Migraine, is a primary neurological disease. Although there is no gender difference in the prepubertal period, migraine is more common in adult women than in adult men. This situation decreases with menopause, but still its dominance in women continues. In our study, it is aimed to determine whether follitropin alfa could have a developmental benefit on the ovarian follicles of animals in migraine model after creating experimental migraine model with nitroglycerin on rats. In this study, the animals were divided into a total of four groups: a control group and three experimental groups. The first experimental group animals were injected with nitroglycerin, the other groups were injected with follitropin alfa and follitropin alfa together with nitroglycerin. At the end of 21 days, euthanasia was provided with pentothal sodium. Immunohistochemical methods were applied to post-mortem brain and ovarian tissues of rats. c-Fos was used as a migraine marker, Zona Pellucida 3 was used to show changes in the zona pellucida on the ovarian surface, MMP-9 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 were used to elucidate the pathogenesis of migraine. In our study, samples were evaluated by comparison with immunohistochemical staining. In animals, high c-Fos localization in the brain stem, high expression of Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in granular neurons, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in theca layer and Zona Pellucida 3 in the zona pellucida region were detected. The expression relationships of c-Fos, Matrix metalloproteinase-9, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and Zona Pellucida 3 in the brain stem, brain frontal cortex and ovary tissues where migraine and follitropin alfa were studied together have been shown for the first time in this study.
Heat stress (HS) poses a major threat to the beef cattle industry, causing significant economic losses. This study investigated the effects of yeast culture (YC) supplementation on HS mitigation, growth performance, and microbial modulation in late-fattening Angus steers. Twenty-seven steers (555.93 ± 22.39 kg BW, Mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to 3 groups: control (basal diet), low-dose YC (30 g/steer/d), and high-dose YC (60 g/steer/d) for 97 days. Two sampling time points were established: 30d (HS period) and 90d (recovery period). Results showed that 30 g/d YC significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) by 24.6% and reduced feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) by 19.7% compared with the control group during 0–90 d (P < 0.05). During HS, YC supplementation significantly elevated rectal temperature in steers within normal physiological ranges, but reduced respiratory rate during most periods (P < 0.05). YC supplementation elevated serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.033), reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.046). A significant time effect was observed: the recovery period was accompanied by increased ruminal volatile fatty acids, elevated serum energy metabolites, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity (e.g., superoxide dismutase) (P < 0.05). Urinary creatinine (P = 0.024) and serum catalase levels (P = 0.096) varied with both YC dose and time. Microbiota analysis revealed that YC reshaped the ruminal and fecal communities by enriching fibrolytic bacteria, such as Ruminococcus, while simultaneously suppressing methanogens like Methanosphaera. We conclude that supplementing YC contributes to adaptation to HS by modulating glycolipid metabolism, antioxidant pathways, and microbial ecology. At the recommended dosage of 30 g/steer/d, YC supplementation enhances feed efficiency, improves farm profitability, and establishes a viable strategy for sustainable beef production.
The huge milk thistle meal (MTM) production requires proper processing. The study utilized response surface methodology to optimize fermentation conditions and assessed complex probiotics and cellulase impacts on nutrients, fermentation, digestibility, and in vitro ruminal features of fermented MTM (FMTM) for advancing clean bioresource technologies and feed utilization. Optimal solid-state fermentation conditions for maximum neutral detergent fiber reduction (14.25 %) were: 1.0 g/kg complex probiotics, 7.1 g/kg enzyme, 38°C, 456.9 g/kg moisture, and 96 h. Under fermentation, the contents of crude protein (254.0 vs. 268.8 g/kg DM; P = 0.002), total amino acid (201.7 vs. 249.2 g/kg DM; P < 0.001), ammonia-N (9.92 vs. 19.2 g/kg TN; P < 0.001), and in situ degradation rates of DM (371.0 vs. 410.9 g/kg; P = 0.006) and crude protein (576.7 vs. 614.2 g/kg; P < 0.001) of FMTM were elevated. In vitro gas production experiments have shown that compared with TMR including MTM, TMR involved FMTM had lower methane concentration (200.40 vs. 182.54 g/kg; P = 0.095), higher ammonia-N concentration (40.06 vs. 44.18 mg/dL; P < 0.001), total volatile fatty acid production (79.72 vs. 83.63 mmol/L; P = 0.0031), and molar ratios of propionate (24.41 vs. 24.96 %; P = 0.0002) in the rumen. Moreover, TMR containing FMTM increased microbial diversity, and enrichment of norank_f__F082, Succiniclasticum, Christensenellaceae_R_7_group, Ruminococcus, NK4A214_group, and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae. In conclusion, solid-state fermentation using complex probiotics and cellulose enables sustainable MTM utilization, making it a high-quality protein source for ruminants and providing a reference for other Chinese herb residue applications.
Mehmet Ferit Özmen, Ramazan Arıcı, Ümüt Cirit
et al.
Improving spermatological quality in frozen ram semen is very important for the development and dissemination of artificial insemination in sheep. For this purpose, researchers have added many substances in various proportions to sperm extenders and investigated the effects of these substances. The presented study compares the protective effects of adding Trehalose, Iodixanol, and EDTA, both individually and in different combinations, to the diluent for freezing ram sperm. The study concluded that; (1) trehalose, iodixanol or EDTA significantly contribute to the preservation of the functional and morphological integrity of spermatozoa, (2) while the addition of iodixanol or EDTA alone to the basic extender failed to increase total and progressive motility after thawing, when used together they produced a synergistic effect and significantly increased total motility, (3) the use of trehalose, iodixanol and EDTA together at appropriate concentrations or the addition of 5% iodixanol or 1.5 g/L EDTA alone to the extender increased spermatozoon persistence after thawing.
Identification and mapping of Fadama resources exposed to pastoralist-farmer conflicts over the resources was undertaken. The availability of fresh grass (pasture), abundance of water and fertile soil in Fadama attract both the pastoralists and farmers. Competition for access and use of Fadama resources has been causing conflicts between farmers and pastoralists. The aim of the study was to undertake a geospatial analysis of Fadama resources that are exposed to farmers-pastoralists conflicts in the Nafada Local Government Area. A total of three villages were selected purposively. The spatial factors considered are Fadama farmlands, pasturelands, grazing reserves, cattle routes and water bodies, the target respondents for the work are pastoralists and farmers groups. Convenience sampling techniques were used to administer 162 questionnaires. Field Measurement, Observation and RS were also used in obtaining data. The data were analysed using overlay and descriptive statistics respectively. The findings indicate that the two small grazing reserves and water points may not be enough to accommodate the cattle population, and the stock routes do not connect to the grazing reserves. Almost 50% of the participants acknowledged the involvement of traditional rules in conflict management and identified verbal warning as the method of conflict resolution. The research concluded that there is a high likelihood that the pastoralists will encroach into Fadama farmlands for pasture, which may subsequently lead to further conflict in the study area. It was recommended that about 20-30 % of Fadama land should be set separately for grazing.
The present study was conducted on the teat of Sahiwal and Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle during lactating and non-lactating periods. The samples were collected in 10% NBF, processed to obtain paraffin sections, and stained with various stains. The results revealed that teat skin in Sahiwal and HF cows were reported to be thicker at the teat tip, followed by the mid part and minimum at the base of the teat. The epidermal pegs were pointed and elongated in non-lactating, whereas blunt and flattened in lactating animals. There was stretching of different layers of skin in the lactating animals due to flattened epidermal pegs and dermal papillae. The lining epithelium of teat cistern varied from stratified cuboidal to columnar type and showed mucosal foldings, which were comparatively less in Sahiwal than in HF. The annular folds were well developed in Sahiwal cattle. The lactiferous glands were smaller and lined by low cuboidal epithelium in Sahiwal cows, whereas their number and size were more in the HF. The folds in Furstenberg’s rosette varied from 10-14 in Sahiwal and 6-10 in HF cattle. The teat canal epithelium’s thickness was higher in HF than in Sahiwal cows. Teat muscle sphincter contained smooth muscle fibres, blood vessels, nerves, and collagen, reticular and elastic fibres. The amount of collagen fibres were relatively more in Sahiwal cattle. It may be concluded that the chances of intramammary infection are comparatively less in Sahiwal cattle as compared to HF ones due to anatomical variations in the formation of annular folds, Furstenberg’s rosette and teat sphincter.
de Almeida Cipriano Isabela, de Favare Giordani Mascoli, do Carmo Tábata Alves
et al.
The objective was to characterize a herd of 73 Nellore heifers, identifying resistant, resilient, and susceptible animals to gastrointestinal helminths, relating the global methylation of the DNA of these animals with the degree of helminthiasis and factors that interfere with performance. Individual count of eggs per gram of feces (EPG), fecal culture for gender identification, weighing and blood sampling were carried out to determine PCV, STP, EOS, IgG, followed by DNA extraction and methylation analysis. The results were: 47% resistant animals, 34% resilient, and 19% susceptible to gastrointestinal helminth infections, with EPG counts of 53, 216, and 841, respectively, showing a statistical difference between all groups. The quantification of DNA methylation was 0.311, 0.245 and 0.178, respectively, for resistant, resilient, and susceptible animals, with a correlation being found between resistance to gastrointestinal helminths and overall DNA methylation. For weight gain, resistant and resilient animals showed higher values than susceptible ones, with a correlation between weight gain and EPG. The same was observed for VG; however, there was no statistical difference to the EOS, PPT, and IgG values. A significant correlation was found between PCV and EPG; quantifications of PCV and methylated DNA, STP and EPG; VG and STP. Therefore, the methodologies used made it possible to identify the animals regarding the degree of infection by gastrointestinal nematodes, making it possible to correlate the resistance of cattle to helminths with the amount of global DNA methylation and its performance.
Australian beef cattle experience variable conditions, which may give rise to genotype-by-environment interactions depending on the genotypes’ macro- and/or micro-genetic environmental sensitivity (GES). Macro-GES gives rise to genotype-by-environment interactions across definable and shared environments, while micro-GES causes heritable variation of phenotypes, e.g., the performance of progeny from one sire may be more variable than other sires. Yearling weight (YW) is a key trait in Australian Angus cattle that may be impacted by both macro- and micro-GES. Current models for genetic evaluation of YW attempt to account for macro-GES by fitting sire-by-herd interactions (S × H). Variation in micro-GES had not yet been estimated for YW in Australian Angus. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic variation due to macro- and micro-GES in YW of Australian Angus cattle. A reaction norm with contemporary group effects as the environmental covariate was fitted either as an alternative to or in combination with a random S × H effect to account for macro-GES. Double hierarchical generalised linear models (DHGLM), fitted as sire models, were used to estimate the genetic variance of the dispersion as a measure of micro-GES. Variation due to both macro- and micro-GES were found in YW. The variance of the slope of the reaction norm was 0.02–0.03 (SEs 0.00), while the S × H variance accounted for 7% of the phenotypic variance in all models. Results showed that both a random S × H effect and a reaction norm should be included to account for both macro-GES and the additional variation captured by an S × H effect. The heritability of the dispersion on the measurement scale ranged from 0.06 to 0.10 (SEs 0.00) depending on which model was used. It should therefore be possible to alter both macro- and micro-GES of YW in Australian Angus through selection. However, care should be taken to ensure an appropriate data structure when including sire-by-herd interactions in the mean part of a DHGLM; otherwise, it can cause biased estimates of micro-GES.
Wildfires are burning more acres annually, contributing to air pollution across the United States. Air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM2.5), have health implications for humans and animals, and are known to alter behavior in several species, but effects of wildfire PM2.5 on dairy calf behavior are unknown. The present study aimed to understand how dairy calf standing and lying behavior is affected by wildfire PM2.5. Holstein heifer calves (n = 13) were monitored for the first 90 d of life, concurrent with the 2022 wildfire season. Hourly PM2.5 concentrations and meteorological conditions, which were used to calculate temperature-humidity index (THI), were recorded. Wildfire and wind trajectory mapping was used to determine the contribution of wildfires to spikes in PM2.5. Calf activity data were recorded every minute using accelerometers and analyzed as total hourly and daily standing and lying times, standing and lying bouts, and duration of bouts. Additionally, the responses of calves to the initial 24-h period of each of 2 separate exposures to wildfire smoke were assessed. Wildfire PM2.5 exposure was associated with reduced daily standing time and bout duration, increased daily total lying time, and increased, albeit not significantly, daily standing bouts. Percent of time standing hourly was increased, whereas percent of time lying hourly was decreased by wildfire PM2.5. The initial 24 h of each smoke exposure was characterized by decreased standing and increased lying time, but there was a greater change in behavior during the first event compared with the second event. These results indicate that exposure to wildfire PM2.5 induces a behavioral response, which may diminish with repeated exposures. Future research should aim to understand the health and welfare implications of the behavioral responses to wildfire PM2.5.
Chaichana Suriyapha, Chanon Suntara, Metha Wanapat
et al.
Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to detect the effect of replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with citric waste fermented yeast waste (CWYW) as an alternative protein source of portentous substances in a concentrate mixture diet of beef cattle on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, plasma urea-nitrogen, energy partitioning, and nitrogen balance. Four Thai-native beef bulls (170 ± 10.0 kg of initial body weight) were randomly allocated to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments were four levels of CWYW replacing SBM in a concentrated diet at ratios of 0, 33, 67, and 100%. SBM was added to the concentrate diet at a dose of 150 g/kg DM. All cattle were offered ad libitum rice straw and the concentrate diet at 5 g/kg of body weight. The study was composed of four periods, each lasting for 21 days. The findings demonstrated that there was no difference in total dry matter intake, nutritional intake, or digestibility between treatments (p > 0.05). When CWYW replaced SBM at 100% after 4 h of feeding, ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, plasma urea nitrogen, and bacterial population were highest (p < 0.05). Volatile fatty acids and energy partitioning were not different (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments. Urinary nitrogen excretion was greatest (p < 0.05) for cattle fed CWYW to replace SBM at 100% of the concentrate. However, nitrogen absorption and retention for Thai-native cattle were similar (p > 0.05) among treatments. In conclusion, CWYW may be utilized as a substitute for SBM as a source of protein in Thai-native beef cattle without having an adverse impact on feed utilization, rumen fermentation characteristics, or blood metabolites.
Anna Rysiak, Witold Chabuz, Wioletta Sawicka-Zugaj
et al.
Most European grasslands are semi-natural and require proper management to preserve their high natural value. They are habitats for many rare and endangered species of plants and animals. The aim of the study was to determine patterns of changes in the flora of grasslands induced by the introduction of extensive mowing and grazing treatments and to answer the following questions: (1) Do species richness and the number and occurrence of ecological groups plants differ depending on management schemes? (2) Is grazing or mowing more beneficial for the conservation of plant diversity? (3) Is the duration of land management a determinant of flora characteristics? The study was carried out in permanent grasslands located in the buffer zone of Polesie National Park in 2015–2018. The flora comprised 189 vascular plant species representing six ecological groups. The most numerous groups were meadow species (M) – 85, grassland species (G) – 35, and segetal species (S) – 31. Trees and shrubs (T) – 10 made up the smallest share of the flora, followed by ruderal (R) – 13 and aquatic (W) – 17 vegetation. The study showed that extensive grazing and mowing induced quantitative and qualitative changes in the flora of the research plots and were the key determinants of the flora dynamics. The first two years of use were crucial for the dynamics of the flora present in the plots. During that time a significant increase in species richness and the emergence of ecological groups was noted. Stabilization of the features analysed was noted in subsequent years. Significant differences were noted in species richness (SR) and the number of meadow (M), grassland (G), segetal (S), ruderal (R), water (W) and tree and shrub (T) species in favour of the managed plots compared with the abandoned sites. Grazing significantly decreased the number of emerging trees and shrubs, while mowing facilitated the preservation and regeneration of water and waterside vegetation. The use of local cattle breeds for grazing in valuable nature areas protects meadow habitats, prevents succession of trees and shrubs, and preserves and protects farm animal genetic resources.
Already with the defeat at Vienna in 1683. the Ottoman court became aware of the need to adapt to the Western world. The necessity of establishing harmonious relations between the Muslim and non-Muslim populations imposed the undertaking of a series of reforms, which came to full expression with the coming to power of Sultan Mahmud II, who created the conditions for the social modernization of the Ottoman Empire. The enactment of Haticerif by Gulhana in 1839, which formally equated Muslim and non-Muslim subjects in rights, opened
the door for further reforms that imposed themselves as a historical necessity, and
much less as a result of pressure from the great powers. Under the influence of their
thinkers, the population of the Ottoman Empire has been emphasizing its demands
for the establishment of a regime that would enable a greater degree of democracy
and freedom, which would create conditions for freer trade and better education,
since Haticerif of Gulhana. A big problem was also the finances that needed to be
reformed in a way to achieve productivity. With such demands, Ottoman society
embarked on reforms that remained known as the Tanzimat. It was a time when“ruin and progress were tackled”, hence the conclusion that it was the “longest
life” of the Ottoman Empire.
The planned reforms were particularly difficult to implement in the Balkan
provinces. The central Ottoman government showed a lot of inability to quell the
local uprisings, regardless of whether they were of a social or national character.
A major obstacle in that process was the interference of European powers, which
in that way realized their interests and considered the Balkan states as their sphere
of influence. Apart from political issues, the difficult situation was also felt in the
field of agriculture. Primitive cattle breeding and traditional agriculture could
not provide the conditions for meeting all other living needs, which is why the
demands of the broadest strata of the population were aimed at liberalization and
removing barriers that could lead to the presence of any dependence, especially
from greengrocers.
In addition to the presence of progressive forces, there were also stubborn
structures of society in the Ottoman Empire that wanted to preserve the system that
was present before the implementation of reforms. Resistance to the use of Tanzimat
in the middle of the 19th century was very pronounced in the Ottoman provinces in
the Balkans. In that sense, the reactions of the rural population from the area of the
kadiluks Bihor and Rožaj were not absent, primarily to the application of certain
decisions in the field of agrarian relations. The key measure was the introduction
of tithing, which was considered another new tax among the poorer strata. The
response to this measure of the central government was an armed uprising that
broke out in 1851. in Bihor and the Rožaje region. It was brutally quelled by
military units under the command of Omer Lutfi-pasha. The aim of this paper is
precisely to present the circumstances in which this revolt took place and to point
out its consequences. While the mentioned riots lasted, Omer Lutfi-pasha carried
out certain administrative reforms on the territory of the Bosnian eyalet, which also
had their reflections in the area of the Bihor kadiluk. With a stronger connection to
the Bosnian eyalet, the kadiluk Bihor with Trgovište (Rožaje) will be formed in its
next period as an integral part of that area, and in the spirit of the decisions made
in Sarajevo as the new seat of the Bosnian vali.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Las gramíneas forrajeras perennes de crecimiento estival son un recurso de gran importancia para la ganadería pampeana. Panicum coloratum es una gramínea perenne de crecimiento estival que a comenzado a difundirse masivamente en la Región Semiárida Pampeana. Combinada con el "pasto llorón" (Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees) en los sistemas de cría, permitiría obtener un aumento en los índices de producción y de carga animal. Los verdeos de invierno son recursos forrajeros muy difundidos en los sistemas de invernada y tambo. Su utilidad responde básicamente a su excelente calidad y productividad, que los hace indispensables en muchas ocasiones, para proveer forraje durante el otoño, invierno y primavera. El objetivo de este estudio fue medir el consumo voluntario y la digestibilidad aparente in vivo de "mijo perenne" (Panicum coloratum) diferido y "triticale" (X Triticosecale) fresco y establecer patrones de comportamiento ingestivo ante diferentes cantidades de agua depositada en el forraje suministrado. Las mediciones se hicieron a galpón, con el empleo de 24 ovinos (Pampinta) machos castrados (PV: 34,96 ± 3,68 kg). En el primer estudio (El) se utilizó Panicum coloratum cv "Verde" diferido y en el segundo (E2) triticale (xTriticosecale) cv "Tehuelche", Los animales experimentales se distribuyen al azar en tres tratamientos: a) Testigo (T): forraje sin agregado de agua (E1:100,7 ± 1,0 g HP/kg MS; E2: 721,4 ± 41,2 g HPlkg MS); b) Intermedio (1): forraje más agregado de agua (E1: 276,6 ± 25,6 g H20/Kg MS; E2:731,3 ± 42,2 g HP/kg MS); e) Saturado (S): forraje con agua a saturación (El: 518,2 ± 39,7 g HP/kg MS; E2: 763,1 ± 36,6 g HP/ kg MS). El forraje fue cortado en forma manual a 5 cm de altura antes de cada uno de los dos suministros diarios (9:00 y 18:00 horas). Para obtener una distribución homogénea del agua en el forraje se utilizó una mochila para pulverizar, con lo que se logró un mojado total del mismo. Cada estudio tuvo siete días de toma de datos, previo período de acostumbramiento de trece días. Los CMS y CMSD (en g kg PV 0.75) fueron: E1; T: 51,52 ± 7,28 y 25,42 ± 3,64; I: 49,55 ± 7,14 y 23,93 ± 3,44; S: 43,79 ± 7,71 y 19,99 ± 6,93; respectivamente E2; T: 73,43 ± 5,00 y 51,78 ± 4,16; I: 81,70 ± 5,72 y 56,38 ± 7,74; S: 65,12 ± 8,25 y 42,36 ± 5,32. La DMS (en %) fue El; T: 49,60 ± 5,38; I: 52,63 ± 4,29; S: 44,68 ± 13,83. E2; T: 69,46 ± 1,93; 1: 69,06 ± 3,96; S: 65,08 ± 1,44. La PB (en %) fue El; Tallo: 1,64 ± 0,17; Lámina: 2,55 ± 0,32; T + L: 1,80 ± 0,10. E2; Tallo: 7,68 ± 2,28; Lámina: 14,30 ± 1,16; T + L: 9,24 ± 2,66. Con estos resultados concluimos que además del efecto de lluvia por sí misma, podría existir un efecto del agua adherida al forraje, siempre que ésta dificulte la selección que dentro del forraje ofrecido puedan realizar los animales. Por otra parte, se sugiere como práctica de manejo utilizar ambos forrajes para que los animales consuman una dieta balanceada.
Director: Ing. Agr. Néstor Pedro Stritzler.
Elena Vasilyevna Zhiryaeva, Maria Nikolaevna Dmitrieva
The article examines the competitiveness of agriculture of the Russian Federation through the indicators of its regional development. Based on results of the Pearson correlation calculation was established that competitiveness of agriculture is closely tied with a small amount of factors. Among factorial conditions high correlation is observed with the investments into fixed capital (0.7), to a lesser extent - with the capital of other sort (a cattle livestock), also land resources and a labor force. Also demand conditions matter, namely: trade turnover of the agricultural organizations (0.73). At the same time dependence upon the state aid is expressed not so clearly: correlation is average, being at the level of 0.5-0.6 depending on a type of subsidies. There were found 14 groups of factors as a result of the factorial analysis. Three among factors had importance: crop production condition; livestock production condition; degree of openness of the region. Values of these factors were calculated for parent population’s objects. The most common situation is when the subject of the Russian Federation had a high value on one of three factors, but insignificant on two others. Subjects of the Russian Federation with low value of competitiveness have negative values of all factors as well, with rare exceptions. Moscow, the Krasnodar area, the Belgorod region have unique values of variables. A certain trend between factors wasn’t detected - all three factors are independent between each other. The conclusion is drawn that the competitiveness increases mainly due to the development of livestock production.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
This scientific paper presents the cattle market dynamics in Romania during 2007-2013. In order to realize this research there were used certain indicators, as following: herds of cattle, realized beef production, selling price, human consumption, import and export. The data were collected from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Institute of Statistics and Faostat. During the analysis, the presented indicators were modified from a period to another, because of both internal and external factors. Consumption demand is being influenced by: beef price, beef quality, price of other meat categories, consumers incomes, population’s food consumption pattern and so on.
The aim of the current study was to determine the agrochemical indices and fertility potential of the wastes produced by the private livestock sector, communal household and wineries. It was found that one ton of solid waste contained primary elements in the following quantities: 20.2 kg in mixed rubbish, 21.8 kg in town sludge and 48.0 kg in pressed wine yeast. One cubic meter of liquid yeast contains 10.6 kg of vinasse, 1.8 kg of cereal draff and 5.1 kg of primary elements. The use of mixed manure in a dose of 20 - 40 t/ha resulted in a total harvest surplus for two years of 1.5 - 2.2 t/ha of cereals, providing a special increase of 68 kg/t of cereals, as compared to 35 kg/t resulted from the use of cattle manure. The application of wine yeast in the amount of 13 t/ha and vinasse - 300 mc/ha in vine cultivation for a period of two years resulted in the total yield of 19.5 t/ha, providing a specific increase of 7.0 kg/m3 of vinasse and 162 kg/t of wine yeast.
Fernanda Mattioda, Juliana V. M. Bittencourt, Antonio C. de Francisco
et al.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi transferir informações a produtores de leite, por meio de treinamento higiênico-sanitário, e verificar se houve melhora na qualidade do leite através das analises do Contagem Bacteriana Total e Contagem de Células Somáticas. A primeira etapa desta pesquisa foi a seleção e caracterização das propriedades rurais leiteiras, trabalhadas como Unidade de Referência, através de questionários e visitas técnicas. O treinamento higiênico-sanitário foi feito com base em exigências estabelecidas na Instrução Normativa nº 51, do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). E, para a verificação da melhoria da qualidade do leite, fez-se a coleta de amostras de leite cru em cada Unidade de Referência, e encaminhadas para análise. Dessa forma, a pesquisa teve como resultados a melhora dos valores de Contagem Bacteriana Total e Contagem de Células Somáticas, podendo-se concluir que a transferência de informações e tecnologias por meio do treinamento higiênico-sanitário foi eficiente. Ressalta-se que os valores de células somáticas sofrem interferência de fatores externos, enquanto a Contagem Bacteriana Total teve maior redução dos valores, pois depende dos procedimentos realizados pelos ordenhadores.
Felipe Pierezan, José Carlos Oliveira Filho, Priscila M. Carmo
et al.
Um surto de aflatoxicose crônica é relatado em bezerros de raça leiteira. Quarenta bezerros holandeses machos de quatro meses de idade e aproximadamente 100kg eram mantidos em gaiolas individuais de 1,5 x 1,5m e alimentados com uma ração constituída por feno de alfafa, milho quebrado e substituto de leite. Seis bezerros (15%) morreram após apresentar uma doença caracterizada por mau desenvolvimento geral, diarreia, pelagem áspera, dor abdominal, tenesmo, prolapso de reto e bruxismo. Alguns bezerros "deitavam e rolavam" no chão da gaiola. A duração do curso clínico, segundo observado pelos proprietários, foi de 2-3 dias; muitos terneiros desse lote que não morreram permaneceram pouco desenvolvidos. Três bezerros foram necropsiados. Os achados de necropsia incluíam fígado firme e castanho-claro, marcados hidrotórax e ascite, e edema do mesentério, mesocólon e das dobras da mucosa do abomaso. Os principais achados histopatológicos estavam restritos ao fígado e consistiam de fibrose, moderada megalocitose, hiperplasia de ductos biliares e lesão veno-oclusiva. A procura por contaminação de Senecio spp. no feno de alfafa resultou negativa. A análise do milho do alimento dos bezerros por cromatografia de camada delgada revelou 5.136ppb de aflatoxina B1. O diagnóstico de aflatoxicose foi feito baseado nos sinais clínicos e patologia característicos, na ausência de Senecio spp. na alimentação dos terneiros e na presença de altos níveis de aflatoxina no milho da alimentação dos bezerros.<br>An outbreak of chronic aflatoxicosis is reported in dairy calves. Forty 4-month-old male Holstein calves of approximately 100kg were kept in individual cages of 1.5 x 1.5m and were fed a ration constituted by alfalfa hay, broken corn and milk substitute. Six calves (15%) died after presenting a disease characterized by general unthriftiness, diarrhea, rough hair coats, abdominal pain, prolapsed rectum, grinding of teeth, and lying down and rolling. The clinical course, as observed by the owners, was 2-3 days; however many calves in this lot that did not die, remained underdeveloped. Three calves were necropsied. Necropsy findings included firm, light tan livers and marked hydrothorax, ascites and edema of the mesentery, mesocolon and of the mucosal folds of the abomasum. Main histopathological changes were restricted to the liver and consisted of fibrosis, moderate megalocytosis, biliary duct hyperplasia and veno-occlusive disease. The search for Senecio spp. contamination in the alfalfa hay resulted negative. The analysis by thin layer chromatography of the corn fed to calves revealed 5,136 ppb of aflatoxin B1. A diagnosis of aflatoxicosis was made based on the characteristic clinical signs and pathology, on the absence of Senecio spp. in the food and on the presence of high levels of aflatoxin in the corn fed to the calves.
The prevalence and geographic distribution of the fowl tampan, Argas walkerae Kaiser & Hoogstraal, 1969 was determined in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa by inspecting two fowl houses in the vicinity of each of 72 randomly selected communal cattle dip-tanks. Tampans were collected from 102 (70.8 %) of the 144 fowl houses in the neighbourhood of 57 (79.2 %) of the 72 selected dip-tanks, and the localities of the collections were mapped. Argas walkerae was present in fowl houses from the warm coastal regions of the Indian Ocean in the south to the cold and mountainous Drakensberg in the north-east of the Province. Taking into account the probable sensitivity of the sampling method, it is estimated that A. walkerae is likely to be present in fowl houses belonging to between 74 and 84 % of communities making use of cattle dip-tanks in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, and that when it is present, between 64 and 75 % of fowl houses will be infested. The geographic distribution of A. walkerae seemed to be more strongly associated with the presence of fowls and fowl houses containing raw or processed wood in their structure than with climate.