ObjectiveAgainst the backdrop of China’s ecological civilization construction and comprehensive green transition, the national strategy of “synergistic promotion of carbon reduction, pollution reduction, greening expansion, and growth” has become a core policy orientation. How to foster effective synergies among these four objectives—carbon reduction, pollution reduction, greening expansion, and growth—have consequently emerged as a key research agenda across multiple disciplines. As the primary research object of landscape architecture, green space constitutes a crucial spatial carrier for “greening expansion” and offers a distinctive spatial planning and design perspective for simultaneously advancing carbon reduction, pollution mitigation, and high-quality development. This study aims to clarify the policy evolution, disciplinary research patterns, and spatial mechanisms underlying such synergies, and to explore how landscape architecture can contribute more systematically to this national strategic framework.MethodsThe study first reviews major national policies issued since 2005 that relate to carbon reduction, pollution control, ecological conservation, greening expansion, and green growth. It outlines their advancement pathways, summarizes evolving objectives and conceptual connotations, and identifies linkage mechanisms among “carbon reduction, pollution reduction, greening expansion, and growth”. Second, based on literature statistics and disciplinary mapping, the study examines publication trends and disciplinary distribution of collaborative research focusing on different combinations of these four goals, thereby revealing the dominant paradigms and existing gaps. Third, from the standpoint of landscape architecture, it analyzes how different forms and configurations of “greening expansion” can be leveraged to achieve synergistic improvements across carbon reduction, pollution mitigation, and economic growth, with particular attention to spatial characteristics, ecological processes, socioeconomic feedbacks, and the translation of scientific findings into planning, design, and management strategies.Results1) The relationships among carbon reduction, pollution reduction, greening expansion, and growth are strongly shaped by successive rounds of policy guidance. With the institutionalization of ecological civilization and the proposal of the “dual carbon” targets, policy documents have gradually shifted from sectoral management to integrated, cross-sectoral governance. During 2022−2025, China has entered a stage of deepening policy coordination, in where the four targets are no longer pursued in isolation but are embedded in systematic frameworks for territorial spatial planning, environmental management, and industrial restructuring. 2) As of 2025, the academic literature still focuses predominantly on pairwise synergies: carbon reduction−growth, pollution reduction−growth, greening expansion−carbon reduction, greening expansion−pollution reduction, greening expansion−growth, and carbon reduction−pollution reduction. Studies simultaneously addressing three or more objectives remain relatively scarce. Publications are heavily concentrated in environmental science and engineering, energy and climate studies, economics, and public policy. These works are largely driven by top-down policy agendas and oriented toward macro-level assessment, scenario simulation, and policy evaluation. In contrast, there is a clear deficiency of research within human settlement and built environment disciplines—including landscape architecture, urban and rural planning, and architecture—that take spatial localization, spatial configuration, and site-scale intervention as core entry points. 3) From the perspective of landscape architecture, existing studies primarily focus on how the spatial characteristics of green spaces—such as area and scale, type composition, landscape pattern, connectivity, configuration, and functional zoning—affect carbon sequestration, pollutant removal, microclimate regulation, and socio-economic benefits. These studies translate such relationships into principles that inform green space planning, design, and management. Current evidence demonstrates that “greening expansion” can effectively contribute to carbon reduction (e.g., through vegetation carbon sinks, reduced building energy consumption, and promotion of low-carbon mobility), pollution reduction (e.g., through air and water purification, noise mitigation, runoff regulation, and alleviation of urban heat islands), and growth (e.g., through enhancement of property values, attraction of investment, promotion of recreation and tourism, improvement of public health, and support for green industries and employment).ConclusionIt is necessary to further strengthen multidimensional synergy research led by “greening expansion” under the disciplinary framework of landscape architecture, with spatial planning and design as a primary leverage. Future work should move beyond isolated pairwise relationships and pay greater attention to multi-objective coupling mechanisms that integrate carbon reduction, pollution control, ecosystem restoration, and high-quality development. Specifically, green space planning should be more closely aligned with the hierarchical management requirements of territorial spatial planning, coordinating national, regional, urban-rural, and site-specific scales. Taking synergistic carbon and pollution reduction, as well as integrated “carbon reduction-pollution reduction-growth” goals, as core targets, research should develop systematic strategies for green space planning, design, and management that cover multiple spatial levels, including “urban−rural systems, space types, plots”. This implies establishing quantitative indicators and spatial configuration guidelines for different categories of green space; embedding ecosystem service optimization, low-carbon transition objectives, and environmental health considerations into zoning, layout, and design codes; and strengthening adaptive management based on continuous monitoring, performance assessment, and feedback adjustment. By leveraging the spatial carrier function of green spaces and integrating ecological, social, and economic objectives coordinated, landscape architecture can play a pivotal role in realizing the synergy of carbon reduction, pollution mitigation, greening expansion, and sustainable growth, providing spatial solutions, design pathways, and technical support for national strategies on ecological civilization and comprehensive green transformation.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Architectural drawing and design
Purpose ─ This paper examines the determinants of private investment. The result can help the government determine which investment drivers to consider when formulating policies to stimulate private investment.
Methodology ─ It uses a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) estimation approach with time series data from 1965 to 2022.
Findings ─ The results indicate that positive shocks in economic growth lead to an increase in private investment over the long term. Conversely, both positive and negative shocks in inflation are found to positively impact private investment in the long run. Additionally, domestic credit to the private sector has a negative impact in both the short and long term.
Implications ─ The government should develop policies designed to create an environment conducive to private investment. These policies should focus on ensuring easy access to finance, enhancing the openness of the economy, and maintaining a low and stable inflation rate.
Originality ─ Few studies have fully explored the important drivers of private investment, especially in South Africa. Moreover, the studies conducted in South Africa have used other cointegration techniques, which are relatively weak compared to the NARDL used in the current study.
Economic growth, development, planning, Regional economics. Space in economics
Pascual Scarpino, Franco Barboza Piran, Jimena De Garay Hernández
et al.
Consideramos que la Educación Superior es un espacio estratégico para la transformación cultural. Habitamos un contexto en el que, a pesar de la consolidación de herramientas normativas que garantizan derechos a la población LGBTIQ+, nos enfrentamos a una aparente paradoja resultante del aumento de las violencias homo/lesbo/trans/bi-odiantes a escala regional. En este contexto, proponemos el abordaje crítico de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) como una herramienta posible y necesaria para contribuir a la erradicación de estas violencias. En este trabajo presentamos la integración curricular de los ODS 4 “Educación de calidad”, ODS 5 “Igualdad de Género” y ODS 10 “Reducción de las desigualdades”, a través de un curso de posgrado dirigido a docentes de Educación Superior. Guiados por la planificación del curso, abordaremos contenidos, recursos y estrategias diseñadas para fortalecer procesos de formación en una universidad pensada como un territorio que contemple a las diversidades y disidencias sexo/genéricas. Enfocándonos en las potencialidades que ofrece la planificación de un Diseño Curricular con enfoque de género y feminista, analizaremos la elaboración de objetivos pedagógicos, competencias, contenidos teóricos y metodologías.
Elena Bárcena-Martín, Elías Melchor-Ferrer, Salvador Pérez-Moreno
ABSTRACTHistorically, Euro-Mediterranean European countries have presented high levels of intra- and interregional socio-economic inequalities and are regular recipients of financial support under European Union Cohesion Policy. This paper provides evidence of regional convergence in the size of lower- and upper-middle-income classes across regions of France, Greece, Italy and Spain for the period 2004–17. Our results also reveal that changes in class size in neighbouring regions are associated with changes in the same direction in the lower- and upper-middle classes of the region of interest. As regards growth of class size in neighbouring regions, the convergence process is offset in both middle-income groups, but only partially for the upper-middle class. Furthermore, the economic cycle affects the process of regional convergence in the size of the middle class, although the effects are non-homogeneous for both middle-class groups. While increases or decreases in gross domestic product (GDP) do not seem to be closely related to upper-middle-class size, relatively persistent decreases rather than increases in GDP over time tend to be more linked to lower-middle-class size. These findings point to significant differences in the convergence dynamics between lower- and upper-middle classes, with the former being more sensitive to both neighbouring regions and the business cycle.
Regional economics. Space in economics, Regional planning
Syauqi Ahmada, Deva Fosterharoldas Swasto, Jimly Al Farabi
Spatial planning is an important policy in negotiating between increasing space requirements and existing space constraints. In the context of spatial planning at the village level, The Village Spatial Planning (VSP) can be one of solutions in solving spatial planning challenges in the scope of the village area. The existence of VSP has its pros and cons, due to the lack of empirical evidence on how village spatial planning should be done. This research aims to explain the background and process of preparing the VSP, as well as the factors that influence it based on inductive-qualitative approach. The research location was conducted in Jepitu Village, Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region Province. The consideration for choosing this location was due to various village management challenges that have the potential to impact space utilization, namely (1) Increasing the development of coastal tourism; (2) Southern Cross Road Program (SCRP); and (3) Village boundary issues related to the management of water resources. The data used are field observation data and in-depth interviews, and are supported by secondary data. The result of this research, there are internal factors and external factors that trigger the background for the preparation of the VSP. The internal factors consist of (1) Concerns of the Village Pamong; (2) Beach Tourism Area Management; (3) Economics; (4) Development Planning; and (5) Regional Mapping. The triggers from external factors, namely the presence of Supporting Agent. Meanwhile, the factors in the process of preparing the VSP, namely (1) Actors; (2) Community Participation; (3) Regional Mapping; and (5) Resistance. Based on the results of this study, VSP can be one of solution in solving various village area management challenges related to the provision spatial data on village boundaries and potentials to be used as a guide for village development planning.
Since “the Belt and Road” initiative was proposed ten years ago, ASEAN has always been a priority region. China and Southeast Asian countries, adhering to the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, have made significant achievements in political consultation, economic cooperation, cultural exchanges, environmental protection, and other aspects. In the new international political and economic situation, both sides are facing challenges from factors such as intervention from foreign powers, political uncertainty within ASEAN countries, competition for economic development space, and misunderstanding and concerns about China’s rise. Nevertheless, China and ASEAN are geographically connected by mountains and rivers, historically by humanities. With the RCEP implemented and the RMB regionalized in ASEAN, cooperation between China and ASEAN in emerging fields such as the digital commerce and green energy will see more benefits. In order to better promote China ASEAN cooperation, China should maintain the regional center status of ASEAN, solidly promote bilateral trade and enterprise investment, through cultural exchanges and international public opinion promotion, tell China’s story well, win the hearts of ASEAN people, and enhance trust between each other.
Based on the coupling and coordinated development mechanism of digital inclusive finance and scientific and technological innovation, the evaluation indexes for digital inclusive finance and scientific and technological innovation are constructed respectively. Besides, the coupling and coordinated development relationship and their driving factors in 30 provinces and cities from 2011 to 2021 are studied by using the evaluation model via the entropy weight method, coupling and coordination model, and two-way fixed effect model. The results are as follows. 1) Obvious regional differences exist in the coupling coordination between digital inclusive finance and scientific and technological innovation in China, which is high in the east and the south but low in the west and the north, although such differences are decreasing year by year .2) Using the two-way fixed effect model shows that the development of foreign trade, human capital, financial support, and other factors have a high correlation with the coupling and coordinated development of digital inclusive finance and science and technology innovation system. Premised on the existing research, this paper further analyzes the coupling and coordination of digital inclusive finance and scientific and technological innovation in various provinces of China at present, including time and space dimensions, which provides practical strategic guidance for the government to promote the coordinated development of them, leaving profound lessons for improving the national science, technology, and finance.
Social media influencers are emerging as a new force in shaping public discourse and raising public awareness of socio-political agendas in the digital space. This paper explores the role of influencers as part of the citizens group in nation branding by looking into their interactions with followers through the lens of authenticity. It analyzes the networked narratives generated by the influencers and followers, using the mixed methods of blending content analysis with social network analysis. The findings identify the potential of influencers evolving as a crucial force in contributing to a representative national brand informed through imbuing authenticity with engagement, featuring valued-based content, interactivity, creativity and intrinsic motivations within an ethical communication mechanism. It advances influencer studies in nation branding by underpinning the two-way construct of authenticity in generating influence; and informs the development of strategies for engaging citizens in nation branding through influencers using authenticity. Considering the central role of China in international economics, politics and culture, this article has significant domestic and regional implications.
The pulp and paper manufacturing industry is currently facing sweeping changes due to the fact that supply and demand are dominated by different global players. These changes have significant effects not only on the paper and pulp production of countries but also on world economies thanks to the high level of trade between countries around the world. Based on the historical development of paper, our study examines today’s production around the world economies, shows the latest commercial trends in the paper and pulp trade, and makes a prediction on the effects of the data belonging to this sector on the trade of countries through using panel regression models. According to our results, we determined a significant relationship between the total world paper and cardboard production in Turkey and the European Union and the amount of pulp. On the other hand, a partial relationship was found between the European Union and Turkey’s paper production. In addition, we concluded that the amount of pulp used in paper and cardboard production was the factor causing the total paper production in the European Union and Turkey. In other words, we have established as a result of the analysis that as the amount of pulp used in paper and cardboard production increases, paper and cardboard production also increases at the same rate.
Regional economics. Space in economics, Economics as a science
Ahmad Dhea Pratama, I. W. Suparta, Ukhti Ciptawaty
Many research in economics only focus on the independence of a region while neglecting the effects of space and the interaction that occurs between mutually adjacent areas. The purpose of this study is to measure the multidimensional poverty concept in 15 districts/cities in the province of Lampung in 2015-2019. Spatial analysis such as moran i statistics, LISA clustered map, and lisa signification are used to analyze spatial patterns and spatial autocorrelation. Spatial modeling with spatial autoregressive model, geoda and geographical information systems are used as explanatory spatial data and spatial modeling. The results show that the percentage of poor people between districts/cities in Lampung Province have positive Moran's I values, there is a clustered pattern in 2015-2019, Moran scatter plot depicts 4 quadrants, LISA Cluster map indicates high-high and low-low areas, and LISA map has 4 significant areas. Spatial regression results show that per capita expenditure for nonfood has a negative effect, per capita expenditure for food has a positive effect, population growth rate has a positive effect, household clean water has a positive effect, life expectancy has a negative effect, mean years of schooling has a negative effect, and simultaneously the independent variables have a significant influence on the percentage of poor people. Poverty in Lampung Province is spatially related to each other between regions, the findings suggest that the variables used affect spatially. The implication of this result is one of the basis for inter-regional policies in the interests of multi-dimensional poverty alleviation between regions. Keywords: Poverty, Spatial analysis, Spatial Autoregressive Model (SAR)
Nur Annisa Karima, Lilis Siti Badriah, Diah Setyorini Gunawan
The aims of this research are to analyze whether or not the manufacture industrial agglomeration in West Java Province and to analyze the factors that can affect the agglomeration especially manufacture industrial agglomeration in West Java Province. This research using Hoover Balassa Index and panel data regression with time period data 6 years (2014-2019) and 27 regencies/cities as cross-section data. The results of this research are : (1) there is no manufacture industrial agglomeration in West Java Province, (2) gross regional domestic product has a negative effect on manufacture industrial agglomeration, (3) minimum wage has a positive effect on manufacture industrial agglomeration, (4) population has a negative effect on manufacture industrial agglomeration. As an implication of the conclusion above, every province or regency/city should seek and make their region as a pole of the agglomeration and the effort that can be done are create some regulations which can support industrial establishment and development easier, giving the information about business and capital, create some regulations about wage, building partnership among companies to create backward and forward linkage.
Keywords: Agglomeration, Hoover Balassa Index, Concentration Index
Economic growth, development, planning, Regional economics. Space in economics
In conditions of establishing market relations and development of integration processes, efficient functioning of agrarian complex of the Republic of Belarus requires searching for new mechanisms and methods to improve competitiveness. As experience of economically developed countries of the world shows, states and producers actively use diverse logistic solutions, models, strategies and methods for planning and arranging activities. Organization of resource support for agricultural producers and promotion of their products in market according to logistics principles results in a significant economic, social and environmental effect. The paper, in the context of the modern period, presents social and economic indicators of the transport and logistics sector, system of state regulation, structural characteristics of logistics centers, agricultural foreign trade and logistics infrastructure. The main factors were identified hindering development of agrologistics in Belarus. Organizational and economic mechanism has been developed for improving logistical activities at the interstate (EAEU) and national levels have been developed. In case of proposal to create a single agrologistics market of Eurasian Economic Union at the interstate level, it is planned to increase efficiency of the national agrologistics market on the national level based on expansion of logistics infrastructure. Via integration of several prediction methods (expert assessments (pessimistic, optimistic and probabilistic opinions), economic and mathematical (extrapolation, time series analysis), non-standard (verbal information)), a reasonable forecast of development of logistics centers of the Republic of Belarus until 2025 was made. The issues in the paper are of interest for preparation of draft state programs and strategies in the field of agrologistics and development of exchange activities, development of country position in implementation of the agreed agro-industrial policy of the EAEU Member States.Acknowledgments. The study was performed within the framework of the following research programs and assignments: State program of scientific research “Quality and efficiency of agro-industrial production” for 2016–2020, subprogram 1 “Economics of agro-industrial complex”, task 1.3 “Study of theoretical and methodological basis for efficient functioning of the national food system, improvement of foreign economic activity of agro-industrial complex, methods and mechanisms of management for agricultural products quality in the context of deepening regional and international integration ” for 2016–2018; State Research and Technical Program “Agropromkompleks-2020” for 2016–2020, subprogram “Agropromkompleks – efficiency and quality”, task 1.1 “Develop a system of scientifically substantiated recommendations ensuring sustainable and efficient functioning of the national food market, foreign trade policy of the agro-industrial complex of Belarus, forming of mechanism of state regulation of agricultural products quality in the context of development of the world trade and economic space” for 2016–2018.