Hasil untuk "Public law"

Sonia Katyal

In this Article, I explore the impending conflict between the protection of civil rights and artificial intelligence (AI). While both areas of law have amassed rich and well-developed areas of scholarly work and doctrinal support, a growing body of scholars are interrogating the intersection between them. This Article argues that the issues surrounding algorithmic accountability demonstrate a deeper, more structural tension within a new generation of disputes regarding law and technology. As I argue, the true promise of AI does not lie in the information we reveal to one another, but rather in the questions it raises about the interaction of technology, property, and civil rights. For this reason, I argue that we are looking in the wrong place if we look only to the state to address issues of algorithmic accountability. Instead, we must turn to other ways to ensure more transparency and accountability that stem from private industry, rather than public regulation. The issue of algorithmic bias represents a crucial new world of civil rights concerns, one that is distinct in nature from the ones that preceded it. Since we are in a world where the activities of private corporations, rather than the state, are raising concerns about privacy, due process, and discrimination, we must focus on the role of private corporations in addressing the issue. Towards this end, I discuss a variety of tools to help eliminate the opacity of AI, including codes of conduct, impact statements, and whistleblower protection, which I argue carries the potential to encourage greater endogeneity in civil rights enforcement. Ultimately, by examining the relationship between private industry and civil rights, we can perhaps develop a new generation of forms of accountability in the process.

Miguel Querejeta

This paper presents the first catalog of celestial and terrestrial globes, as well as armillary spheres and orreries, produced before 1900 and preserved in Spanish public institutions. Most globes have an English or French origin, predominantly from the late 18th or 19th centuries. We highlight a few outstanding examples, including an early metallic terrestrial globe, a mysterious blue celestial manuscript globe, the oldest preserved Spanish printed globe, and some interesting clockwork pieces. While Spain has not been a major producer of globes, it does preserve around two hundred historical globes in public collections, including several remarkable pieces.

Lucile Ter-Minassian

The development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, with their profound societal impacts, raise critical challenges for governance. Historically, technological innovations have been governed by concentrated expertise with limited public input. However, AI's pervasive influence across domains such as healthcare, employment, and justice necessitates inclusive governance approaches. This article explores the tension between expert-led oversight and democratic participation, analyzing models of participatory and deliberative democracy. Using case studies from France and Brazil, we highlight how inclusive frameworks can bridge the gap between technical complexity and public accountability. Recommendations are provided for integrating these approaches into a balanced governance model tailored to the European Union, emphasizing transparency, diversity, and adaptive regulation to ensure that AI governance reflects societal values while maintaining technical rigor. This analysis underscores the importance of hybrid frameworks that unite expertise and public voice in shaping the future of AI policy.

Garrik Hoyt, Eleanor Bergren, Gabrielle String et al.

Downsizing the US public health workforce throughout 2025 amplifies potential risks during public health crises. Expert judgment from public health officials represents a vital information source, distinct from traditional surveillance infrastructure, that should be valued -- not discarded. Understanding how expert knowledge functions under constraints is essential for understanding the potential impact of reduced capacity. To explore expert forecasting capabilities, 114 public health officials at the 2024 CSTE workshop generated 103 predictions plus 102 rationales of peak hospitalizations and 114 predictions of influenza H3 versus H1 dominance in Pennsylvania for the 2024/25 season. We compared expert predictions to computational models and used rationales to analyze reasoning patterns using Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Experts better predicted H3 dominance and assigned lower probability to implausible scenarios than models. Expert rationales drew on historical patterns, pathogen interactions, vaccine data, and cumulative experience. Expert public health knowledge constitutes a critical data source that should be valued equally with traditional datasets. We recommend developing a national toolkit to systematically collect and analyze expert predictions and rationales, treating human judgment as quantifiable data alongside surveillance systems to enhance crisis response capabilities.

Mohammad Mahdi Chegini, Farhad Pourkeyvan

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: This article examines the moral principles and norms required by legislators, particularly parliamentarians, from the perspective of Islamic teachings, which is significant for crafting appropriate codes of conduct. It aims to differentiate the unique professional ethics requirements for parliamentarians within a religious democratic context like the Islamic Republic of Iran. Additionally, it identifies potential conflicts or synergies between Islamic ethics and global ethical standards. METHOD & FINDING: The approach includes a comparative analysis, looking at contemporary practices of ethical code development, alongside a focused review of Islamic religious texts and their interpretations regarding moral governance. Key findings suggest that trustworthiness, confidentiality, consultation, and adherence to the law stand out as crucial ethical obligations. Moreover, the article highlights the potential pitfalls of not adhering to these ethical standards, such as the loss of public trust and the erosion of the legislative body's effectiveness. The approach includes a comparative analysis, looking at contemporary practices of ethical code development, alongside a focused review of Islamic religious texts and their interpretations regarding moral governance. Key findings suggest that trustworthiness, confidentiality, consultation, and adherence to the law stand out as crucial ethical obligations. Moreover, the article highlights the potential pitfalls of not adhering to these ethical standards, such as the loss of public trust and the erosion of the legislative body's effectiveness.CONCLUSION: The development of a comprehensive moral framework for parliamentarians is not only a foundational step in enhancing the integrity of governance but also crucial for maintaining public trust and accountability. Islamic teachings provide a robust foundation for these ethical norms, emphasizing the importance of moral conduct in leadership roles. By adhering to these principles, legislators can ensure more effective governance and a greater alignment with the public's interests, which ultimately strengthens the overall democratic structure.

Matić Aleksandar M., Ivanović Aleksandar V., Cvetković Dragan B.

The provision of public services as a legal institute is applied in the legal system of the Republic of Serbia for the purpose of realizing rights and legal interests in the context of exercising the general interest, and at the same time represents one of the administrative matters prescribed in the Law on General Administrative Procedure. The provision of public services, as a legal institute, is introduced into the administrative and legal system of the Republic of Serbia by the adoption of the aforementioned law, and in accordance with the trend of harmonizing our legislation with the legal system of the European Union. This institute is regulated by the aforementioned law (Articles 31 and 32), through two articles. Its introduction into the administrative legal system shows the seriousness of the work of the public administration, and thus enables a safer and more favorable position of the parties in terms of meeting the needs of users of public services. Bearing in mind that the provision of public services through the system of introduction of E-administration represents a novelty in administrative procedure, the effects of the application of this institute in practice will be subject to consideration in order to further improve its normative framework. Public administration reform is one of the key processes of European integration, which at the same time represents a process that should improve the entire system of public administration in the Republic of Serbia, and therefore the quality of services that public administration provides to users of public services.

Andrew A. Brown, Juan J. Fernandez-Tajes, Mun-gwan Hong et al.

Abstract We evaluate the shared genetic regulation of mRNA molecules, proteins and metabolites derived from whole blood from 3029 human donors. We find abundant allelic heterogeneity, where multiple variants regulate a particular molecular phenotype, and pleiotropy, where a single variant associates with multiple molecular phenotypes over multiple genomic regions. The highest proportion of share genetic regulation is detected between gene expression and proteins (66.6%), with a further median shared genetic associations across 49 different tissues of 78.3% and 62.4% between plasma proteins and gene expression. We represent the genetic and molecular associations in networks including 2828 known GWAS variants, showing that GWAS variants are more often connected to gene expression in trans than other molecular phenotypes in the network. Our work provides a roadmap to understanding molecular networks and deriving the underlying mechanism of action of GWAS variants using different molecular phenotypes in an accessible tissue.

Yan Jiang, Ruihong Qiu, Yi Zhang et al.

As social media becomes increasingly popular, more and more activities related to public health emerge. Current techniques for public health analysis involve popular models such as BERT and large language models (LLMs). However, the costs of training in-domain LLMs for public health are especially expensive. Furthermore, such kinds of in-domain datasets from social media are generally imbalanced. To tackle these challenges, the data imbalance issue can be overcome by data augmentation and balanced training. Moreover, the ability of the LLMs can be effectively utilized by prompting the model properly. In this paper, a novel ALEX framework is proposed to improve the performance of public health analysis on social media by adopting an LLMs explanation mechanism. Results show that our ALEX model got the best performance among all submissions in both Task 2 and Task 4 with a high score in Task 1 in Social Media Mining for Health 2023 (SMM4H)[1]. Our code has been released at https:// github.com/YanJiangJerry/ALEX.

Shengxuan Ding, Changwei Yuan, Jing Chen et al.

With the continuous improvement of urbanization and motorization, travel demand in historical blocks is higher than before. The contradiction between supply of transportation facilities and environmental protection is more serious. Traditional public transport planning methods aim to improve mobility. However, several existing studies do not put travelers in the first place, which ignore quantitative description of land uses and the characteristics of travelers. This paper intends to improve individual accessibility of public transportation in historical districts. Based on POI data, the calculation of accessibility combines the utility model and spatial interaction model. To optimize public transportation, the goal of improving individual accessibility is transformed into reducing residents' travel negative utility. Using a real-world dataset in Beilin District of Xian, the performance of the proposed model is evaluated. This paper calculates the present accessibility and uses ant colony algorithm to optimize public transportation. The results demonstrate that the calculation and optimization of public transportation accessibility are practical, which are also valuable to public transportation planning and organization in historical blocks.

Arash Khalvan, Amirhossein Zali, Mahmoud Ahmadian Attari

Due to the weakness of public key cryptosystems encounter of quantum computers, the need to provide a solution was emerged. The McEliece cryptosystem and its security equivalent, the Niederreiter cryptosystem, which are based on Goppa codes, are one of the solutions, but they are not practical due to their long key length. Several prior attempts to decrease the length of the public key in code-based cryptosystems involved substituting the Goppa code family with other code families. However, these efforts ultimately proved to be insecure. In 2016, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) called for proposals from around the world to standardize post-quantum cryptography (PQC) schemes to solve this issue. After receiving of various proposals in this field, the Classic McEliece cryptosystem, as well as the Hamming Quasi-Cyclic (HQC) and Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation (BIKE), chosen as code-based encryption category cryptosystems that successfully progressed to the final stage. This article proposes a method for developing a code-based public key cryptography scheme that is both simple and implementable. The proposed scheme has a much shorter public key length compared to the NIST finalist cryptosystems. The key length for the primary parameters of the McEliece cryptosystem (n=1024, k=524, t=50) ranges from 18 to 500 bits. The security of this system is at least as strong as the security of the Niederreiter cryptosystem. The proposed structure is based on the Niederreiter cryptosystem which exhibits a set of highly advantageous properties that make it a suitable candidate for implementation in all extant systems.

Himel Mondal, Emil D. Parvanov, Emil D. Parvanov et al.

BackgroundCrowdsourcing is a low-cost, adaptable, and innovative method to collect ideas from numerous contributors with diverse backgrounds. Crowdsourcing from social media like Twitter can be used for generating ideas in a noticeably brief time based on contributions from globally distributed users. The world has been challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic in the last several years. Measures to combat the pandemic continue to evolve worldwide, and ideas and opinions on optimal counteraction strategies are of high interest.ObjectiveThis study aimed to validate the use of Twitter as a crowdsourcing platform in order to gain an understanding of public opinion on what measures can help to end the COVID-19 pandemic faster.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from December 22, 2021, to February 4, 2022. Tweets were posted by accounts operated by the authors, asking “How to faster end the COVID-19 pandemic?” and encouraging the viewers to comment on measures that they perceive would be effective to achieve this goal. The ideas from the users' comments were collected and categorized into two major themes – personal and institutional measures. In the final stage of the campaign, a Twitter poll was conducted to get additional comments and to estimate which of the two groups of measures were perceived to be important amongst Twitter users.ResultsThe crowdsourcing campaign generated seventeen suggested measures categorized into two major themes (personal and institutional) that received a total of 1,727 endorsements (supporting comments, retweets, and likes). The poll received a total of 325 votes with 58% of votes underscoring the importance of both personal and institutional measures, 20% favoring personal measures, 11% favoring institutional measures, and 11% of the votes given just out of curiosity to see the vote results.ConclusionsTwitter was utilized successfully for crowdsourcing ideas on strategies how to end the COVID-19 pandemic faster. The results indicate that the Twitter community highly values the significance of both personal responsibility and institutional measures to counteract the pandemic. This study validates the use of Twitter as a primary tool that could be used for crowdsourcing ideas with healthcare significance.

Hosseinali Kalhor, Hossein Malakooti Hashajin, Ayat Mulaee et al.

E-voting is considered to mean the further enhancement and strengthening of democratic processes in the information of modern societies. Electronic voting must first comply with the existing legal and regulatory framework. In addition, e-voting should be technically implemented in a way that specifies the requirements and regulations to reach the maximum number of users. As a result, the purpose of this article is twofold. In the first place (first), to identify the set of general requirements of the Constitution that must be considered when designing an electronic voting system for general elections. This set of requirements will lead to the acceptable design of the specific principles of a law for the electronic voting system. In the second stage (second), by identifying the process of logical integration, the requirements of the electronic voting system are determined. These requirements are the result of design principles that have already been identified. This research seeks to find the answer to the question whether the electronic voting scheme can meet the legal requirements as established in modern information societies. In addition, what differences can be made between different types of electronic voting system requirements? The results using the descriptive-analytical method and collecting library documents show that at present the possibility of electronic voting should be considered only as a complementary tool for traditional electoral processes. The main reason for this phenomenon is the digital divide, the inherent distrust of electronic voting, as well as the inadequacy of existing technology tools to meet certain requirements.

Takashi Ui

A policymaker discloses public information to interacting agents who also acquire costly private information. More precise public information reduces the precision and cost of acquired private information. Considering this effect, what disclosure rule should the policymaker adopt? We address this question under two alternative assumptions using a linear quadratic Gaussian game with arbitrary quadratic material welfare and convex information costs. First, the policymaker knows the cost of private information and adopts an optimal disclosure rule to maximize the expected welfare. Second, the policymaker is uncertain about the cost and adopts a robust disclosure rule to maximize the worst-case welfare. Depending on the elasticity of marginal cost, an optimal rule is qualitatively the same as that in the case of either a linear information cost or exogenous private information. The worst-case welfare is strictly increasing if and only if full disclosure is optimal under some information costs, which provides a new rationale for central bank transparency.

Md Nazmul Alam, Joseph R. Matson, Patrick Sohr et al.

Heterostructures including the members of the 6.1Å semiconductor family (AlSb, GaSb, and InAs) are used in infrared optoelectronic devices as well as a variety of other applications. Short-period superlattices of these materials are also of interest for creating composite materials with designer infrared dielectric functions. The conditions needed to create sharp InAs/GaSb and InAs/AlSb interfaces are well known, but the AlSb/GaSb interface is much less well-understood. In this article, we test a variety of interventions designed to improve interface sharpness in AlSb/GaSb short-period superlattices. These interventions include substrate temperature, III:Sb flux ratio, and the use of a bismuth surfactant. Superlattices are characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. We find that AlSb/GaSb short-period superlattices have a wide growth window over which sharp interfaces can be obtained.

Zhiyong Zheng, Wenlin Huang, Jie Xu et al.

In this paper, we define and discuss φ-cyclic code, which may be regarded as a general form of the ordinary cyclic code. As applications, we explain how to extend two public key encryption schemes, one is McEliece and Niederriter's cryptosystem of which is based on error-correcting code theory. Another one is NTRU public key cryptosystem of which is based on polynomial ring theory. The main purpose of this paper is to give a more general construction of NTRU based on ideal matrices and q-ary lattice theory.

Piotr Gramacki, Szymon Woźniak, Piotr Szymański

We selected 48 European cities and gathered their public transport timetables in the GTFS format. We utilized Uber's H3 spatial index to divide each city into hexagonal micro-regions. Based on the timetables data we created certain features describing the quantity and variety of public transport availability in each region. Next, we trained an auto-associative deep neural network to embed each of the regions. Having such prepared representations, we then used a hierarchical clustering approach to identify similar regions. To do so, we utilized an agglomerative clustering algorithm with a euclidean distance between regions and Ward's method to minimize in-cluster variance. Finally, we analyzed the obtained clusters at different levels to identify some number of clusters that qualitatively describe public transport availability. We showed that our typology matches the characteristics of analyzed cities and allows succesful searching for areas with similar public transport schedule characteristics.

Krzysztof Przewozniak, Silvano Gallus, Paweł Koczkodaj

Objective To review available reports on harvesting personal data about tobacco habits from iQOS users and raise awareness of tobacco users and tobacco control community on this risk. Methods The analysis is mainly based on data taken from patent documentation, reports on technological inspection of iQOS hardware, marketing reports, including iQOS strategy for point-of-sale, internal industry documents and consumer's guidelines. In addition, it includes media reports, desk research made by public health specialists, and industry statements and claims in the press and in media interviews. Results The recent reports warn the public on new risk in using novel tobacco products such as iQOS. Patent documentation and technological inspection reports prove that the iQOS is equipped with two microcontroller chips enable to store and transmit usage information to producer. Findings of public health specialists and media reports provide evidence that Phillip Morris International (PMI - iQOS producer) already builds the mega database of iQOS customers for these needs. Collected data include the number of puffs and average iQOS use per day that seems to be crucial information for manipulating user's addiction potential and his tobacco habits. Conclusions The use of iQOS may create a potential risk of personal data harvesting. Such data could be stored on PMI database and used both for tobacco marketing and reinforcing a potential tobacco addiction. There is an urgent need to do in-depth examination on iQOS hardware capabilities, its software, PMI storage database and iQOS marketing and promotion strategy (both in points of sale and in Internet, including cloud and deep data). Personal data protection of tobacco consumers should be incorporated into human and civil rights agenda and considered for law regulation at least in those countries where such legislative measures are not enough strong or not enforced at all.

Hana Habib, Neil Shah, Rajan Vaish

Public sharing is integral to online platforms. This includes the popular multimedia messaging application Snapchat, on which public sharing is relatively new and unexplored in prior research. In mobile-first applications, sharing contexts are dynamic. However, it is unclear how context impacts users' sharing decisions. As platforms increasingly rely on user-generated content, it is important to also broadly understand user motivations and considerations in public sharing. We explored these aspects of content sharing through a survey of 1,515 Snapchat users. Our results indicate that users primarily have intrinsic motivations for publicly sharing Snaps, such as to share an experience with the world, but also have considerations related to audience and sensitivity of content. Additionally, we found that Snaps shared publicly were contextually different from those privately shared. Our findings suggest that content sharing systems can be designed to support sharing motivations, yet also be sensitive to private contexts.

Fabio Sanchez, Jorge Arroyo-Esquivel, Paola Vasquez

Dengue virus has caused major problems for public health officials for decades in tropical and subtropical countries. We construct a compartmental model that includes the risk of hospitalization and its impact on public health policies. The basic reproductive number, $\mathcal{R}_0$, is computed, as well as a sensitivity analysis on $\mathcal{R}_0$ parameters and discuss the relevance in public health policies. The local and global stability of the disease-free equilibrium is established. Numerical simulations are performed to better determine future prevention/control strategies.

Juraj Jankuv

This study contains analysis of the relationship between the European Union law and the international public law in the spirit of the founding treaties of the European Union, combined with analysis of selected jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the field of relationship of the international public law and the European Union law. In the context of these analyses, the relationship between the European Union environmental law and the international environmental law as specific, newly emerging sectors of both systems of law can also be elucidated. Given the existing interactions between the European Union law and the international public law, we consider these analyses to be scientifically useful which will allow us to identify the key elements of the relationship between the two sectors of law in conclusions of the study and thus help the process of their smooth application in legal practice.