Hasil untuk "Auxiliary sciences of history"

Bartholdy, Bjørn Peare, Hasselstrøm, Jørgen B., Sørensen, Lambert K. et al.

Dental calculus is an excellent source of information on the dietary patterns of past populations, including consumption of plant-based items. The detection of plant-derived residues such as alkaloids and their metabolites in dental calculus provides direct evidence of consumption by individuals within a population. We conducted a study on 41 individuals from Middenbeemster, a 19th century rural  Dutch archaeological site. Skeletal and dental analysis was performed to explore potential relationships between pathological lesions and presence of alkaloids. Dental calculus was analysed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem  mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). We were able to detect nicotine, cotinine, caffeine, theophylline, and salicylic acid, suggesting the consumption of tea and coffee and smoking of tobacco on an individual scale, which is also confirmed by historic documentation and identification of pipe notches in the dentition. Nicotine and/or cotinine was present in 56% of individuals with at least one visible pipe notch. There is some influence of skeletal preservation on the detection of alkaloids, with higher quantities of compounds extracted from well-preserved individuals, and we observe a positive relationship between weight of the calculus sample and quantity of detected compounds, as well as between chronic maxillary sinusitis and the presence of multiple alkaloids. There are many limitations that will need to be addressed going forward with this type of analysis; we stress the need for more systematic research on the consumption of alkaloid-containing items and their subsequent concentration and preservation in dental calculus, in addition to how mode of consumption may affect concentrations in the dentition. Despite the limitations, this preliminary study illustrates many benefits of using calculus to target a variety of compounds that could have been consumed as medicine or diet. This method allows us to directly address specific individuals, which can be especially useful in individuals that are not always well-documented in historic documentation, such as rural populations, and especially children and women.

Lidia La Mendola, Matteo Accardi, Fabrizio Agnello et al.

This paper presents the path of knowledge developed for assessing the structural safety of the Norman-age Pisan Tower, which is mostly incorporated into the Royal Palace in Palermo, Italy. Historical, geomatic, and mechanical investigations were conducted and the most relevant results are herein collected and presented. The research path was addressed to specific tasks: identification of the building, geometric surveys, recognition of the sequence of phases of building transformation, detection of the components of the load-bearing structure, structural diagnostic surveys, and investigation of the subsoil and foundations. The explicit vulnerabilities found were mostly confined to the Piazzi library floor, while implicit vulnerabilities were identified in the presence of false walls and in high loads and fillings on the vaults of the last levels. The results of the analyses allowed the individuation of the confidence factors to use in structural analysis models aimed at the assessment of the seismic safety of the building.

Kozintcev M.A.

Research objectives: Attribution and description of the anonymous manuscript, conventionally named “History of Crimea”, from the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Research materials: Anonymous manuscript “History of Crimea”, kept in the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the signature B 747. Results and novelty of research: The manuscript is a miscellany of various information about the Crimean Khanate, as well international relations, mainly between Russia and Turkey. In 1881, its Ottoman-Turkish text in Arabic script was published by the famous Russian researcher Vasiliy D. Smirnov (1846–1922), on the basis of the St. Petersburg copy, with corrections made according to the copy kept in Paris. V.D. Smirnov made several assumptions on who was the author of the text. The analysis showed the correctness of one of his assumptions, namely that the author – compiler of the text was Kesbî, the Turkish official from the second half of the eighteenth century. The identification of the author became possible due to the appearance of studies on the written heritage of Kesbi in recent decades, primarily the works of A. Ogreten. The comparison of B 747 with the text of “İbretnüma-yı devlet” (“Instruction to the State”, 1213 AH (1798–99 CE)) published by Ahmet Öğreten in 2002, leaves no doubt that the “History of Crimea” is the St. Petersburg copy of the aforesaid manuscript. In recent years, new hypotheses also appeared concerning the author, disputing the opinion of A. Öğreten and aiming to show that the miscellany was compiled not by Mustafa Kesbî, but by another Ottoman official, who wrote under the pseudonym Kesbî, Mehmed Haşim. At the same time, the text of the St. Petersburg copy of “İbretnüma-yı devlet” published by V.D. Smirnov 140 years ago, as well as the copy of the manuscript kept in Paris, still remains out of sight of Turkish specialists engaged in the study of this written text.

Loire, Etienne, Galtier, Nicolas

Conservation policy in the giant Galpagos tortoise, an iconic endangered animal, has been assisted by genetic markers for 15 years: a dozen loci have been used to delineate thirteen (sub)species, between which hybridization is prevented. Here, comparative reanalysis of a previously published NGS data set reveals a conflict with traditional markers. Genetic diversity and population substructure in the giant Galpagos tortoise are found to be particularly low, questioning the genetic relevance of current conservation practices. Further examination of giant Galapagos tortoise population genomics is critically needed.

Soledad Varea

Este artículo explica cómo se han desarrollado los estudios alrededor de la antropología de las élites en el Ecuador. Argumenta que en aquellos existe una fuerte crítica frente a las burguesías y esencialismos indígenas. Adicionalmente, dichos estudios, se valen de conceptos antropológicos como el parentesco, símbolos, habitus para analizar la conformación de familias burguesas y su permanencia en la sociedad. Además, se exponen propuestas políticas basadas en la crítica a la desigualdad de clases sociales y la indignación como motivo.

Charles H. Lineweaver, Aditya Chopra

While gazing at the Earth from orbit, some astronauts have described a cognitive shift known as the overview effect. Here we describe an analogous biological overview effect produced by looking at the tiny twig of humanity on the tree of life. We describe the increasingly precise phylogenetic tree of all life on Earth and how it shows us our place in nature. We discuss problems with this tree including the assumption of sexual isolation, purely vertical gene transmission and the dependence of LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor) on the completeness of the tree. We compile and present the most concise taxonomic overview of the evolution of our lineage from Archaea to humans.

Leonor Peña-Chocarro

Yaroslav V. Kuzmin

This overview is based on the results of 25+ years of provenance studies to identify the sources of high-quality volcanic glass (obsidian) in prehistoric cultural complexes of the far eastern and northeastern regions of Russia (Maritime Province, the Amur River basin, Sakhalin Island, the Kurile Islands, Kamchatka Peninsula, Chukotka region, the Kolyma River basin, and the High Arctic), as well as in adjacent parts of Northeast Asia (Hokkaido Island, the Korean Peninsula, and Manchuria). The extended networks of obsidian exchange in antiquity are reconstructed for the southern Russian Far East and Northeastern Siberia. A possible mechanism of long-distance obsidian exchange/trade in Northeastern Siberia is suggested.

Димитрије Матић

Посета Долорес Ибарури Југославији у августу 1976. године дошла је у време важних политичких промена у самој Шпанији које су се тицале непосредно и шпанских и југословенских комуниста. Разговор Долорес Ибарури са Добривојем Видићем и Јосипом Брозом Титом представљао је важну прилику за нову размену мишљења између челника КПШ и СКЈ, али и за дијалог о актуелним међународним питањима и скуповима као што су Самит несврстаних земаља у Коломбу и Конференција европских комунистичких и радничких партија Европе у Источном Берлину. Осим тога, долазак на тронедељни одмор у Југославију омогућио је Ибарури да се сусретне и са појединим „шпанским борцима“.

Rafał Czerner, Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner, Wiesław Grzegorek et al.

Activities undertaken by the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission to Marina el-Alamein in 2016 included research and conservation in the public district of the ancient town as well as in private houses. Work focused foremost on research, conservation and exhibition of monuments in the central town square, especially the remains of a peristyle adjacent from the east, and the southern portico of the square itself. Research and conservation continued also in the area north of the central square, concentrating on the remains of public baths dating from the Hellenistic period and, on the south, on the remnants of Roman baths in use from the 2nd to the 3rd century AD. Maintenance conservation was carried out in private houses, in both baths complexes and in the eastern and southern area of the central square.

Urszula Zachara-Związek

CRACOW BURGHERS’ BEQUESTS TO THE OBSERVANTS’ FRIARY IN STRADOMIN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 15TH C. The article is aimed at analysing late-mediaeval testaments of Cracow burghers which included bequests to the Observants’ church and friary in Stradom (a suburb of Cracow). The source basis are testaments recorded in Cracow municipal books, most of them in the Liber Testamentorum kept by the city council (The National Archives in Cracow, Records of the City of Cracow, manuscript 772). The Observant friary in Stradom was founded in 1453, following a religious stir induced by a visit to Cracow made by the famous Italian preacher John of Capistrano, an Observant friar. There are 58 last wills from the second half of the 15th c., made by 54 testators, which include bequests to the newly-founded friary. This is a significant number as compared with the number of surviving wills from the second half of the 15th c. including bequests to orders long established in Cracow, the Grey Friars and Dominicans (30 and 22, respectively). The number of bequests from the fi rst two decades of the friary’s functioning is defi nitely higher than in the later years. In this early period it was common for testators who left legacies to several Church institutions (a typical situation) to endow the Observants with a larger bequest. This might have resulted from the burghers’ interest in a new institution among Cracow’s religious houses. It can be also supposed that the new friary was supported by the municipal authorities. Still, most of the donors were craftsmen, from both richer (e.g. goldsmiths) and less affluent (e.g. oil makers) groups, although the majority represented low-status professions. This might have been due to the Observants by rule doing the ministry among the poorer. The bequests were usually money, intended generally for the needs of the church, the friars and the friary, sometimes specifi cally for food. Rarely can it be concluded that the testator re-ally knew the current needs of the friary but there are several examples of bequests for liturgical books, vestments and paraments.

Francesca Coltrinari

Recensione / Book review Elena Fumagalli, Raffaella Morselli, edited by (2014), The Court Artist in Seventeenth-Century Italy, Roma: Viella, 246 pp.

Comitato editoriale

K. Ford, B. McKernan, A. Sivaramakrishnan et al.

Due to feedback from accretion onto supermassive black holes (SMBHs), active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are believed to play a key role in ΛCDM cosmology and galaxy formation. However, AGNs extreme luminosities and the small angular size of their accretion flows create a challenging imaging problem. We show that the James Webb Space Telescope's Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (JWST-NIRISS) Aperture Masking Interferometry (AMI) mode will enable true imaging (i.e., without any requirement of prior assumptions on source geometry) at ∼65 mas angular resolution at the centers of AGNs. This is advantageous for studying complex extended accretion flows around SMBHs and in other areas of angular-resolution-limited astrophysics. By simulating data sequences incorporating expected sources of noise, we demonstrate that JWST-NIRISS AMI mode can map extended structure at a pixel-to-pixel contrast of ∼10−2 around an L = 7.5 point source, using short exposure times (minutes). Such images will test models of AGN feedback, fueling, and structure (complementary with ALMA observations), and are not currently supported by any ground-based IR interferometer or telescope. Binary point source contrast with NIRISS is ∼10−4 (for observing binary nuclei in merging galaxies), significantly better than current ground-based optical or IR interferometry. JWST-NIRISS's seven-hole non-redundant mask has a throughput of 15%, and utilizes NIRISS's F277W (2.77 μm), F380M (3.8 μm), F430M (4.3 μm), and F480M (4.8 μm) filters. NIRISS's square pixels are 65 mas per side, with a field of view ∼2′ × 2′. We also extrapolate our results to AGN science enabled by non-redundant masking on future 2.4 m and 16 m space telescopes working at long-UV to near-IR wavelengths.

Elisa Debenedetti

Non è difficile inserire Antonio Mollari in un contesto europeo. Ad Antonio Canova lo lega una prima, importantissima lettera del 4 maggio 1807 nella quale, in seguito ad un invito trasmessogli dallo scultore, ma di cui è responsabile Filippo III Colonna, enumera tutte le sue opere; la seconda risale al 25 febbraio 1809. Dalla prima missiva si riescono a stabilire numerosi contatti con Giuseppe Valadier: a Corridonia (Collegiata dei Santi Pietro, Paolo e Donato; Ospedale e Chiesa di San Salvatore) e a Macerata (Palazzo Conti già Ugolini). Tanto da giungere a considerare Mollari come il continuatore del Valadier nei cantieri marchigiani, dove la presenza del Maestro si manifesta come una sovrapposizione di motivi francesizzanti a soluzioni palladiane: componenti entrambe presenti nel Palazzo Tomassini a Corridonia, ricondotto al Maceratese. Fra l’altro le pagine di due Taccuini valadieriani, certo a lui note, si possono considerare a metà strada fra l’esercizio tipologico ed il modello. It’s not difficult to insert Antonio Mollari into a European context. A first very important letter, dated May 4th 1807, links him to Antonio Canova whereby, after inviting him, by wish of Phillip Colonna III , he then makes a list of all his works of art; the second is dated February 25th 1809. Various contacts with Giuseppe Valadier can be established from the first letter: in Corridonia (Saints Peter, Paul and Donato Collegiate church; St. Saviour’s Hospital and Church) and in Macerata (Conti Palace ex Ugolini). So much so as to regard Mollari as Valadier’s continuator in the Marche construction sites, where the Maestro’s presence is expressed like a superimposition of Frenchified motives for Palladian solutions: both components being present in the Tomassini Palace in Corridonia, which can be traced back to Mollari. Moreover the pages of two Valdier Notebooks, which he must have known about, can be considered half way between a typological exercise and the model.

Françoise Labrique

Marco Antonio Barbosa

Trata-se, com base nas análises críticas da antropologia pós-evolucionista, dos temas Povo e Estado e sua dialética. Enfoca-se a diferença fundamental na gênese dos Estados Ocidentais centrais e dos Estados periféricos, em razão de que a instituição, funcionamento e estrutura destes últimos ocorreram por obra e para atender aos interesses dos primeiros, ou, por mero mimetismo e tudo fortemente influenciado pela teoria do evolucionismo social e do desenvolvimento transferido, ideologias francamente ao serviço do capitalismo. Analisa-se o processo de desmonte do colonialismo no século XX e o debate jurídico relativo à aplicação do direito de autodeterminação, fixado na Carta da ONU, inicialmente aplicado contra as metrópoles de ultramar, mas que, contemporaneamente vem sendo aplicado também em situações de colonização interna, sendo os povos autóctones da Terra os últimos que obtiveram o reconhecimento para si desse mesmo direito por força da Declaração das Nações Unidas dos Direitos dos Povos Autóctones de 2007.

Juan M. Carrillo Gea, Ambrosio Toval, José L. Fernández Alemán et al.

Requirements engineering (RE) is a discipline of critical importance in software development. This paper provides a process and a set of software artefacts to help in the production of e-archaeology systems with emphasis on requirements reuse and standards. In particular, two important guidelines in the field of earchaeology, the London Charter and the Principles of Seville, have been shown as two sources of requirements to be considered as a starting point for developing this type of systems.

Emmanuelle Sinardet

During the 1930ies, in the wake of unprecedented economic and political challenges, Ecuador undergoes a crisis of cultural identity, which calls the fundamentals of the country’s national self-understanding into question. A young generation of intellectuals and artists struggle for an answer to the question what it actually means to be Ecuadorian – the ecuatorianidad – and look for new concepts to reconstruct the cultural fundamentals of the country’s national identity. The novel published by Felicísimo Angel Rojas, El éxodo of Yangana, illustrates this quest for identity as it puts popular culture at the core of the ecuatorianidad. However, the author merges stylistic elements of this popular culture with scholarly style, transcending the narration to a universal meaning. The theme of the exodus therefore articulates a twofold popular and erudite dimension, thus contributing to the founding myth of a new Ecuador.

Dominique Bonnissent