Hasil untuk "Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings"

R. Kalakota, Mary Robison

Xiaofeng Zhang, Harry Far

In the traditional design method, structures are usually assumed as rigid base structures without considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). However, whether the effect of SSI on the seismic performance of structures is beneficial or detrimental is far from consensus among researchers. Moreover, previous literature mostly concentrated on the seismic behaviour of mid-rise buildings and moment-resisting frames. Therefore, it is in real need to comprehensively investigate the seismic response of tall buildings considering SSI. In this study, a soil-foundation-structure model developed in finite element software and verified by shaking table tests is used to critically explore the effects of SSI on high-rise buildings with a series of superstructure and substructure parameters. The beneficial and detrimental impacts of SSI are identified and discussed. Numerical simulation results indicate the rise in the stiffness of subsoil can dramatically amplify the base shear of structures. As the foundation rotation increases, inter-storey drifts are increased, and base shears are reduced. In general, SSI amplifies the inter-storey drifts showing detrimental effects of SSI. However, as for the base shear, SSI exerts detrimental effects on most piled foundation cases as well as classical compensated foundation structures resting on Ce soil, whereas, for compensated foundation structures resting on soil types De and Ee, effects of SSI are beneficial since the base shear is reduced. Moreover, regarding buildings with different structural systems and foundation types, minimum base shear ratios considering the SSI reduction effect are presented.

Max Koch, Kajsa Emilsson, Jayeon Lee et al.

‘Sufficiency’ has become a key term within sustainability science. The satisfaction of basic human needs for all and for multiple generations is only possible if coupled to the implementation of ecological ceilings that prevent wealthy groups from disproportionate production and consumption patterns and energy use. While much sufficiency research has focused on the poor and how to provide corresponding social floors (i.e. an adequate level of sufficiency), this conceptual paper theorises structural barriers to implementing ecological ceilings for production and consumption by considering research on elites. The argument is illustrated with examples from urban spaces that are increasingly structured to accommodate the preferences of economic elites. A better scholarly understanding of the structural barriers to sufficiency dissemination can be facilitated through a systematic account of the political, social and symbolic strategies deployed by elites to accumulate and legitimise power. Conversely, a consideration of sufficiency principles would also be beneficial for research on elites, which has so far focused on social inequality and sidelined the ecological crisis. The discussion highlights how research on sufficiency and elite consumption may interact to be mutually beneficial. A research agenda is proposed to understand economic elites as barriers to the dissemination of sufficiency principles. Policy relevance Economic elites have a disproportionate ecological footprint if planetary boundaries are taken seriously and respected in policymaking. In an ecologically constrained planet, elite lifestyles undermine the satisfaction of basic needs of most of the population and future generations. Nevertheless, elites count as role models. This critical literature review reveals the separate traditions of research on sufficiency and elites, the political, social and symbolic strategies that economic elites employ to justify their privileged status in times of climate emergency and social–ecological transformation. These strategies are presented as major structural barriers to the dissemination of sufficiency principles that policymakers must consider when promoting and realising alternative and sustainable production and consumption patterns. The enormity of this task is illustrated by the fact that few people currently support policy measures to regulate economic elites via, for example, caps on income and wealth.

N. Abreu, R. Souza, A. Pinto et al.

BIM (building information modelling) has gained wider acceptance in the AEC (architecture, engineering, and construction) industry. Conversion from 3D point cloud data to vector BIM data remains a challenging and labour-intensive process, but particularly relevant during various stages of a project lifecycle. While the challenges associated with processing very large 3D point cloud datasets are widely known, there is a pressing need for intelligent geometric feature extraction and reconstruction algorithms for automated point cloud processing. Compared to outdoor scene reconstruction, indoor scenes are challenging since they usually contain high amounts of clutter. This dataset comprises the indoor point cloud obtained by scanning four different rooms (including a hallway): two office workspaces, a workshop, and a laboratory including a water tank. The scanned space is located at the Electrical and Computer Engineering department of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto. The dataset is fully labelled, containing major structural elements like walls, floor, ceiling, windows, and doors, as well as furniture, movable objects, clutter, and scanning noise. The dataset also contains an as-built BIM that can be used as a reference, making it suitable for being used in Scan-to-BIM and Scan-vs-BIM applications. For demonstration purposes, a Scan-vs-BIM change detection application is described, detailing each of the main data processing steps.

Aluko Olusola Raphael, Omoniyi Sunday Samuel, A. Dipeolu

The study aims at evaluating and comparing service quality of consultancy firms who provide professional services in building projects in Nigeria. The article seeks to address the general perceptions of dissatisfaction with the quality of services in order to enhance performance of building projects and ensure competitiveness in the industry. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire as an instrument of data collection. The population of the study consisted of 488 representatives of public and private clients with a sample size of 385. Data were analysed using weighted mean and paired-sample t-test to determine the severity of differences in the expected service quality and perceived service quality. The result shows significant differences between the expected service quality and perceived service quality in structural engineering, mechanical/electrical engineering and quantity surveying services along all the dimensions of service quality. However, "Tangibles" dimension of architectural services had no positive differences in the service quality, but had differences in "Responsiveness", "Empathy", "Reliability" and "Assurance" dimensions. The results imply that professional service providers require fundamental improvement in their services to their clients. This study offers an opportunity for consultancy firms to evolve global best practices by creating and maintaining high service quality as a team.

Wen-shun Wang, Shulei Gao, Lingyun Mi et al.

ABSTRACT The outbreak of COVID-19 has introduced critical challenges in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry; to address these challenges, building information modelling (BIM) can be applied as a project management tool to help enhance collaboration among stakeholders and improve business performance. Amidst the COVID-19 crisis, there is a greater need to explore and implement effective strategies to promote a wider adoption of BIM. However, increasing the willingness of project participants to adopt BIM through event management has not received much attention. Therefore, based on event system theory and innovation diffusion theory, we developed a model to explore the influence of the COVID-19 crisis on the willingness of AEC participants to adopt BIM. Structural equation modelling was performed to test the hypotheses. The results demonstrate that the intention of the AEC project participants to adopt BIM is directly driven by the COVID-19 event criticality and perceived usefulness of BIM. Moreover, the event criticality and BIM technical features (relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity) can indirectly affect this intention, through the perceived usefulness. However, the impact of event disruption and novelty on the BIM adoption intention is not significant. Several recommendations are provided to improve the BIM adoption intention of AEC participants during and after the pandemic.

Saurav Dixit, A. Stefańska, Priyanka Singh

Abstract Trends in contemporary architecture are constantly changing the quality of engineering solutions through broadly understood optimization thanks to software advancing and fabrication methods. The possibility of adjusting the material and manufacturing technology to desired aesthetic outcomes, by not only the material usage but also the self-organization of the structure’s optimization, improves designers’ research Domaine. The development of modern computational software and the ability to model structural forms in non-Euclidean geometry while using algorithms lead designers to new designing and construction fields. Parameterization of the fabrication environment enables the implementation of ideas as forms follow energy and forms follow forces. Digital techniques of manufacturing building elements strongly support the development of building technologies. A vital element of new technology development is the search for new materials and the improvement of manufacturing methods at the same time. The article presents selected examples of how new tools and methods of assembling the optimization of the structural elements engaged in the early stage of designing improve the end-result quality.

Senem Seyis

This study intends to do architectural and structural designs of a sustainable industrial building using BIM and LEED as well as compare the LEED industrial building and non-LEED industrial building. In this scope, the additional costs related to water and energy efficient systems were analyzed to calculate the respective break-even points. Literature review and case study were performed to achieve the research objective. In the case study, a reinforced concrete industrial building was designed via Autodesk Revit 2021 considering the selected sustainability criteria under the LEED v4.1 BD+C for New Construction rating system. The LEED industrial building can fulfill 31 credits and 8 prerequisites which allow to obtain 73 points and LEED Gold certificate. The initial cost of LEED industrial building is 154.222.607 TL while the initial cost of non-LEED industrial building is 139.080.060 TL. Break-even point for the cost of energy-efficient systems utilized in the LEED industrial building is 14 years. Break-even point for the cost of water-efficient systems utilized in the LEED industrial building is 8 years. Results contribute to the architecture, engineering and construction industry and literature by providing constructive information about the design requirements and energy, water, and cost performance of the LEED industrial buildings.

Sergey P. Ivanov

The study of the stability of plates under shear under the action of dynamic loads is one of the important problems of structural mechanics. The plates are widely used in construction, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding and aircraft building. The paper presents a method for calculating plates for shear buckling, taking into account the physical nonlinearity of the material. A plate is considered under the action of a shearing dynamic load along the edges. The calculation is based on the Kirchhoff - Love hypotheses and the hypothesis of a non-linear elastic body. The plate material is assumed to be physically nonlinear. The deformation diagram is approximated as a cubic polynomial. The deflection of the plate points is determined in the form of Vlasov - Kantorovich expansions. Basic non-linear differential equations are derived using the energy method. Lagrange’s equations are used to obtain the resolving equations for plate buckling. On the basis of the developed technique, a calculation was made for the stability of a physically nonlinear square plate under the action of a shear dynamic load. The edges of the plate are hinged. The finite system of nonlinear differential equations is integrated numerically by the Runge - Kutta method. Based on the results of calculations, plots of the dependence of the relative value of the deflection of the central point of the plate on the dynamic coefficient Kd (with and without taking into account the physical nonlinearity of the material) are plotted. The influence of the degree of physical nonlinearity of the material, the parameter of the rate of change of the shear load on the criteria for the dynamic stability of a square plate is studied.

Duncan Grassie, Yair Schwartz, Phil Symonds et al.

While building stock modelling has been used previously to investigate the space heating demand implications of national energy efficiency retrofitting, there are also implications for indoor overheating and air quality, particularly in schools, with highly intermittent occupancy patterns. This paper assesses indoor overheating risk and air quality within an English classroom stock model containing 111 archetypes, based on the analysis of the nationwide Property Data Survey Programme (PDSP) containing 9629 primary school buildings in England. Metrics for indoor temperatures, heating demand and concentrations of three contaminants (CO2, NO2, PM2.5) were estimated in naturally ventilated classrooms, while exploring future climate projections, retrofit and overheating mitigation scenarios to analyse school stock resilience. Classrooms with a south-east orientation experience around four to six times the overheating-hours compared with those with a northern orientation. Post-1976 archetypes are most susceptible to overheating, indicative of the conflict between better insulated and airtight classrooms and overheating prevention. A range of retrofit and passive cooling measures can mitigate against overheating alone, although mechanically driven cooling and filtration may be required towards the 2080s. While no single measure predicted universally positive effects for building performance, night ventilation and overhangs were found to be particularly effective passive overheating mitigation methods across the school stock.   'Policy relevance' With around 30% of their waking hours spent in classrooms, English schoolchildren experience greater vulnerability to higher indoor temperatures and air pollutants than adults due to limited thermoregulation and immunity, with additional impacts on cognitive performance. An increased risk of overheating (due to a warming climate) necessitates the development of future overheating mitigation policies and strategies, which could directly impact separate retrofit strategies required for energy demand reduction. Airflow network modelling has demonstrated how such measures could contribute to school sector carbon emissions. While the granularity of national datasets represents a hurdle to predictive modelling, the orientations, geographical regions and construction eras most vulnerable to overheating risk have been identified. Building stock-level modelling could thus be used to identify sectors of the stock most vulnerable to overheating and poor air quality, leading to strategies with more targeted solutions, including the use of alternative cooling strategies to air-conditioning.

Gourpada Dey, Raduan Md. Saiful Islam Prottoy, Mushabbir Muttaki et al.

Established on peripheral sub-urban area of Sylhet city, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology is a public university well known for its beautiful natural environment and diversified landscape with green hillocks, waterscape, forests and biodiversity. But, the academic buildings of the campus were planned in an introvert way that the common void courts remain disconnected from the outside natural environment. Although designed with positive intention, most of the courts remain unused maximum the time of a year. As the campus natural environment is getting richer day by day and users prefer to spend more time in outside environment, it is high time to integrate nature into the academic learning. This research aims to explore the possibilities of these void courts to be incorporated with the outside natural environment to enhance joyful learning. A combined approach was adopted as research methodology consists of intensive physical survey, literature study, microclimate analysis, questioner surveys among the users, interviewing the field experts and selective national and international case studies. Lastly, a set recommendation has been proposed considering all the perspectives and issues that the research has identified.

Lei Wang, Shidong Song, J. V. van Hest et al.

Cells, sophisticated membrane-bound units that contain the fundamental molecules of life, provide a precious library for inspiration and motivation for both society and academia. Scientists from various disciplines have made great endeavors toward the understanding of the cellular evolution by engineering artificial counterparts (protocells) that mimic or initiate structural or functional cellular aspects. In this regard, several works have discussed possible building blocks, designs, functions, or dynamics that can be applied to achieve this goal. Although great progress has been made, fundamental-yet complex-behaviors such as cellular communication, responsiveness to environmental cues, and motility remain a challenge, yet to be resolved. Herein, recent efforts toward utilizing soft systems for cellular mimicry are summarized-following the main outline of cellular evolution, from basic compartmentalization, and biological reactions for energy production, to motility and communicative behaviors between artificial cell communities or between artificial and natural cell communities. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives in the field are discussed, hoping to inspire more future research and to help the further advancement of this field.

Jason Koon-Lam Poon, Zhen Chen, Sammual Yu-Lut Leung et al.

Significance Despite numerous studies on the supramolecular engineering of intricate self-assembled patterns via noncovalent intermolecular interactions, it is still challenging to overcome the geometric and topological frustrations for creating complex tessellations by using geometrically simple building motifs. This work demonstrates a semi-regular rhombitrihexagonal Archimedean tiling enabled by hierarchical assembly of C2h-symmetric platinum(II) amphiphiles in the bulk. Based on this finding, the rational design of introducing symmetry lowering into supramolecular tiling is achieved by coassembly strategies. The current study provides promising possibilities for the construction of complex supramolecular architectures and an in-depth understanding into the structural order and molecular organization in soft materials. Here we report complex supramolecular tessellations achieved by the directed self-assembly of amphiphilic platinum(II) complexes. Despite the twofold symmetry, these geometrically simple molecules exhibit complicated structural hierarchy in a columnar manner. A possible key to such an order increase is the topological transition into circular trimers, which are noncovalently interlocked by metal···metal and π–π interactions, thereby allowing for cofacial stacking in a prismatic assembly. Another key to success is to use the immiscibility of the tailored hydrophobic and hydrophilic sidechains. Their phase separation leads to the formation of columnar crystalline nanostructures homogeneously oriented on the substrate, featuring an unusual geometry analogous to a rhombitrihexagonal Archimedean tiling. Furthermore, symmetry lowering of regular motifs by design results in an orthorhombic lattice obtained by the coassembly of two different platinum(II) amphiphiles. These findings illustrate the potentials of supramolecular engineering in creating complex self-assembled architectures of soft materials.

Francisco Lossada, Daniel Hoenders, Jiaqi Guo et al.

ConspectusBioinspired materials engineering impacts the design of advanced functional materials across many domains of sciences from wetting behavior to optical and mechanical materials. In all cases, the advances in understanding how biology uses hierarchical design to create failure and defect-tolerant materials with emergent properties lays the groundwork for engaging into these topics. Biological mechanical materials are particularly inspiring for their unique combinations of stiffness, strength, and toughness together with lightweightness, as assembled and grown in water from a limited set of building blocks at room temperature. Wood, nacre, crustacean cuticles, and spider silk serve as some examples, where the correct arrangement of constituents and balanced molecular energy dissipation mechanisms allows overcoming the shortcomings of the individual components and leads to synergistic materials performance beyond additive behavior. They constitute a paradigm for future structural materials engineering-in the formation process, the use of sustainable building blocks and energy-efficient pathways, as well as in the property profiles-that will in the long term allow for new classes of high-performance and lightweight structural materials needed to promote energy efficiency in mobile technologies.This Account summarizes our efforts of the past decade with respect to designing self-assembling bioinspired materials aiming for both mechanical high-performance structures and new types of multifunctional property profiles. The Account is set out to first give a definition of bioinspired nanocomposite materials and self-assembly therein, followed by an in-depth discussion on the understanding of mechanical performance and rational design to increase the mechanical performance. We place a particular emphasis on materials formed at high fractions of reinforcements and with tailor-made functional polymers using self-assembly to create highly ordered structures and elucidate in detail how the soft polymer phase needs to be designed in terms of thermomechanical properties and sacrificial supramolecular bonds. We focus on nanoscale reinforcements such as nanoclay and nanocellulose that lead to high contents of internal interfaces and intercalated polymer layers that experience nanoconfinement. Both aspects add fundamental challenges for macromolecular design of soft phases using precision polymer synthesis. We build upon those design criteria and further develop the concepts of adaptive bioinspired nanocomposites, whose properties are switchable from the outside using molecularly defined triggers with light. In a last section, we discuss how new types of functional properties, in particular flexible and transparent gas barrier materials or fire barrier materials, can be reached on the basis of the bioinspired nanocomposite design strategies. Additionally, we show new types of self-assembled photonic materials that can even be evolved into self-assembling lasers, hence moving the concept of mechanical nanocomposite design to other functionalities.The comparative discussion of different bioinspired nanocomposite architectures with nematic, fibrillar, and cholesteric structures, as based on different reinforcing nanoparticles, aims for a unified understanding of the design principles and shall aid researchers in the field in the more elaborate design of future bioinspired nanocomposite materials based on molecular control principles. We conclude by addressing challenges, in particular also the need for a transfer from fundamental molecular materials science into scalable engineering materials of technological and societal relevance.

Danny Murguía, P. Demian, R. Soetanto

PurposeThe current understanding of building information modelling (BIM) adoption often neglects the industry context in which BIM is deployed. This is particularly problematic when policymakers are planning to enact top-down policies to promote BIM adoption in public-funded construction. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish the industry-level factors that constraint or enable actors' intention to adopt BIM.Design/methodology/approachUsing institutional theory with an emphasis on the cultural-cognitive elements, the authors aim to complement the understanding of BIM adoption by incorporating institutional elements into the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). The cultural-cognitive elements were extracted from focus groups and interviews with architecture, construction and engineering (AEC) professionals in Peru. A modified UTAUT was empirically tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) with a dataset from 171 questionnaire responses.FindingsThe industry characteristics, standardisation, affordability and technology/methodology definition of BIM were found to be the cultural-cognitive elements having direct effects on individual reactions to BIM. These findings suggest that BIM adoption policies should focus on designing incentives schemes, training/educating professionals on BIM collaborative processes and developing/adapting applicable standards. However, a BIM adoption mandate would require policymakers to create collaborative procurement environments in tandem with information management and process standards.Practical implicationsFindings can be used by policymakers to significantly promote BIM adoption in contexts without a government mandate for public sector construction.Originality/valueThe study of institutional elements on BIM adoption is still limited. This study provides empirical evidence on how the cultural-cognitive elements of the industry context are associated with actors' intention to adopt BIM. Therefore, this study bridges industry and individual levels of analysis. Furthermore, this study enables policymakers to initiate actions that significantly encourage BIM adoption.

Hongping Yuan, Y. Yang, X. Xue

Although building information modeling (BIM) has a promising future in the architecture, engineering and construction industry, its wider adoption and implementation is desired. Grounded with a technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework and the theory of technology acceptance model (TAM), this study extracted “social influence”, “organizational support”, “BIM technical features”, and “government BIM policies” as four key external antecedents—in reference to the particular BIM practices in China—and proposed a model to predict project owners’ BIM adoption behaviors. To test the proposed model, structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was applied for configuration analyses on a sample of 188 project owners from the Chinese construction industry. Results show that BIM technical features, and government BIM policies have positive effects on perceived usefulness, but social influence and organizational support have no significant influence on perceived usefulness. Furthermore, both social influence and BIM technical features have positive effects on perceived ease of use, while organizational support and government BIM policies have no significant influence on perceived ease of use. Attitude plays a significant intermediary role among perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and behavior intention. Additionally, attitude significantly affects behavior intention, and behavior intention can also affect BIM adoption behavior. This study is the first attempt to investigate project owners’ behaviors toward BIM adoption and the findings are expected to provide a better understanding of the essential elements of project owners’ BIM adoption behaviors and guide industry practitioners in developing proper strategies to achieve more effective BIM implementation.

Elżbieta Szafranko

The introduction of geosynthetics into road construction significantly facilitated fulfilment of the set of requirements for modern road building technologies. The fact that geosynthetic materials can be implemented at all stages, from earthwork through land drainage to the construction of layers of roads, new, repaired or strengthened ones, means that geosynthetics now occupy an important place in contemporary road building technologies. Industry supplies numerous materials classified as geosynthetics. In line with the standard PN-EN ISO 10318:2007, we distinguish four principal groups of these products: geotextiles, geotextile derivatives, geosynthetic barriers and geocomposites. The industrially produced materials have various properties, which means they have different applicability. This paper analyses basic characteristics, which decide how geosynthetics can be used. Because of a large number of features and factors that could apply to an evaluation of specific solutions, it is necessary to include a large group of criteria. Their analysis might be cumbersome, and therefore an approach is suggested which will greatly facilitate making a complex assessment and selection of a solution which will best meet the customer’s expectations. The assessment of the extent to which specific criteria are met by the geosynthetic materials selected for an analysis allows us to gain better understanding of their suitability and proper choice, supported by multifactorial analytical methods. The theme of the article is a preliminary step which is to prepare and organize the relevant characteristics of geosynthetics and define the major groups of criteria and sub-criteria.

Vladimir A. Zimnyukov, Marina I. Zborovskaya

Relevance. The experience of constructed cellular structures and the results of computational and model studies carried out in our country and abroad to assess the joint work of the complicated complex cellular frame - soil backfill of cells - foundation indicates the sufficient reliability of such hydraulic structures. The main difficulty in the design of cellular structures is to reproduce the volumetric work of the complex cellular frame - backfill soil - foundation soil to identify structural reserves. Objectives. To study, through laboratory studies, the interaction of the frame and backfill of the cell and the base at different soil moisture, taking into account such factors as the granulometric composition of the backfill soil, the role of the surface tension of moisture contained in the soil, the geometric parameters of the structure itself and a number of other factors. Methods. Experimental studies on the model of the operation of a cellular structure without a bottom on a non-rocky (sandy) foundation for stability, subject to the similarity criteria, as well as studies of cells with different geometry and sizes with changes in moisture and particle size distribution of the soil of the cells. Results. Based on the results of model studies, a dependence is proposed to take into account the effect of surface tension forces, considering the hydraulic radius of the cell cross-section, wetted perimeter, cross-sectional area of the cell, etc. The interaction of the cellular structure with the base is also explored, taking into account the above parameters. The results of laboratory studies on considering the interaction of the frame and backfill of the cell soil at different moisture content of the aggregate, taking into account the granulometric composition of the backfill soil surface tension of moisture contained in the soil, geometric parameters of the structure itself and a number of other factors.

Iulius Stroe, Elena Ionita

AutoCAD, one of the most popular drawing programs, has enriched over time the facilities offered in making drawings in terms of how to use different graphics, symbols, accuracy, speed, interface, etc. One aspect that gives it an advantage over other drawing programs is the ability to use the AutoLisp language in creating user’s functions that can be used as commands in AutoCAD. In this article, the authors present a function made in AutoLisp, which, for the parts drawn in Autocad, facilitates the automatic dimensioning of the chamfers, in the usual format, considering the scale of the respective drawing or detail.

Haruka Ono, Tetsuo Kidokoro

Abstract Urbanization and informal settlements are a prevalent phenomenon in most African regions; they play an important role in the real estate market and the housing supply. This study examines the process and mechanism of land acquisition and land tenure security in informal settlements in Nairobi. We found that pseudo‐customary and pseudo‐formal systems work together in land acquisition and land tenure security. The former system derives from land acquisition and land tenure security under the authority of a traditional chief in rural areas, whereas the latter refers to the modern land registration procedure and urban planning standards. To ensure land acquisition and land tenure security, people use each of these systems and sometimes combine them. Moreover this study demonstrates that these land‐related systems are closely connected to the governance structure and site layout planning.