Hasil untuk "Chinese language and literature"

Janka Balázs

This paper aims to explore Xingyun’s 星雲 (1927–2023)[1]perspective within the contemporary discourse of fangsheng放生 (literally ’life release’), a widely practiced Buddhist ritual in Taiwan. A primary focus of the study is to demonstrate Xingyun’s Buddhist environmental philosophy in context of the ritual, as well as his ideology of life protection (husheng護生) being superior to fangsheng in terms of Buddhist environmentalism. Fangsheng refers to the popular Buddhist ritual of buying captured animals and releasing them at a designated ritual site with the purpose of earning spiritual merit. While it is a common religious practice in Chinese-speaking Buddhist communities, and in other East Asian countries, in recent decades fangsheng has received criticism for the dangers it might impose on ecosystems by the release of potentially non-native, invasive species. In turn, this criticism has created a discourse around its ecological impact as well as its religious legitimacy in Taiwanese Buddhism. To provide a solid foundation for this discussion, this paper first briefly introduces the history and development of the fangsheng ritual. After establishing the historical background of fangsheng practice, the discussion continues by examining its contemporary discourse, paying particular attention to the reasons why the ritual has been criticised for its ecologically negative impact. As the dialogue surrounding fangsheng is contemporary, the primary sources utilised for demonstrating the discourses include modern media and news articles as well as comments and speeches recorded from contemporary Buddhist figures of Taiwan. Analysing how different modern Buddhist leaders in Taiwan respond to criticism contextualised by doctrinal legitimisations, this paper establishes a spectrum of conservative, centrist, and reform narrative responses in the context of fangsheng ritual. Finally, Xingyun’s own perspective is placed within this spectrum, highlighting his role as a reformist and his nuanced approach to the relationship between husheng and fangsheng.

Ting Yi, Dong Zhang

Abstract Pre-service Chinese as an additional language (CAL) teachers’ beliefs can influence their teaching psychologies, behaviors, and career choices. This study thus aimed to explore the nature of pre-service CAL teachers’ beliefs, thereby assisting educational institutions in better understanding their psychology. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 517 pre-service CAL teachers, and descriptive statistical analysis was used to investigate the overall characteristics of their beliefs. Independent sample t-tests and one-way analysis of variance were utilized to explore individual differences in pre-service CAL teachers’ beliefs. Overall, the present study revealed that pre-service CAL teachers exhibit strong beliefs. Specifically, in comparison to other dimensional beliefs, their beliefs about career development (BCD) are moderate. Significant differences in BCD were observed among pre-service CAL teachers of different genders, ages, educational backgrounds, and teaching experiences. Based on the results of this study, future research could focus more on the individual characteristics of pre-service CAL teachers to further investigate the factors contributing to the individual differences in BCD. Additionally, this study provides insights into the cultivation of BCD among pre-service CAL teachers.

Li Yajun, E. A. Adelberg, Zhang Shufan

Importance. Currently, there are distinct differences in the teaching of Russian as a foreign language between China and Russia in areas such as: a) the learning environment organization; b) the selection of educational content and teaching materials’ development; c) the language teaching methods used. All of these factors influence the acquisition of Russian by Chinese students as a language of interpersonal and intercultural communication. According to experts, Chinese students studying Russian at universities in Russia achieve a higher level of proficiency than those studying the language in China. The aim of this study is, based on an analysis of scholarly literature, regulatory educational documents, and teaching practices in Russia, to: a) identify the main differences between the contexts of teaching Russian as a foreign language in Russia and China; b) formulate the characteristics of an effective Russian as a foreign language lesson; c) provide recommendations for Chinese teachers of Russian as a foreign language on how to effectively teach Russian to students.Materials and Methods. The study is conducted using the observing method of teaching Russian as a foreign language practice in Russian and Chinese universities, as well as the comparative analysis method of scientific literature. The materials used included scientific papers published in journals indexed in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, as well as the list of journals approved by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation. Additionally, the research materials included curricula, syllabi, and teaching aids for Russian language education from Harbin Pedagogical University (China) and the Pushkin State Russian Language Institute (Russia).Results and Discussion. The study identified the characteristics of an effective Russian as a foreign language lesson and provided recommendations for Russian as a foreign language instructors in China. The authors consider the following to be the main features of an effective Russian as a foreign language lesson: a) practical orientation; b) creativity; c) communicative focus. Based on the experience of teaching Russian as a foreign language in Russia, Chinese instructors should pay attention to the following aspects: 1) classroom teaching should align with the set learning objectives; 2) game elements incorporation in lessons; 3) learning content should reflect everyday reality; 4) exam content should focus more on practical language application; 5) awareness of native language interference and deepening of linguistic cultural consciousness.Conclusion. The novelty of the research lies in characteristics development of an effective practical Russian language lesson and recommendations for teaching Chinese students Russian as a foreign language.

Anabela Fong Keng Seng

Poetry has a history of thousands of years in China and can be said to be the shining jewel in the crown of Chinese literature, occupying a major proportion in her history. Having originated from folk songs, the Chinese poetry has produced a large number of brilliant examples from the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BC) to the Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn) Period (770-476 BC). China has, since ancient times, maintained a tradition of education in poetry, which is used to educate the people and arouse their intelligence. Through the reading, studying and writing of poetry, it is possible to instruct and cultivate the character of young pupils, as well as to promote children’s creative thinking, logical dialectics and humanistic consciousness. In addition, reciting, learning and writing poetry has the ability to cultivate one’s temperament, allowing people of all social strata, professional occupation and age to cleanse and purify their minds. The realm of poetry has the same effect of calming the soul as religious belief. This article shows the highlights of three millennia of Chinese poetry to the readers or scholars whose native language is not Chinese.

ZHANG Jingjing, ZHU Yan, XIAO Hong

The population migration in Hubei Province was frequent in history, accompanied by the migration of surnames, so it is important to study their population surnames. We take Xiantao City as an example to explore the isonymic structure of small and medium-sized cities in Hubei. The surname distributions of 223 327 residents registered in 2013 were analyzed in 5 towns and 105 villages of Xiantao. The number of different surnames found was 422. As for surnames, the $\alpha $-value reflects the influence of ethnic composition on the abundance of surnames. The correlation between the isonymic distance and the geographic distance between villages was calculated and indicated that Euclidean distance was weakly correlated with the geographic distance ($r=$0.177$\pm$ 0.012), and the isonymic distance increased with the geographical distance. Furthermore, the dendrogram and PCA built from the matrix of Euclidean distances between villages identified a main surname differentiation between the urban and rural areas.

Zhu D, Qi Z, Wang A et al.

Dan Zhu,1– 3 Zhi Qi,1,4 Aili Wang,1,2 Yongqing Zhang,1 Haiping Yu3 1School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200082, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pediatric, Shanghai United Family Healthcare, Shanghai, 200050, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Nursing, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Neurology, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Haiping Yu, Department of Nursing, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 1800, Yuntai Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200120, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18964538997, Fax +86 021 22163939, Email pingping670@sina.comPurpose: The quick aphasia battery (QAB) was designed to evaluate language disorder from multi-dimension efficiently, which had been translated into several languages but lacked in Chinese. This study conducted cross-cultural adaption for the Chinese version and verified its psychometric properties.Material and Methods: First, the Chinese Version of quick aphasia battery (CQAB) was adapted following WHO literature guidelines with steps of forward translation, expert panel, back-translation, pre-test, and interview, then develop the final version. Second, the psychometric properties tests were conducted in 128 post-stroke patients to identify if aphasia happens and verify the validity and reliability of CQAB.Results: The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the CQAB is 0.962, test–retest reliability 0.849, and inter-rater reliability 0.998. Content validity 0.917, KMO 0.861, exploratory factor analysis extracted 2 factors named “language understanding” and “language program”, cumulative variance contribution rate is 91.588% > 50%. Calibration association validity 0.977. Sensitivity 0.977, specificity 0.932, with the optimal cutoff point is 8.86.Conclusion: The study supported CQAB, which adapted following standardized guidelines, is reliable and effective to assess language impairment in post-stroke patients.Keywords: adaption, cross-cultural, post-stroke, reliability, validity

Li Wenshan, Liu Jiang

Although often used as diagnostic tools in discourse studies, irregular wh-questions in English, which take the form of what/how about … ? and what/how if … ?, have not received sufficient attention in terms of their semantic and syntactic properties. This article investigates irregular wh-questions from semantic and syntactic perspectives. Semantically, there is a topic-comment relationship between the wh-word and the rest of the sentence. Syntactically, an irregular wh-question neither displays an explicit matrix subject-predicate structure nor involves a fronted auxiliary. This article pursues three objectives. First, a descriptive overview of irregular wh-questions is provided, which shows that the complement of about in irregular wh-questions can belong to various syntactic categories. Second, the topic-comment structure of irregular wh-questions is compared with that of the topic-comment structure in declarative sentences, which reveals some semantic properties of irregular wh-questions. Third, a formal account of irregular wh-questions is formulated in the framework of Dynamic Syntax, which captures the interaction of the semantic and syntactic properties of the components of an irregular wh-question. Additionally, the present dynamic account of irregular wh-questions is contrasted with an existing dynamic account of the hanging topic construction in English, which highlights some merits of the current account.

Guiyun Yang

Problem and goal. A priority aspect of learning Chinese as a foreign language is the use of electronic educational complexes and materials. However, in the context of the complex digitalization of society, special factors appear that should be taken into account when developing and implementing appropriate electronic educational tools. The purpose is to explore the features and potential of e-resources for teaching Chinese as a foreign language in secondary school. Methodology. Theoretical analysis and generalization of the literature are used to describe the conditions for effective teaching of the Chinese language, and the problems of improving the quality of students' educational results. The experiment involved 52 students from the Vyatka Humanitarian Gymnasium. Learning Chinese as a foreign language is supported by StudyChinese.ru, Chinese Boost, Shibushi.ru services. Fisher's criterion was used for statistical data processing. Results. In the experimental group, primary school students used e-resources for comprehensive informatization at all stages of learning Chinese as a foreign language (speaking, listening, reading, writing, intercultural communication and collaboration). An assessment of learning outcomes was made and statistically significant differences in the qualitative changes that occurred in the pedagogical system were revealed. The features of using e-resources for integrated informatization in the study of Chinese as a second foreign language in secondary school are described. Conclusion. The types of activities and interactive exercises in the information environment are formulated, which most effectively work to improve the quality of teaching Chinese as a second foreign language.

முனைவர் பா. சங்கரேஸ்வரி / Dr.B.Sankareswari,

Tamil, Sanskrit, Greek, Hebrew, Latin and Chinese are considered classical and ancient languages of the world. Of these, Tamil and Sanskrit flourished in the Indian subcontinent. Tamil and Sanskrit are rich in literature and grammar and are the source languages for the various languages of the Indian subcontinent. Tamil belongs to the Dravidian language family and Sanskrit to the Indo-Aryan language family. Sanskrit contributed to the linguistic mix between the two languages.The influences of one language on another cannot be overstated. Communication based on the influence of one language on the social, political, cultural and educational aspects of another language is considered here as the influence of the Sanskrit language. The influence of Brahmins is determined by their social, political and cultural status. It then goes on to describe the influence of Vedic morality in the socio-cultural context of Sangam literature and translation in the areas of language rule. In Tamil Literature, there are lots of evidences to see the Vedic ethics spread through the literary sources. It reveals the people of the ancient times and gives respect to the good and ethics for the society. This research paper brings out the influence of Vaidikaneri (Vedic Ethics) in Tamil Literature.

Na Wu, Bingqing Zhang, Tao Wang et al.

BackgroundAutoinflammatory phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2)-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) is a rare autoinflammatory disease caused by gain-of-function mutations in the PLCG2 gene. Here we report a rare case of APLAID patient carrying a novel heterozygous missense PLCG2 I169V mutation with gangrenous pyoderma and concomitant high serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E level.MethodsThe patient was diagnosed as APLAID and has been treated in our department. His phenotype and genotype were carefully documented and studied. We also conducted a comprehensive literature review on APLAID.ResultsA 23-year-old Chinese Han man presented with recurrent fever for 18 years and vesiculopustular rashes for 9 years, along with chronic bronchitis, leukocytosis, increased C-reactive protein, immunodeficiency and high serum IgE. Skin biopsy showed chronic inflammatory cells infiltration. A paternal heterozygous missense variant in exon 6 of the PLCG2 gene p. I169V was identified. His vesiculopustular and IgE level responded to medium dose corticosteroids. After withdrawal of steroids, he developed severe arthritis and a large deteriorating ulceration resembling pyoderma gangrenosum on the left knee. Large dose corticosteroids were suboptimal. Then he received adalimumab with satisfactory response for arthritis and skin lesion. But he got an immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorder 2 months later. Through literature review, there were a total of 10 APLAID patients reported by six English-language publications. Vesiculopustular rashes, sinopulmonary infection and immunodeficiency were the most frequent symptoms of APLAID patients. Glucocorticoids, intravenous immunoglobulin and biologics were clinically used to treat APLAID but none of these patients had a complete recovery.ConclusionsThe rarity and diversity of APLAID make it difficult to be diagnosed. Our study reported the first case of APLAID with gangrenous pyoderma and concomitant high IgE carrying a novel PLCG2 mutation, which may expand the clinical phenotype and genotype of APLAID.

Ester de Jong, Jing Zhang

Whether L1 (the first language) should be used in English (as the second or foreign language) classrooms has long been a controversial issue. In the United States, much of this work has focused on French or Spanish as a foreign language teaching and learning. In the context of English as a foreign language, research has focused on adults and primary school students. This literature review considers this question in the context of Chinese as L1 and secondary EFL classrooms. Our review suggests that the use of Chinese serves several supportive functions and that, despite the insistence on strong English-only policies, teachers and students actively use Chinese to enhance their language teaching and learning experiences.

Ying Li, Hui Zheng, Siyuan Zhou et al.

Introduction Chronic pruritus (CP) frequently occurs in many skin and systemic diseases, and adversely affects quality of life. This systematic review aims to evaluate treatment effects of acupuncture on CP.Methods and analysis An electronic and manual search will be conducted for all acupuncture treatments for CP, from the inception date of predefined database up to 28 February 2020. Databases include PubMed, Embase, Springer, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trial Registration Platform, the Chinese Medicine Database, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, the China Science Journal Database and the Wanfang Database. Other sources, including existing systematic reviews, conference proceedings and reference lists of identified publications will also be searched. Additionally, any clinical randomised controlled trials related to acupuncture treatment for CP, regardless of the publication status and language limitations, will be included. Study selection, data extraction and research quality assessments will be conducted independently by two researchers. The primary outcome measures include the Visual Analogue Scale, Urdu 5D-Itch Scale or other validated scales implemented after at least 2 weeks of treatment. Secondary outcomes include the effective rate, Quality of Life Scale (eg, the EQ-5D third level, the Dermatology Life Quality Index, etc.), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, recurrence rate during the follow-up period and adverse events. If possible, meta-analyses will be performed using RevMan V.5.3 statistical software; otherwise, a descriptive analysis or subgroup analysis will be conducted. The results will be presented as the risk ratio of the binary data and the mean difference (MD) or standardised MD of the continuous data.Ethics and dissemination This systematic review protocol does not require formal ethical approval because the data are not personalised. It will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international academic conferences.PROSPERO registration number CRD42019136727.

Ling Xu PhD, Iris Chi DSW, Shiyou Wu PhD

Being a grandparent is an important social role for Chinese older adults. Despite an increasing number of older Chinese immigrants in the United States and the uniquely differing culture of the United States relative to Chinese culture, few studies focused specifically on Chinese immigrant families in the United States. By conducting four focus groups ( n = 32) in Los Angeles, CA, this study aimed to explore grandparent–grandchild relationships in Chinese immigrant families in the U.S. We found that the majority of Chinese immigrant grandparents maintained close relationships with their grandchildren. Grandparents’ adjustments of acculturation played an important role in maintaining close relationships with their grandchildren through improved English language proficiency, acceptance of American culture, and adjusted expectations. In addition, the middle generation acted as instructors, models, and interpreters in grandparent–grandchild relationships. The study contributed to literature by finding that Chinese immigrant grandparents and middle generation parents play important roles in their grandchildren’s lives via cohesive relationships. Practical services or programs can consider decreasing the acculturation gaps with grandchildren and linking three generations together when strengthening grandparent-grandchild relationships in the United States.

Gregory Nagy

N. Hill

Tangut is among a handful of Trans-Himalayan1 languages with an early date of attestation and a vast literature. First recorded from 1042 C.E., Tangut is younger than Chinese (c. 1200 B.C.E) and Tibetan (650 C.E.), but older than Burmese (1113 C.E.). With the loss of the Tangut polity to the Mongols in 1227 C.E., the language gradually declined, with the most recent known text from 1499 C.E. The decipherment of Tangut became possible after Pyotr Kozlov excavated a sizable number of documents at Khara-Khoto in 1909 and transferred them to St Petersburg. The language and its literature are now reasonably well understood and actively researched. Nonetheless, the diachronic development of the language has garnered scant attention. The work under review treats the phonology and morphology of Tangut in comparative context. Jacques makes particular reference to Japhug Rgyalrong, a spoken language of our day. By any standard the methodological rigor and philological sophistication of this work is outstanding. The author has mastery over Tangut philology and its attendant secondary literature; written in French, the work consults research in Russian, Chinese, and Japanese. Tangut texts are cited at first hand and lucidly presented. In addition, Jacques brings his extensive fieldwork on Japhug Rgyalrong to bear throughout.

Haiwei Zhang

T. D’haen

In his article "Major Histories, Minor Literatures, and World Authors" Theo D'haen discusses how the idea of world literature has made a remarkable comeback in literary studies. A major feature of this revival has been increased attention from a "world perspective" to literatures until recently little studied beyond disciplinary boundaries, particularly so some "major" literatures such as Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, and various Indian-language literatures. As such, these literatures have come to join what has usually been thought of as "European" world literature. What this move, however to be welcomed in itself, obscures is the even further peripheralization of a number of "smaller" literatures, amongst them many European ones. Thus world literature in its newly emerging guise is merely upping the ante for such minor literatures, or, alternatively, reshaping such literatures in the image and interest of the few "major" literatures which are deemed worthy of inclusion in the "new" world literature.

Zhuang Lee, A. Tang

Gang Peng, William S-Y. Wang

Wenjing Huang, Daniel Pach, Vitaly Napadow et al.

The mechanisms of action underlying acupuncture, including acupuncture point specificity, are not well understood. In the previous decade, an increasing number of studies have applied fMRI to investigate brain response to acupuncture stimulation. Our aim was to provide a systematic overview of acupuncture fMRI research considering the following aspects: 1) differences between verum and sham acupuncture, 2) differences due to various methods of acupuncture manipulation, 3) differences between patients and healthy volunteers, 4) differences between different acupuncture points.We systematically searched English, Chinese, Korean and Japanese databases for literature published from the earliest available up until September 2009, without any language restrictions. We included all studies using fMRI to investigate the effect of acupuncture on the human brain (at least one group that received needle-based acupuncture). 779 papers were identified, 149 met the inclusion criteria for the descriptive analysis, and 34 were eligible for the meta-analyses. From a descriptive perspective, multiple studies reported that acupuncture modulates activity within specific brain areas, including somatosensory cortices, limbic system, basal ganglia, brain stem, and cerebellum. Meta-analyses for verum acupuncture stimuli confirmed brain activity within many of the regions mentioned above. Differences between verum and sham acupuncture were noted in brain response in middle cingulate, while some heterogeneity was noted for other regions depending on how such meta-analyses were performed, such as sensorimotor cortices, limbic regions, and cerebellum.Brain response to acupuncture stimuli encompasses a broad network of regions consistent with not just somatosensory, but also affective and cognitive processing. While the results were heterogeneous, from a descriptive perspective most studies suggest that acupuncture can modulate the activity within specific brain areas, and the evidence based on meta-analyses confirmed some of these results. More high quality studies with more transparent methodology are needed to improve the consistency amongst different studies.