Haitham M Altaany, Ahmed Mohi Khalaf Sakr, Osama Abdelbary
et al.
Social legislation includes statutes and policies governing just about any aspect of the welfare and responsibility of individuals and groups in society and can include education, health, employment, and civil rights among others. This review aims at critically reviewing and synthesizing the literature on social legislation to advance social development: historical developments, theoretical conceptualizations, and empirical reviews of cross-national studies have been reviewed. Utilizing the systematic review approach, the present study searched for the publications across the database and had well-defined eligibility criteria. A relationship between strong/social legislation and measures of social welfare is shown; moreover, the importance of high-quality enforcement of the laws is demonstrated. Universal health care acts correlate a country or country’s people’s longevity and minimize health quality disparities. These freedom laws for education mean that compulsory schooling laws are positively related to the literacy levels of the population and raise mobility in the economy. Amendments to labor rights legislation for wages and the working environment improve employment satisfaction, bring down poverty rates, and contribute to economic security. Civil rights laws work against discrimination; reinforce the unity of the society, and encourage equality. However, challenges like insufficient funding, corruption, and cultural barriers affect the program implementation, most so in low and middle-income countries. Further suggestions include the enhancement of measures relating to enforcement, popularization of existing legislation, means’ financing, and legislation’s tailoring to regional specifics. When measured against such factors, social legislation can become a powerful lever towards social development and the building of a society based on justice.
The European Green Deal pursues to make Europe the world's first carbon-neutral continent, and United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 15 seeks neutrality towards land degradation. Soil requires adequate protection and preservation, being a depletable natural resource, which, is relevant to move its management to an environmentally conscious framework. Soil supplies food regulates water and nutrient cycles, and healthy soils store carbon. Its ecosystem services are under pressure, making it difficult to maintain its health and preserve biodiversity. Despite existing legal instruments, soil degradation is on ascent and mostly addressed indirectly in the EU governance measures, without yet one harmonized soil legislation. The aim of this study is to carry out a critical analysis of Portuguese and European Union soil legislation, based on the information available in the SoiLEX database. In this way, it proposes to verify the contributions of that legislation to the soil, regarding, particularly, soils threats that are listed at this database. Subsequently, a SWOT analysis was carried out for each soil legislation, and it was found that there are more Portuguese legislative acts that make indirect reference to the threats of soil, and none reference to soil acidification or, in vague mode, to soil salinization. European Union legislative acts, makes more direct reference to the SoiLEX database threats of soil, but it still does indirect reference to some soil threats. There aren´t any direct or indirect reference to salinization, compaction and acidification of soil. All those “invisible threats” should be directly referred at the new soil directive to be done.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the social justice implications for career guidance of the emerging technologies of career access. Emerging recruitment and selection practices – such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) analysis of candidates’ social media presence and performance in interview, and the use of bots or virtual agents interacting with prospective candidates to evaluate, shortlist and profile them – demonstrate the complexity of contemporary career access in highly technological societies. Career guidance practice has become highly digitalised, and guidance practice likewise can include the use of AI. This paper compares the uses of AI in career guidance and in human resource management and provides an analysis of emerging practices through synthesis of the extant research. With the emerging practices sketched, the paper then outlines the social justice and ethical risks of the increased reliance on AI in career access. The analysis here highlights the need to consider how to avoid reinscribing existing inequities in the emerging digitalised processes of career access, education, and guidance. The nascent nature of AI augmented recruitment and guidance represents not only an educative opportunity for career guidance professionals but also suggests an advocacy role. As legislation and ethics around the use of AI for recruitment is underdeveloped there is an opportunity for career guidance professionals and educators to provide input into the ethical guidelines and regulation of the use of AI in employment and in their practice. Abstrakt Formålet med denne artikkelen er å undersøke hvilke konsekvenser de nye teknologiene for karriereveiledning har for sosial rettferdighet. Nye rekrutterings- og utvelgelsesmetoder – for eksempel kunstig intelligens (AI) som analyserer kandidatenes tilstedeværelse på sosiale medier og deres prestasjoner i intervjuer, og bruk av roboter eller virtuelle agenter som interagerer med potensielle kandidater for å evaluere, velge ut og profilere dem – viser kompleksiteten i dagens karriereveiledning i et høyteknologisk samfunn. Karriereveiledningspraksisen er blitt svært digitalisert, og veiledningspraksisen kan også omfatte bruk av kunstig intelligens. Denne artikkelen sammenligner bruken av kunstig intelligens i karriereveiledning og personalforvaltning og gir en analyse av nye praksiser gjennom en syntese av eksisterende forskning. Etter å ha skissert den nye praksisen, skisserer artikkelen de sosiale og etiske risikoene ved økt bruk av kunstig intelligens i karriereveiledningen. Analysen belyser behovet for å vurdere hvordan man kan unngå at de nye digitaliserte prosessene for karrieretilgang, utdanning og karriereveiledning gjenskaper eksisterende ulikheter. Det faktum at rekruttering og veiledning ved hjelp av kunstig intelligens er i sin spede begynnelse, representerer ikke bare en utdanningsmulighet for karriereveiledere, men også en mulighet til å påvirke. Ettersom lovgivningen og etikken rundt bruken av kunstig intelligens i rekrutteringsprosessen ennå ikke er ferdig utviklet, har karriereveiledere og lærere en mulighet til å bidra til utformingen av etiske retningslinjer. Nøkkelord: Kunstig intelligens; Rekruttering; Teknologi; Karriereveiledning; Sosial rettferdighet; Personalforvaltning
Esta investigación versa sobre la “Escuela de Maestros”, un escenario creativo e innovador de capacitación continua de los profesores del programa de Derecho de la Universidad Católica de Colombia. El estudio indaga sobre su historia, objetivos, características, desarrollo e impacto, al igual que acerca de sus retos y prospectivas. Para el efecto se ejecutó una investigación empírica. La pesquisa empírica, desarrollada con el uso de los métodos cuantitativo y cualitativo, comprendió la aplicación de una encuesta, la observación participativa y la realización de entrevistas en profundidad. Se utilizaron los métodos analítico, histórico y dialéctico, bajo una perspectiva comprensiva. El trabajo detectó las fortalezas y debilidades de esta estrategia de formación docente, al igual que las funciones sociales que desempeña, alguna de las cuales no tienen relación con sus fines.
In passing legislation in 2016 to allow medical assistance in dying (MAID), Canada became the world’s first jurisdiction to allow nurse practitioners (NPs) to act as MAID assessors and providers. Health Canada’s annual report shows that the demand for MAID in Canada increases each year, as does the proportion of MAID cases that NPs provide. The purpose of this study was to better understand factors that motivate or deter nurse practitioners from becoming MAID assessors and providers. The study design was a secondary analysis of a large qualitative dataset guided by interpretive description methodology. Primary data collection took place from 2018 to 2023 via semi-structured interviews with nurses and NPs. Secondary analysis of transcripts of all of the NPs interviewed for the primary study allowed for identifying significant motivational and deterring themes in their accounts. The analysis yielded two categories of motivating factors (philosophical perspectives; experiences with death and dying) and three deterring factors (moral complexity; health system barriers; professional and social considerations), and further generated insights around supports and practices that make NP MAID work viable. As the first study that explicitly sought to understand what explains Canadian NPs’ willingness to participate in MAID, these findings fill a gap in the available knowledge.
Volodymyr Tarashchenko, Oleksii Kravtsev, Alla Slavkova
et al.
Tax evasion causes serious damage to public finances every year, and effective strategies to combat these risks are essential to ensure stable budget revenues. The aim of the study is to analyse the causes of tax evasion and evaluate the relevant policy measures based on the experience of different countries. The study employs econometric analysis, case study, and correlation analysis. The results show that the level of corporate governance, as well as the degree of transparency, are inversely proportional to tax evasion situations. The study found that international measures such as a common reporting standard are important in minimizing cross-border tax evasion, but this depends on the effectiveness of domestic implementation structures. The work confirms that good governance, transparency and corporate social responsibility play an important role in the fight against tax evasion. The study supports the argument that domestic reforms and international cooperation are needed to improve tax compliance. It is necessary to carry out further research on the cultural and social consequences of tax evasion. It is important to consider digitalization and its impact on compliance with tax legislation. Sector-specific analysis of tax avoidance behaviour can be useful for decision-making by policy-makers. Further research could also consider the effectiveness of newly introduced tax measures and international agreements in a dynamic economic environment.
Research Question (RQ): Refugee status is denied to persons who cooperate with authorities of a country of origin. However, it is unclear whether this rule also applies to displaced persons, or whether Directive 2011/95/EU regulating subsidiary protection should be applied in their cases.
Purpose: This research focuses on a legal situation of displaced persons who benefit from Directive 2001/55/EC regulating the EU temporary protection mechanism. This law can be activated in case of mass arrivals of persons in need of international protection. The research examines whether displaced persons can continue working for the authorities of their country of origin.
Method: Dogmatic-legal analysis was used. Critical analysis of the law (1951 UN Refugee Convention, and EU law) was made. Historical method was used to support an interpretation of the text of that Convention with that treaty aims. Thanks to this, it was possible to deduce intentions of the drafters and first interpreters of the 1951 Refugee Convention from Travaux préparatoires and subsequent conclusions of the EXCOMM.
Results: The 1951 Refugee Convention applies to persons who are unwilling or unable to be protected by their country of origin. However, incidental contacts with that state do not deprive these persons of protection. Directive 2001/55/EC does not contain an explicit reference to a need to terminate all contacts with a country of origin. Still, some relationships may contradict with the UN values. The asylum caseworker should be able to verify if these activities do not violate refugee law. Hence, the answer to the research questions depends on the scope of activities performed by a displaced person.
Organization/Society: The answer to the research question would help to determine whether providing work for the authorities of a country of origin is always an obstacle to benefiting from temporary protection. Therefore, it can have an impact on the practice of public administration bodies regarding their approach to providing international protection.
Originality: 28% of displaced persons in Poland work remotely in Ukraine. This innovative factor has not been noted in the context of other military conflicts, but the popularization of remote work increases the likelihood that persons seeking protection would not break their ties with a country of origin. Although an issue of a need to terminate relationship with that country has already been researched in literature, there are significant differences between the 1951 Refugee Convention and Directive 2001/55/EC. These differences have not yet been analyzed.
Limitations / further research: A comparative analysis of the EU Member States’ national legislations could help to determine whether there are prospects for amending EU legislation to make it clear if work performed for authorities of a country of origin in the country where the contract is concluded can be used to deny and revoke temporary protection or to limit social assistance in case of persons who perform such work.
Social phenomena have arisen with the development of previous phenomena. The legal system and political force are none alone accountable for all social realities and the foundations of the law are formed in the main roots of society and law cannot be analyzed separately from society. The issue of the land tenure is the phenomena that occurred in Iran after the Islamic revolution in the field of legislation which is a kind of rush to provide a solution and respond to the expectations of the revolutionary people by relying on jurisprudential and revolutionary views. The last result of the reasonable men to experiences and by jurisprudence for the benefit of some people in society was the new legislation. The challenges facing the fundamentals of the developments of land tenure have been the reason of discussion in many issues and the records of the subject should be reviewed and adapted in order to analyze it by jurisprudential and legal system. These challenges by identifying the foundations of the developments of land tenure are analyzed in this regard and the goal is not merely to discover jurisprudential rules as the basis. This article analyzes the hypothesis of the absolute impact of revolutionary views on expropriation [dispossession] of private ownership and iqta (Arabic: الإقطاع, Romanized: iqṭāʿ, sectorization) of public property. The result obtained in the end is that it shows the influence of revolutionary views along with social, economic and political conditions on the developments of land tenure after the Islamic revolution.
Abstract The first two decades of the 21st century had a significant increase in e‐waste generation. While improper recycling technologies applied to this type of waste pose severe risks to the environment and human health, several e‐waste management legislation has been recently enforced worldwide, reaching 78 countries and covering 71% of the global population. In common, most of them aim to recycle minerals and plastic from the disposed waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) to reinsert them in the industry, promoting the so‐called circular economy. From the comparative case study of countries that integrate the world‐system in different social and economic conditions – the United Kingdom (as core or developed country), Brazil (as semi‐periphery or emergent country), and Ghana (as periphery or developing country) –, this article aims to understand to what extent the national legislation on e‐waste management in these territories align with the Sustainable Development Goals 3, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, and 15. This research has an exploratory approach and is methodologically structured as a controlled comparison of most different cases. Results reveal that selected legislation has different levels of alignment with SDG, ranging from generic mentions of social‐environmental topics to description of legal instruments to be enforced regarding environmental preservation, improvement of population's life quality, and changes in the unsustainable production, consumption, and disposal patterns. The article also seeks to contribute to the geographical debate by establishing the relation between e‐waste legislation and SDG, considering the territorial particularities of the case studies.
Este artículo examina el comportamiento de la variable declaración de la víctima ante la policía y el juzgado en los procedimientos penales por violencia de género, problematizando los resultados desde un enfoque sociológico y de género. Desde una metodología cuantitativa, el análisis de los procedimientos incoados durante el 2017 en el Partido judicial de Pamplona permite identificar frecuencias y relaciones estadísticamente significativas de esta variable con otras. Se comprueba la importancia de declaración de la víctima para que el proceso llegue a juicio. Constituye un aporte empírico a los trabajos teóricos y dogmáticos que analizan el sistema judicial penal desde una perspectiva de género. Contribuye al debate jurídico y social sobre la necesidad de la declaración de la víctima para obtener una eficaz tutela judicial, identificando las racionalidades que subyacen en esta exigencia. Se aprecia la ambivalencia del sistema que requiere un consenso moral en torno a la víctima para obtener legitimidad. This article examines the behaviour of the variable “victim’s declaration” in the police and the court in criminal proceedings for gender violence, problematizing the results from a sociological and gender perspective. From a quantitative methodology, the analysis of the procedures initiated during 2017 in the Pamplona judicial district allows us to identify frequencies and statistically significant relationships of this variable with others. The importance of the victim is verified so that the process reaches trial phase. It constitutes an empirical contribution to the theoretical and dogmatic works that analyse the criminal justice system from a gender perspective. It contributes to the legal and social debate on the need for the victim's declaration to obtain effective judicial protection, identifying the rationale behind this demand. The ambivalence of the system that requires a moral consensus around the victim to obtain legitimacy is appreciated. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1192
Based on the analyzed literature, it is established that leaders play an important role in the society. The sources have shown that each period of development of the society has its own leaders. This correspondence is due to the fact that leaders have the qualities that the society, social group or team wants to see. The use of methods of analysis of philosophical, psychological and relevant literature, phenomenological, dialectical method, systematization, generalization, hypothetical-deductive modeling made it possible to establish that only some qualities are instinctive and focus on self-preservation, self-realization, etc., but there are qualities that are acquired during the study in a higher education institution, in their combination they form a leader not only in the public, professional, political sphere, but also in life. Taking into account the information period of society development, its openness and uncertainty requires a person to be a leader. Having formed own «I», having mastered universal and professional values, developing leadership qualities, a person enters the whirlpool of professional life, enters a social professional group, with which the person began to identify himself or herself during the period of mastering the profession. Particular attention is paid to student self-government, which, in accordance with current legislation, creates all the conditions for the development of leadership qualities that are provoked by such values as life, people, justice, freedom, responsibility. Focusing on these and other values promotes the development of the following qualities: initiative, creativity, sociability, comradeship, sensitivity, professionalism, erudition, responsibility, ability to predict actions and predict their consequences. Having developed these qualities, the student becomes ready for life’s challenges, able to lead a social group, take responsibility for decisions, and so on. That is, the leader who is being formed today in educational institutions is ready to organize collective action to achieve the goal and master the values that are needed for a social group, team, society.
In the European Union, fats and oils in foods are regulated by laws mainly set at the Union level. EU rules on nutrition and health claims are particularly relevant for some fatty acids. Contrary to structure-function claims in the US, in the EU, such claims have to be authorized before use; in the case of omega-3, along with a nutrition claim, a remarkable number of health claims have been authorised based on the essentiality of such fatty acids. Claims related to environmental, social or ethical concerns are not regulated in detail at the EU level. While claims are voluntary information, mandatory rules on labelling also apply to fatty acids, and sometimes create challenges for food businesses. Another piece of legislation, the novel food regulation, is important for new sources of oils and fats. Its scope includes determining the novel food status of foods, and, if required, submitting an application in order to obtain authorisation. Several sources of fatty acids have been authorized as novel foods. Benefits of a novel food application include legal certainty and protection of data, while costs and particularly the length of the process are the main barriers. An assessment of novel food status should also concern new technologies, such as new delivery mechanisms. While several provisions of EU law concern oils and fats, a 2019 regulation not only imposes a 2 g limit (per 100 g of fat) for trans fats not naturally occurring in animal fats, but also creates an obligation to transfer information in the supply chain.
The present text is the result of the research carried out in rural education in close articulation with social movements, in a historical and emancipatory perspective, developed in the Post-Doctorate in Education of the Federal Fluminense University (UFF). Our main objective was to understand the Program of Support for Higher Education in Licentiate in Field Education - PROCAMPO, as a specific public policy for education in the countryside, arising from the mobilizations of social movements. The documentary research was developed, predominantly, in bibliographic collections. We use research sources, legislation, ordinances, decrees and theoretical references on education of the field in social movements. We support a sociological perspective of investigation and explanation of the social processes of participation of the peasant subjects, as historical and cultural beings. The results show that PROCAMPO contributes to the political-pedagogical formation of educators in rural schools, respecting the values of solidarity and ethics present in the struggle for land.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
The interesting thing with criminalization is watching videos of sex scenes impacting on the collapse which is usually called by term “buffalo gathering” which is destroying morals; it is a social reality raises problematic but its rules have not been touched by law and the Law. The Criminal Code Draft, article 485 about buffalo gathering is not implemented and the proposal for the closure of pornographic access. This research is done by using empirical normative legal research methods, that is interview to the RUU team, socialization to local leaders, customary leaders, police officers and legislation as well as parents and academics. The results of the study show that local governments support the rejection of pornographic activities bill which is stated in article 485, the authority of total termination depends on the Communication and Information Office in Jakarta. To anticipate the emergency of adultery is expected to apply the addition of hours of religious learning for students from grade 4-6 primary school to Higher Education, male students must stay at the mosque at least 1 (one) night each week to study the Qur'an Fiqh, traditions hadith duty as muezzin and prayer priest. Students study in the daytime certified. One of the requirements for the increase of classes in public schools
La persona jurídica es un centro de imputación diferenciado, en el cual se limita la responsabilidad patrimonial de quienes se asocian. sin embargo, a veces esta figura puede ser mal utilizada para alcanzar metas prohibidas por la ley o para perjudicar a terceros. La legislación ha previsto mecanismos para evitar esta utilización indebida de la persona jurídica, pero, excepcionalmente, se dan casos en que la solución legislativa no es suficiente, por lo que, partiendo de los principios generales del derecho de la buena fe, la lealtad y la equidad, la jurisprudencia ha desestimado la personalidad jurídica y ha llegado hasta quienes, amparándose en la figura societaria, han pretendido burlar la ley o abusar del derecho. Se ha desarrollado la teoría del regard of legal entity, que recibe muchos nombres en español (se ha preferido el de levantamiento del velo) que permite al juez, excepcionalmente, levantar el velo que separa al espectador de la realidad, a fin de imponer a los responsables del fraude o el abuso, la responsabilidad que les corresponda. en primer lugar se hace una breve exposición de la teoría, reseñando lo que han dicho los autores, para continuar examinando la situación ecuatoriana, las disposiciones legales aplicables y las sentencias en las cuales los jueces se han referido a esta teoría, y concluir señalando la naturaleza procesal de la figura, la inconveniencia de dictar una ley que la incorpore al ordenamiento jurídico y el riesgo de una utilización masiva e indiscriminada.
Juridical persons are differentiated imputation agents, where the patrimonial liability of partners is limited. However, in many occasions this figure is misused in order to achieve certain goals that are prohibited by the law or to cause prejudices to third parties. Legislation has foreseen mechanisms that limit this unlawful use of the juridical person, but exceptionally, there certain cases in which the legislative solution is insufficient. In these circumstances, over the basis of general principles of law such as good faith, loyalty and equity, jurisprudence has disregarded the legal entity of juridical persons and has reached those who hide behind the social figure in order to avoid law or commit frauds. Legal doctrine has developed the theory of the disregard of legal entity, which receives several names in spanish (we have chosen the denomination “levantamiento del velo societario”), theory that allows judges to exceptionally, disregard the legal entity, in order to impose the correspondent liabilities to those who are really responsible of a fraud or abuse of law. this article briefly explains the theory, reviewing the opinion of different authors, then, examines the ecuadorian situation, referring to the applicable legal provisions and the rulings in which judges have alluded to this theory. the article concludes with the determination of the procedural nature of the figure, establishing the inconvenience of issuing a law that incorporates this theory to the juridical system and analyzing the risks of its massive and indiscriminate use.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
James Ravenscroft, Maria Liakata, Amanda Clare
et al.
How does scientific research affect the world around us? Being able to answer this question is of great importance in order to appropriately channel efforts and resources in science. The impact by scientists in academia is currently measured by citation based metrics such as h-index, i-index and citation counts. These academic metrics aim to represent the dissemination of knowledge among scientists rather than the impact of the research on the wider world. In this work we are interested in measuring scientific impact beyond academia, on the economy, society, health and legislation (comprehensive impact). Indeed scientists are asked to demonstrate evidence of such comprehensive impact by authoring case studies in the context of the Research Excellence Framework (REF). We first investigate the extent to which existing citation based metrics can be indicative of comprehensive impact. We have collected all recent REF impact case studies from 2014 and we have linked these to papers in citation networks that we constructed and derived from CiteSeerX, arXiv and PubMed Central using a number of text processing and information retrieval techniques. We have demonstrated that existing citation-based metrics for impact measurement do not correlate well with REF impact results. We also consider metrics of online attention surrounding scientific works, such as those provided by the Altmetric API. We argue that in order to be able to evaluate wider non-academic impact we need to mine information from a much wider set of resources, including social media posts, press releases, news articles and political debates stemming from academic work. We also provide our data as a free and reusable collection for further analysis, including the PubMed citation network and the correspondence between REF case studies, grant applications and the academic literature.
Mehrdad Mirzabaghi, Alireza Rashidi Komijan, Amir H. Sarfaraz
In the recent decade, special attention is paid to reverse logistic due to economic benefits of recovery and recycling of used products as well as environmental legislation and social concerns. On the other hand، many researches claim that separately and sequential planning of forward and reverse logistic causes sub-optimality. Effective transport activities are also one of the most important components of a logistic system and it needs an accurate planning. In this study, a mixed integer linear programming model is proposed for integrated forward / reverse supply chain as well as vehicles routing. Logistic network which is used in this paper is a multi-echelon integrated forward /reverse logistic network which is comprised capacitated facility, common facilities of production/recovery and distribution/collection, disposal facilities and customers. The proposed model is multi-period and multi-product with the ability to consider several facilities in each level. Various types of vehicle routing models are also included such as multi-period routing, multi-depot, multi-products, routing with simultaneous delivery and pick-up, flexible depot assignment and split delivery. The model results present the product flow between the various facilities in forward and reverse direction throughout the planning horizon with the objective minimization of total cost. Numerical example for solving the model using GAMS shows that the proposed model could reach the optimal solution in reasonable time for small and medium real world’s problems.