy with the intention to invest in the stock market with the mediating role of individual variables of stock exchange investors in Isfahan? Methods: The present study is an applied research. This research is descriptive-causal and because the data is done through sampling of the population to investigate the distribution of characteristics of the statistical population, this research is from the field of survey (field finding). The statistical population in this study included investors of the stock exchange in the city of Isfahan. The statistical sample obtained by Cochran's formula is equal to 384 people. To ensure 450 randomly available questionnaires, 392 questionnaires were completed and analyzes were performed based on the same number of samples. In this study, data were collected by field method using a questionnaire. Also, to ensure the validity, the questionnaire was provided to experts such as professors and academic researchers, as well as managers and senior experts, whose opinions also confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. With the initial distribution of 30 questionnaires, the reliability coefficient for the questionnaire, which contains 26 questions. Results: According to the data analysis, the results showed that attitudes, mental norms, perceived behavioral control and past behavior have a positive and significant effect on the intention to invest in the stock market. Also, past behavior, financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on attitude and also financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on perceived behavioral control. Past behavior and financial literacy have a positive and significant effect on the intention to invest in the stock market through attitude and also financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on the intention to invest in the stock market through perceived behavioral control. Conclusion: The research results confirm all hypotheses except the fourth hypothesis. Suggestions based on the results of the research are presented as follows: Regarding the first hypothesis, it is suggested to change the attitude of investors to a positive attitude by holding workshops on stock exchange, because it is necessary to have a positive attitude and sufficient motivation to work in the stock market. To welcome stock market investment ideas; Regarding the second hypothesis, it is suggested that if customers have sufficient knowledge about the stock market, my colleagues and friends should inform and train them to invest in the stock market, because those who are successful in the stock market have an incentive to Who are important in their lives to advise to invest in the stock market and to engage in activities and investments; Regarding the third hypothesis, it is suggested that we provide sufficient training to investors to be able to operate in the market in a timely manner to buy any stock at the appropriate time; And easily recognize profitable stocks and buy good stocks; Regarding the fourth and fifth hypotheses, it is suggested that brokers hold financial literacy classes during times of market downturn during times of market downturn so that investors do not make an emotional and hasty decision to sell their shares. On the other hand, investors gain experience from market performance, and this experience can influence their future investment decisions. Also, stocks whose past performance has always been extraordinary are considered important in the investor's investment decision; Regarding the sixth and seventh hypotheses, it is suggested that investors do not invest and make decisions with predictions, speculations and sometimes past market behavior, because the right decision in the market requires the analysis of the stock market and the correct forecast of prices and dividends. Is. And if they invest in stocks, they should invest in the long run because it will grow naturally. And stocks fluctuate over time; In the case of the eighth hypothesis, it is recommended that investors do not use past information to make investment decisions; Because the market is constantly moving according to the political and economic conditions of society and it cannot be correctly predicted that it will act as in the past and the market that lost in the past may be profitable in the current market; Regarding the ninth and tenth hypotheses, it is suggested that with the financial literacy that brokers create for investors, they should encourage investors to invest in the stock market; Because if the investment has a positive performance in the stock market; It will encourage your friends and relatives to invest.

Annie Liang

These lecture notes accompany a one-semester graduate course on information and learning in economic theory. Topics include common knowledge, Bayesian updating, monotone-likelihood ratio properties, affiliation, the Blackwell order, cost of information, learning and merging of beliefs, model uncertainty, model misspecification, and information design.

باباعمي الحاج أحمد

In this intervention, we address the various aspects of legislative interference in the content of the insurance agreement, as a fertile model for the switch of the agreement from freedom of negotiation to compliance and modeling, which led to the need for legislative intervention in the different phases of the agreement, in order to protect the weak insured, as well as the attempts of the legislator to preserve general economic and social order, considering the significant role that insurance plays economically (achieving development) and socially ( prompt and effective compensation). We will further explain the aspects of legislative intervention under the Insurance Law No. 95-07, and the extent to which the simple insured’s signature on the agreement is an evidence against him, despite his inability to negotiate and comprehend the content of the conditions.

M. D. De Paola, C. G. Lopresto, N. Arcuri et al.

Abstract Glauber’s salt (sodium sulfate decahydrate) is a phase change material (PCM) with promising thermal and physical properties. Moreover, it is very interesting from an economic point of view because it is possible to recover it as a waste product after the disposal of lead batteries. Nevertheless, it is restricted in its applications because of supercooling and phase segregation which require suitable additives that decrease the melting temperature and latent heat of fusion. The obtained mixtures are dispersions of powders in liquids, complex energy storage systems with properties depending not only on composition but also on preparation method. This last aspect is poorly addressed in literature for PCMs. Moreover, these systems are thermodynamically unstable, therefore information about the destabilization kinetic is necessary. The thermal analysis was based on the T-history method, considered by many authors as a more suitable method than Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) for heterogeneous materials, since it requires larger-size samples. Nevertheless, long-term destabilization phenomena were not sufficiently investigated in literature, but they are very relevant because they influence the dispersion stability, homogeneity and energy performances. For this same reason, an optical light scattering method, based on the use of an innovative instrument, the Turbiscan®, was proposed in this work to study the stability of such heterogeneous PCMs. Two different compositions of Glauber’s salt/borax/bentonite were prepared under controlled sonication conditions and analyzed, as a case study. Transmission and backscattering profiles were studied, explained and correlated with thermal properties and sample compositions and preparation. Graphical Abstract