Hasil untuk "Cartography"

A. Chaudhury, Chitharanjan Duvoor, Vijaya Sena Reddy Dendi et al.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global pandemic, as evident from the global cartographic picture of diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation (http://www.diabetesatlas.org/). Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, progressive, incompletely understood metabolic condition chiefly characterized by hyperglycemia. Impaired insulin secretion, resistance to tissue actions of insulin, or a combination of both are thought to be the commonest reasons contributing to the pathophysiology of T2DM, a spectrum of disease originally arising from tissue insulin resistance and gradually progressing to a state characterized by complete loss of secretory activity of the beta cells of the pancreas. T2DM is a major contributor to the very large rise in the rate of non-communicable diseases affecting developed as well as developing nations. In this mini review, we endeavor to outline the current management principles, including the spectrum of medications that are currently used for pharmacologic management, for lowering the elevated blood glucose in T2DM.

N. Brenner, Christian Schmid

R. Dolphijn

M. Haklay, Patrick Weber

The OpenStreetMap project is a knowledge collective that provides user-generated street maps. OSM follows the peer production model that created Wikipedia; its aim is to create a set of map data that's free to use, editable, and licensed under new copyright schemes. A considerable number of contributors edit the world map collaboratively using the OSM technical infrastructure, and a core group, estimated at approximately 40 volunteers, dedicate their time to creating and improving OSM's infrastructure, including maintaining the server, writing the core software that handles the transactions with the server, and creating cartographical outputs. There's also a growing community of software developers who develop software tools to make OSM data available for further use across different application domains, software platforms, and hardware devices. The OSM project's hub is the main OSM Web site.

A. Brah

Terry Speed

Akinni Raoul AKANRO, ZONOU Bienvenu , BOUGOUMA-YAMEOGO Valérie

Context and background Women's empowerment and access to land are key issues in countries where agriculture plays a major role in the national economy. Goals and Objectives: This study assesses the influence of agricultural development initiatives on women's empowerment and their right of access to land in Burkina Faso: the case of the Bama plain. Methodology:  The present study uses data collected from 230 people in the rural commune of Bama, including 130 women and 100 men, using the simple random sampling method. Results: Descriptive statistics were used to process the information. Our findings show that women do not have easy access to land in the commune of Bama. Furthermore, the gender promotion policy implemented in Burkina Faso and the intervention of government projects and technical and financial partners have forced village communities to grant land use rights to women in order to carry out their activities. Comparative analysis of the effect of these interventions has shown that decision-making in the households of women who have benefited from the projects has improved compared to women who have not benefited from these projects. We recommend that politicians encourage the implementation of program projects in rural areas where women's empowerment is still a challenge.

C. Makaremi

Chong Liu, Huabing Huang, Qi Zhang et al.

ABSTRACTPermafrost degradation has strong and long-lasting effects on anthropogenic land-use activities, contradicting the goal of sustainable development in polar and high-elevation regions. The artificial surface (AS) plays a central role in determining human-environment relationships in permafrost environments. Despite recent progress in monitoring land surfaces, attempts to map permafrost AS with satellite remote sensing have been limited. In this study, we propose an operational framework for fine-resolution mapping and assessment of permafrost AS across the entire Northern Hemisphere landmass. The proposed framework was designed to take advantage of prior knowledge obtained from existing global-scale land-cover products. As a result, a 10 m resolution permafrost AS map for 2016–2017 was created using a locally adaptive classification strategy. We found that the created map exhibited an overall accuracy of 91.7 ± 2.1% with minimum accuracies > 70%. We estimated that the total area of permafrost AS in the Northern Hemisphere was approximately 9,000 km2, most notably in the Russian Arctic. Future projections indicate that there will be over one-seventh of the permafrost AS area at high geohazard risk by the end of the twenty-first century. Our study provides new perspectives on the ‘permafrost-human-climate’ nexus, which can advance our understanding of the terrestrial system.

R. J. Pope, R. J. Pope, B. J. Kerridge et al.

<p>Ozone is a potent air pollutant in the lower troposphere and an important short-lived climate forcer (SLCF) in the upper troposphere. Studies using satellite data to investigate spatiotemporal variability of troposphere ozone (TO<span class="inline-formula">₃)</span> have predominantly focussed on the tropospheric column metric. This is the first study to investigate long-term spatiotemporal variability in lower tropospheric column ozone (LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span>, surface–450 hPa sub-column) by merging multiple European Space Agency–Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) products produced by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) Space. We find that in the LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span>, the degree of freedom of signal (DOFS) from these products varies with latitude range and season and is up to 0.8, indicating that the retrievals contain useful information on lower TO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span>. The spatial and seasonal variation of the RAL Space products are in good agreement with each other, but there are systematic offsets of up to 3.0–5.0 DU between them. Comparison with ozonesondes shows that the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-1, 1996–2003), the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY (SCIAMACHY, 2003–2010) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI, 2005–2017) have stable LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> records over their respective periods, which can be merged together. However, GOME-2 (2008–2018) shows substantial drift in its bias with respect to ozonesondes. We have therefore constructed a robust merged data set of LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> from GOME-1, SCIAMACHY and OMI between 1996 and 2017. Comparing the LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> differences between the 1996–2000 and 2013–2017 5-year averages, we find sizeable positive increases (3.0–5.0 DU) in the tropics/sub-tropics, while in the northern mid-latitudes, we find small-scale differences in LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span>. Therefore, we conclude that there has been a substantial increase in tropical/sub-tropical LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> during the satellite era, which is consistent with tropospheric column ozone (TCO<span class="inline-formula">₃)</span> records from overlapping time periods (e.g. 2005–2016).</p>

S. Ostapchuk, N. Kushniruk

The economic use of agricultural land requires systematic agrochemical surveys, a balanced analysis of the results obtained and the adoption of the right decisions to improve soil fertility, increase agricultural efficiency, and preserve the environment. One of the most important tools in this type of research is mapping modelling. The purpose of this article is to study and analyse the level of soil acidity in one of the most agriculturally developed regions of Rivne Oblast - Zdolbuniv district. Based on the results of the last three rounds of scheduled agrochemical certification of agricultural land (rounds 9-11, 2007-2017) conducted by the Rivne branch of the State Institution "Derzhgruntoochorona", the weighted average indicators of soil pH were calculated in the context of former village councils, a corresponding database was created, and the author's own thematic maps and diagrams were created. The thematic maps were developed using ArcMap software, the coordinate system was Pulkovo 1942 GK Zone 5, the scale was 1:250,000, and the main method of depiction was cartograms. The dynamics of soil acidity in the region during the last three rounds of surveys was summarised and analysed, making it possible to identify areas with optimal, high or low values of indicators, and to identify possible problematic or potentially fertile lands. Specific recommendations for improving soil acidity were provided, primarily for medium acidic soils in the former Staromoshchanytsia and Stupnivka village councils and medium alkaline soils in the former Myrotyn and Uizdets village councils. Thematic maps and diagrams created in this way, with other additional and detailed data, can become an important basis for making informed management decisions to optimise soil acidity both on the territory of former village councils and agricultural formations, individual fields and plots. Keywords: soils, agrochemical properties, acidity level, cartographic modelling, thematic maps.

Y. Dorosh, O. Sakal, R. Kharytonenko et al.

The rationale is provided that to ensure investment attractiveness of land and implement capital investments, it is necessary to conduct a systematic analysis of the current state of land use, taking into account the consequences of the war and priorities for recovery. A review of publications containing research results on the issues of investment attractiveness of land, including agricultural land, has been conducted. The structure of land, water resources, and the agro-industrial complex of the Chornobaivka territorial community in the Zolotonosha district of the Cherkasy region has been analyzed. The structure of the soil cover of the territorial community is provided. Factors influencing the investment attractiveness of the research object have been systematized. These factors include investment objects, geographical location, natural resources, business infrastructure, community budget, land use regulation, and the profitability of agricultural production. To assess the investment attractiveness of land resources, financial analysis, risk analysis, strategic approach, comparative analysis, scenario analysis, ecological and social approach have been applied. Emphasizing that the intensity, duration, and prevalence of armed conflicts, as negative factors, can differently impact the investment attractiveness of an administrative-territorial unit. Considering the proposed approaches to assessing the investment attractiveness of land resources, the following forecasted changes have been taken into account, such as attracting investments, economic development, infrastructure improvement, increased tax revenues, and the impact of armed conflicts. In aggregate, this has allowed determining the level of investment attractiveness of the researched territory. Key words: investments, investment attractiveness, land investments, impact of armed conflicts, agricultural lands, industrial sectors, agricultural enterprises, industry structure, territorial communities, land use, rational land use, anthropogenic load, rural areas, green construction, balanced development, rural territorie.

Maryam Barzegar, Abbas Rajabifard, Mohsen Kalantari et al.

There are different processes in 3D urban land administration in which spatial analysis plays an underpinning role. Among 3D data models, Industry Foundation Class (IFC) provides the potential capabilities for modelling legal and physical dimensions of urban properties. However, performing spatial analysis using IFC files cannot address the on-demand spatial analysis requirements of 3D urban land administration. In response to this limitation, 3D data needs to be stored in a spatial database to enable spatial analyses required by different stakeholders. Therefore, in this paper, by considering spatial analysis requirements in 3D-enabled urban land administration, an IFC-based database schema is designed. Moreover, a methodology for transforming Building Information Modelling (BIM) data into the proposed schema is provided. This methodology includes seven steps: designing the architectural model and adding legal data, georeferencing, IFC data validation and cleaning, mapping process, database data validation and cleaning, spatial analysis, and visualisation. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed database, three datasets are implemented in the database. Moreover, a new method for modelling legal spaces with oblique structures and two applications of spatial analysis in 3D urban land administration are provided.

Noora Khalid, Saleem Ullah, Sheikh Saeed Ahmad et al.

Worldwide, forest degradation is a serious environmental issue, and in Pakistan, forest wealth is depleting at the highest rate in South Asia. To ensure sustainable development goals of environmental stewardship, social development and economic growth, a sound monitoring and regulatory mechanism is essential for tracking forest cover changes. This study aims to quantify the decline of forest reserves and associated temperature variations in a relatively unexplored biodiversity hotspot of Islamabad, Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP). Imagery acquired by Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) for the year 1992, 2000 and 2011 are used to assess the spatial and temporal changes occurred over the last two decades (from 1992 to 2011). A robust hybrid-classification routine is implemented to monitor the changes in forest cover and ANOVA along with Tukey’s HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) test is used to test the significance of temperature variation associated with a shift in land cover classes. The results showed a significant growth in settlements, agricultural area and barren soil whereas water body, lower vegetation, scrub and pine forest are diminishing. In both decades, the temperature alteration associated with a change in land cover classes are statistically significant (confirmed by ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests) for most of the land use/land cover classes. Based on these findings, this study concludes that forests are dwindling at MHNP and the degrading condition of the forest is below par and necessitates the promotion of conservation practices to minimize ecological disturbances.

Alice Nikolli

As outdoor activities develop, public spaces are transformed and extend beyond cities, blurring the limits between public and private spaces. This paper relies on a case study of Lake Annecy (Haute-Savoie, France) and analyzes public space at the crossroads between private property and concrete access. Mapping both sets of data, we observe a relative disconnection between property and access, along with a mutual encroachment between public and private spaces. Contrary to dominant discourses about the privatization of public spaces, this research reveals certain cases of private spaces being rendered public.

Priscila da Silva Victorino, Amilton Amorim, Milton Hirokazu Shimabukuro

O avanço da informática, o desenvolvimento dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas e o surgimento de profissionais capacitados para atuar nesta área, revelam às prefeituras e aos serviços registrais novas possibilidades de intercâmbio de informações entre essas duas instituições. Tal fato permite uma melhor descrição da realidade legal e geométrica dos imóveis, além de minimizar a duplicação ou inconsistência dos dados. Contudo, para que haja qualidade, segurança e facilidade na integração de informações entre o Cadastro e o Registro de Imóveis é necessário a adoção de algumas normas e padrões. Desta forma, este trabalho consiste em estabelecer metadados, com base no Perfil de Metadados Geoespaciais do Brasil (Perfil MGB), a fim de caracterizar e descrever um conjunto de dados de interesse tanto para o Registro de Imóveis quanto para o Cadastro Imobiliário.

Redazione Redazione

La giomata mondiale della geografia intelligente

Fabricio dos Santos Prol, José Marcato Junior, Ronaldo Lisboa Gomes et al.

No intuito de acompanhar a evolução de acessibilidade dos equipamentos, os aplicativos web vêm se tornando importantes aliados no processamento de dados GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System). No entanto, os serviços online de posicionamento fornecem coordenadas em diferentes sistemas de referência e tempo. O TREVel é um aplicativo desenvolvido a fim de tornar mais acessível a atualização e conversão das coordenadas aos usuários do Sistema Geodésico Brasileiro. Este permite referenciar os levantamentos GNSS ao SIRGAS2000, na época de interesse, utilizando o campo de velocidade do VEMOS2009 e a transformação de Helmert com quatorze parâmetros. A diferença do campo de velocidade interpolada entre o TREVel e o aplicativo de interpolação do VEMOS2009 (VMS2009) apresenta valores inferiores a 0,2 mm/ano. Avaliou-se a ferramenta comparando a transformação realizada pelo TREVel com a do serviço online de PPP do IBGE. Foram realizados processamentos com diferentes serviços online (GAPS, APPS e AUSPOS), assegurando que o TREVel permite a integração de referenciais internacionais ao SIRGAS2000.

Zdeněk Stachonň, Č. Šašinka, Zbynek Sterba et al.

Giuseppe Roccasalva

Il saggio presenta alcuni risultati di una collaborazione tra Politecnico di Torino e il CSI Piemonte (Società di servizi Informatizzati partecipata dalla Regione Piemonte). Sono stati selezionati e studiati diversi strumenti di visualizzazione dei dati scientifici (Gapminder, ManyEyes, Open eXplorer e Fineo) al fine di individuare quello più utile per una lettura induttiva di grandi quantità di dati informativi (big data). Lo sfruttamento intelligente dei dati digitali può portare a uno sviluppo conoscitivo ma anche a un profitto, le cui soglie di sfruttamento possono essere misurate in un sistema economico. Nell’irreversibile fenomeno di crescita dei dati digitali, la disciplina del “Data Visualization” diventa cruciale per accedere e comprendere informazioni complesse. Few, guru della comunicazione visiva, scrive che “scopriamo il mondo attraverso gli occhi”; le forme di comunicazione e interpretazione tradizionali dei dati hanno puntato sulla dimensione visuale per migliorare la comprensione e hanno permesso sia agli analisti sia agli utenti la sperimentazione di nuove interazioni (“story-telling”). Come urbanisti e cittadini, ci affidiamo alla vista che gestisce molti dei sensori (70%) legati alla percezione, alle mappe cognitive, agli errori e ai nuovi pensieri. L’ipotesi di fondo di questo articolo vuole generare delle riflessioni sui Big Data come strategia importante per le imprese pubbliche e private che intendono imparare a cambiare dalle informazioni digitali di cui oggi disponiamo. Attraverso l’uso di uno strumento analitico di visualizzazione dei dati informativi, si descrive un recente caso di studio in un contesto territoriale come quello dei nuovi consorzi amministrativi (Unione dei Comuni NordEst Torino). In questo esperimento torna a essere attuale la necessità di pianificare le scelte in modo sistematico anche cercando di utilizzare in modo nuovo e semplice i sistemi informativi territoriali già disponibili.