Hasil untuk "Art"

Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc et al.

Building models that can be rapidly adapted to novel tasks using only a handful of annotated examples is an open challenge for multimodal machine learning research. We introduce Flamingo, a family of Visual Language Models (VLM) with this ability. We propose key architectural innovations to: (i) bridge powerful pretrained vision-only and language-only models, (ii) handle sequences of arbitrarily interleaved visual and textual data, and (iii) seamlessly ingest images or videos as inputs. Thanks to their flexibility, Flamingo models can be trained on large-scale multimodal web corpora containing arbitrarily interleaved text and images, which is key to endow them with in-context few-shot learning capabilities. We perform a thorough evaluation of our models, exploring and measuring their ability to rapidly adapt to a variety of image and video tasks. These include open-ended tasks such as visual question-answering, where the model is prompted with a question which it has to answer; captioning tasks, which evaluate the ability to describe a scene or an event; and close-ended tasks such as multiple-choice visual question-answering. For tasks lying anywhere on this spectrum, a single Flamingo model can achieve a new state of the art with few-shot learning, simply by prompting the model with task-specific examples. On numerous benchmarks, Flamingo outperforms models fine-tuned on thousands of times more task-specific data.

Adam Margaret T Jorg-Janne Niels M John Heidi M Christo Trickey May Vehreschild Obel Gill Crane Boesecke P, A. Trickey, M. May et al.

Summary Background Health care for people living with HIV has improved substantially in the past two decades. Robust estimates of how these improvements have affected prognosis and life expectancy are of utmost importance to patients, clinicians, and health-care planners. We examined changes in 3 year survival and life expectancy of patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) between 1996 and 2013. Methods We analysed data from 18 European and North American HIV-1 cohorts. Patients (aged ≥16 years) were eligible for this analysis if they had started ART with three or more drugs between 1996 and 2010 and had at least 3 years of potential follow-up. We estimated adjusted (for age, sex, AIDS, risk group, CD4 cell count, and HIV-1 RNA at start of ART) all-cause and cause-specific mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for the first year after ART initiation and the second and third years after ART initiation in four calendar periods (1996–99, 2000–03 [comparator], 2004–07, 2008–10). We estimated life expectancy by calendar period of initiation of ART. Findings 88 504 patients were included in our analyses, of whom 2106 died during the first year of ART and 2302 died during the second or third year of ART. Patients starting ART in 2008–10 had lower all-cause mortality in the first year after ART initiation than did patients starting ART in 2000–03 (adjusted HR 0·71, 95% CI 0·61–0·83). All-cause mortality in the second and third years after initiation of ART was also lower in patients who started ART in 2008–10 than in those who started in 2000–03 (0·57, 0·49–0·67); this decrease was not fully explained by viral load and CD4 cell count at 1 year. Rates of non-AIDS deaths were lower in patients who started ART in 2008–10 (vs 2000–03) in the first year (0·48, 0·34–0·67) and second and third years (0·29, 0·21–0·40) after initiation of ART. Between 1996 and 2010, life expectancy in 20-year-old patients starting ART increased by about 9 years in women and 10 years in men. Interpretation Even in the late ART era, survival during the first 3 years of ART continues to improve, which probably reflects transition to less toxic antiretroviral drugs, improved adherence, prophylactic measures, and management of comorbidity. Prognostic models and life expectancy estimates should be updated to account for these improvements. Funding UK Medical Research Council, UK Department for International Development, EU EDCTP2 programme.

Ingrid T. Katz, Annemarie E Ryu, Afiachukwu Onuegbu et al.

Adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a critical determinant of HIV‐1 RNA viral suppression and health outcomes. It is generally accepted that HIV‐related stigma is correlated with factors that may undermine ART adherence, but its relationship with ART adherence itself is not well established. We therefore undertook this review to systematically assess the relationship between HIV‐related stigma and ART adherence.

Peter Makuck

The terms release, return [1], repatriation [2] and re-establishment [3] are closely related and the acts they describe often take place simultaneously. Their main common significance is that the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I extend their application until the release, repatriation or re-establishment of all protected persons [4] in the power of the adversary has been ensured (GC I, Art. 5 [5]; GC III, Art. 5 [6]; GC IV, Art. 6 [7]; P I, Art. 3 [8] ). There are slight differences between each of the terms:

Katherine M. Bruner, Alexandra J Murray, Ross A. Pollack et al.

Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication to clinically undetectable levels, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) persists in CD4+ T cells in a latent form that is not targeted by the immune system or by ART. This latent reservoir is a major barrier to curing individuals of HIV-1 infection. Many individuals initiate ART during chronic infection, and in this setting, most proviruses are defective. However, the dynamics of the accumulation and the persistence of defective proviruses during acute HIV-1 infection are largely unknown. Here we show that defective proviruses accumulate rapidly within the first few weeks of infection to make up over 93% of all proviruses, regardless of how early ART is initiated. By using an unbiased method to amplify near-full-length proviral genomes from HIV-1-infected adults treated at different stages of infection, we demonstrate that early initiation of ART limits the size of the reservoir but does not profoundly affect the proviral landscape. This analysis allows us to revise our understanding of the composition of proviral populations and estimate the true reservoir size in individuals who were treated early versus late in infection. Additionally, we demonstrate that common assays for measuring the reservoir do not correlate with reservoir size, as determined by the number of genetically intact proviruses. These findings reveal hurdles that must be overcome to successfully analyze future HIV-1 cure strategies.

G. Hegel, T. M. Knox

J. Wolff

A. A. Gorsky

The socio–economic changes that societies have been experiencing in recent decades, caused by structural factors or specific circumstances, cause the emergence of problems, the solution of which the public sector, due to various circumstances, cannot fully provide. In these conditions, the activities of non–profit organizations — organizations of the third sector — require increasing efficiency and searching for the most effective mechanisms to ensure sustainable development and the achievement of social goals outlined in the mission of the organizations.Practice shows that there are serious differences in approaches to management in the corporate sector and the non–profit sphere. However, the methods of strategic management and human resource management characteristic of corporations can be adapted and successfully applied in the management of non–profit organizations. The paper concludes that in general, in order for these public organizations to be more effective in efforts to improve their management processes, they should focus on strategic management and human resource management tools.

SOCHICHIU, GRETA-CORNELIA , SAVIŢKAIA-BARAGHIN, IARÎNA

In the twentieth century, in the field of textile art there were exhibition events that caused major changes in the attitude of artists and the public towards the two-dimensional or three-dimensional textile art object. Throughout its evolution, the textile art has undergone transformations and turning points, in line with the dominant artistic trends and styles of the time. From the first manifestations in consecrated form, that of a two-dimensional decorative object made of textile fibers in specific weaving techniques, and until now it has oscillated one after the other between the status of first-rate art and applied art, being closely linked to the craft of weaving that preceded it.

Jawaher Alghamdi, Yuqing Lin, Suhuai Luo

The prevalence of fake news on social media has led to major sociopolitical issues. Thus, the need for automated fake news detection is more important than ever. In this work, we investigated the interplay between news content and users’ posting behavior clues in detecting fake news by using state-of-the-art deep learning approaches, such as the convolutional neural network (CNN), which involves a series of filters of different sizes and shapes (combining the original sentence matrix to create further low-dimensional matrices), and the bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU), which is a type of bidirectional recurrent neural network with only the input and forget gates, coupled with a self-attention mechanism. The proposed architectures introduced a novel approach to learning rich, semantical, and contextual representations of a given news text using natural language understanding of transfer learning coupled with context-based features. Experiments were conducted on the FakeNewsNet dataset. The experimental results show that incorporating information about users’ posting behaviors (when available) improves the performance compared to models that rely solely on textual news data.

Eduardo Baena, Sergio Fortes, Francisco Muro et al.

The management of cellular networks, particularly within the environment rapidly advancing to 6G, presents considerable challenges due to the highly dynamic radio environment. Traditional tools such as Radio Environment Maps (REMs) have proven inadequate for real-time network changes, underlining the need for more sophisticated solutions. In response to these challenges, this work introduces a novel approach that harnesses the unprecedented power of state-of-the-art image classifiers for network management. This method involves the generation of Network Synthetic Images (NSIs), which are enriched heat maps that precisely reflect varying cellular network operating states. Created from user location traces linked with Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), NSIs are strategically designed to meet the intricate demands of 6G networks. This research delves deep into a comprehensive analysis of the diverse factors that could potentially impact the successful application of this methodology in the realm of 6G. The results from this investigation, coupled with a comparative assessment against traditional REM usage, emphasize the superior performance of this innovative method. Additionally, a case study involving an automatic network diagnosis scenario validates the effectiveness of this approach. The findings reveal that a generic Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), one of the most powerful tools in the arsenal of modern image classifiers, delivers enhanced performance, even with a reduced demand for positioning accuracy. This contributes significantly to the real-time, robust management of cellular networks as we transition into the era of 6G.

Hong-hui Xu, Xin-qing Wang, Dong Wang et al.

Detecting highly-overlapped objects in crowded scenes remains a challenging problem, especially for one-stage detector. In this paper, we extricate YOLOv4 from the dilemma in a crowd by fine-tuning its detection scheme, named YOLO-CS. Specifically, we give YOLOv4 the power to detect multiple objects in one cell. Center to our method is the carefully designed joint prediction scheme, which is executed through an assignment of bounding boxes and a joint loss. Equipped with the derived joint-object augmentation (DJA), refined regression loss (RL) and Score-NMS (SN), YOLO-CS achieves competitive detection performance on CrowdHuman and CityPersons benchmarks compared with state-of-the-art detectors at the cost of little time. Furthermore, on the widely used general benchmark COCO, YOLO-CS still has a good performance, indicating its robustness to various scenes.

Sebastian Cano-Berlanga, María-José Solís-Baltodano, Cori Vilella

Water scarcity is a growing problem in many regions worldwide. According to the United Nations, around one-fifth of the world’s population lives in areas where water is scarce. Another one-quarter of the world’s population has to face water supply cuts, mainly because this proportion of the population lacks the necessary infrastructure to acquire water from rivers and aquifers (UN, 2005). Water is a resource that is essential to human survival and is also present in all productive processes in the economy. Therefore, we are challenged to adequately manage water to ensure the population’s well-being and to achieve socioeconomic development. Specifically, this paper analyzes the situation present in the summer of 2022 at Riudecanyes (a village in Catalonia, Spain), where a drought problem exists. We propose applying the conflicting claims problem theory to give possible solutions to distribute the water. We propose to use this theory to describe the distribution of the available irrigation hours in 2022, considering the demand made by the farmers in the previous year, when there was regular irrigation.

Björn Schlier, Laura Buck, Rebecca Müller et al.

Summary: Background: Meta-analyses indicate superiority of antipsychotic maintenance treatment over discontinuation within up to 24 months after treatment initiation for patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. In terms of functional recovery, long-term trials show improved functioning after discontinuation, suggesting a time-dependent effect of antipsychotic maintenance. However, these trials were not included in previous meta-analyses. We therefore investigated whether the effect of antipsychotic maintenance treatment vs. discontinuation on social functioning and quality of life varies by trial length. Methods: The study was preregistered with PROSPERO (CRD42021248933). PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase and trial registers were systematically searched on 8th November 2021 and updated on 25th June, 2023 and 10th August, 2023 for studies that compared antipsychotic maintenance to discontinuation and reported data on social functioning or subjective quality of life in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Risk of bias was assessed with the RoB 2, the ROBINS-I and the RoB-ME tools. Quality of evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Findings.: We included k = 35 studies (N = 5924) with follow-ups between one month and 15 years. Overall, maintenance and discontinuation did not differ on social functioning (k = 32; n = 5330; SMD = 0.204; p = 0.65; 95% CI [−0.69, 1.10]) or quality of life (k = 10; n = 943; SMD = −0.004; p = 0.97; 95% CI [−0.22, 0.21]), whilst subgroup analyses of middle- (2–5 years; k = 7; n = 1032; SMD = 0.68; 95% CI [0.06, 1.28]) and long-term follow-ups (>5 years; k = 2; n = 356; SMD = 1.04; 95% CI [0.82, 1.27]) significantly favoured discontinuation. However, the quality of evidence was rated as very low. Interpretation: Although our findings suggest a time-dependent decrease in the effect of maintenance treatment on social functioning, interpretation of these findings is limited by the serious risk of bias in middle- and long-term trials. Therefore, any conclusions regarding the long-term benefits of antipsychotic treatment or discontinuation for functional recovery are premature and more high-quality trials tailored to comparing state of the art maintenance treatment vs. discontinuation are needed. Funding: None.

S. Sahn

Vanessa Castro-Granell, Noé Garin, Ángeles Jaén et al.

Drug use implies important challenges related to HIV management, particularly due to an increased risk of potential interactions between antiretroviral therapy (ART) and illicit drugs (pDDIs). This study analyses the prevalence and severity of pDDIs among people living with HIV (PLHIV). It also explores their awareness of pDDIs and their beliefs about the toxicity that they may cause, as well as the impact of pDDIs on selected health variables. We conducted an on-line cross-sectional survey across 33 Spanish hospitals and NGOs to collect demographics and clinical data. pDDIs were checked against the Interaction Checker developed by Liverpool University. The sample of the present study was composed of 694 PLHIV who used illicit drugs. They represented 49.5% of the 1,401 PLHIV that participated in the survey. After excluding 38 participants due to lack of information on their ART or illicit drug use, 335 (51.1%) participants consuming drugs presented with some potentially significant pDDIs between their ART and illicit drugs, with a mean of 2.1±1.7 (1–10) pDDIs per patient. The drugs most frequently involved in pDDIs were cocaine, cannabis, MDMA and nitrates ("poppers"). The prevalence of pDDIs across ART regimens was: protease inhibitors (41.7%); integrase inhibitor-boosted regimens (32.1%), and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (26.3%). An awareness of pDDIs and beliefs about their potential toxicity correlated positively with intentional non-adherence (p<0.0001). Participants with pDDIs exhibited a higher prevalence of intentional non-adherence (2.19±1.04 vs. 1.93±0.94; p = 0.001). The presence of pDDIs was not associated with poorer results in the clinical variables analysed. A significant proportion of PLHIV who use drugs experience pDDIs, thereby requiring close monitoring. pDDIs should be considered in the clinical management of HIV patients. Adequate information about pDDIs and indicators about how to manage ART when PLHIV use drugs could improve ART non-adherence.

Morgan Currie, Benedetta Catanzariti

Human-made datasets carry with them the prejudices and assumptions of their creators. Can art subvert and expose the process?

Walda-Mandel, Stephanie

Ghostnet art is an art movement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people that has been gaining enthusiastic followers worldwide in recent years, not only because of its impressive artistic design, but equally because of the artists’ message behind the artworks. The ghostnet sculptures, made mainly by members of two Australian Indigenous communities in Erub and Pormpuraaw are constructed from old fishing nets. For the artists, it is both an expression of their environmental activism to protect the oceans and their close connection with their natural environment. Their close relationship to the land and sea is reflected in the artworks, which also create a connection to their history, cultural heritage, identity, and their totems. Their works are based on their myths, their land and their culture. In 2018, the Übersee-Museum Bremen (eng. Overseas Museum Bremen) presented these impressive artworks for the first time in Germany in a small special exhibition, the realization and background of which will be discussed in this article

L. M. O'Toole

Christine Slottved Kimbriel, Paola Ricciardi

An evidently accomplished draughtsman, Isaac Oliver (circa 1565–1617) remains an enigmatic artist in many respects. While Nicholas Hilliard’s treatise on the art of limning provides considerable insight into his material use, techniques, and self-perception, no equivalent documentary evidence survives from Oliver’s hand, and many questions regarding his training, approach, and oeuvre have yet to be answered. This article presents key findings from the collaborative and technically focused research project “Secrets of a Silent Miniaturist: Technical Analysis of Isaac Oliver’s Miniatures”, undertaken by the Fitzwilliam Museum and the Hamilton Kerr Institute in Cambridge (UK). The project aims to shed light on Oliver’s artistic practice through the detailed, technical study of a representative selection of his surviving miniatures, investigated through an up-to-date, non-invasive analytical and technical lens. The article discusses the discovery of near-invisible changes to compositions implemented during the initial execution, differences in execution and later history between two versions of a portrait of Henry Frederick Prince of Wales, the first identification in a miniature of a rare mercury-based white pigment whose deterioration led to later campaigns of repainting, and the use of a hitherto unacknowledged range of pigments and media in Oliver’s landscape miniatures that raises further questions about Oliver’s connection with artistic traditions on the Continent.