The costly provision of public goods serves as a model problem for the evolution of cooperative behavior, presenting a social dilemma between the collective benefits of shared resources and the individual incentive to free-ride in resource production. The spatial structure of populations can also impact cooperation over public goods, as diffusion of public goods and intentional motion of individuals towards regions with greater resources can interact with population and public goods dynamics to produce heterogeneous patterns in the spatial distribution of strategies and resources. In this paper, we build off a model introduced by Young and Belmonte for the reaction dynamics of interacting individuals and explicit public good, deriving a system of PDEs that describes the spatial profiles of strategies and the public good in the presence of both diffusive motion of individuals and resources and chemotaxis-like directed motion of individuals in response to gradients in the concentration of public goods. Through linear stability analysis, we show that spatial patterns in strategic and public goods profiles can emerge due to either Turing instability with high defector diffusivity or a directed-motion instability through strong sensitivity of cooperators towards increasing resource concentration. We further explore the emergent spatial patterns with a mix of weakly nonlinear stability analysis and numerical simulation, showing that diffusion-driven instability appears to increase cooperation and public goods across the spatial domain, while directed motion of cooperators towards regions with great public goods provision tends to decrease cooperation and environmental quality across the environment.
We model an electorate voting on the funding of a public good in a two-party system in an evolutionary game theory framework. Voters adopt one of four strategies: Consensus-makers, Gridlockers, Party 1 Zealots, and Party 2 Zealots, which they may change via imitation. The public good benefits both individuals locally and those in neighbouring regions due to spillover effects. A system of differential equations governs the spatial movement of individuals and shifts in their voting strategies. Local social interactions drive strategy evolution, while migration occurs toward areas of higher utility, which is a function of both social and economic factors. Our results reveal bistability and significant spatial variations. Locally, populations converge to a politically gridlocked state or a mix of consensus-makers and zealots, determining public good provisioning. We find that public good spillovers generate a free-rider effect and poorly funded regions become spatially tied to, and dependent upon, well-funded ones.
Gloria Alarcón-García, José Manuel Mayor Balsas, Edgardo Arturo Ayala Gaytán
Most research exploring the effect of trust on tax compliance focuses on institutional trust or diluted trust. In contrast, the role of dense social trust has been scarcely investigated, even less through rigorous empirical contrasts that determine the potential causal relationship between this type of trust and tax compliance. This paper contributes to this line of research, providing empirical evidence in this regard. Based on a sample of 2059 young university students, and using a structural equation model, we conclude that the behaviors and attitudes towards tax fraud and the economy that occur in the family potentially influence young people’s fiscal awareness.
Sayıştay hesap yargılamasının Türk yargı sistemindeki yeri ve konumu, idare hukuku ve mali hukuk literatüründe yeterince tartışılmamış son derece önemli bir konudur. Sayıştay yargısının mahiyetine ilişkin olarak öne sürülen düşünceler, genellikle Sayıştay hesap yargılamasının sui generis niteliğine vurgu yapmakla yetinmekte, bu alanda yürütülen tartışmalar Sayıştay yargısının idare hukuku ve mali hukuk bağlamındaki özellikli konumunu belirginleştirmekten uzak görünmektedir. Anayasa Mahkemesi 2013 ve 2014 yıllarında verdiği kararlarda; Sayıştay’ın bir mahkeme olduğunu vurgulamış, böylece Sayıştay kararlarının yargısal anlamda kesin hüküm niteliğinde olduğu yani yargısal kimliğe sahip olduğu teyit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada spesifik olarak sadece “vergi, benzeri mali yükümlülükler ve ödevler dışındaki” hususlara, yani kabaca kamu zararı müessesine ilişkin hususlara münhasır olmak üzere, Sayıştay kararları ile Danıştay kararları arasında doğabilecek hüküm uyuşmazlıklarının Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi nezdinde çözüme kavuşturulması gereğine işaret edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Anayasada ve ilgili mevzuatta herhangi bir değişiklik yapılmasına gerek olmaksızın söz konusu hüküm uyuşmazlıklarının Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesince çözüme kavuşturulmasında hukuki bir engel bulunmadığı vurgulanmıştır. Kanaatimizce Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi, Sayıştayı geniş anlamda idari yargı rejiminin içinde faaliyet gösteren bir yargı mercii olarak mütalaa ederek Danıştay ve Sayıştay kararları arasındaki hüküm uyuşmazlıklarını çözüme kavuşturabilir. Nitekim Anayasanın 160’ıncı maddesinde yer alan Sayıştayın kesinleşmiş kararları dolayısıyla idari yargı yoluna başvurulamayacağı hükmü esasında Anayasa koyucunun Sayıştay yargısını geniş anlamda idari yargı rejiminin bir parçası olarak kavradığının açık bir göstergesidir.
With growing uncertainty in global trade, improving access to domestic capital markets has become an important way to manage financial risk spillovers. This study examines how the registration system reform affects the finance sector's risk spillovers to other 10 sectors in China's stock market using a dual machine learning model. The findings include: (1) The finance sector's risk spillovers vary over time and are heterogeneous. Risk spillovers rapidly intensify two months after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the average net ∆CoVaR value changing from -0.001 to -0.006. The finance sector mainly accepts risk from the public utility sector and exports risk to the other 9 sectors, with the highest spillovers going to the communication and information technology sectors, showing extreme net ΔCoVaR values around -0.02. (2) The registration system reform increases the finance sector's risk spillover effect, and this conclusion remains the same after a series of robustness tests. (3) Sector heterogeneity tests show that the reform boosts the finance sector's risk spillovers to cyclical sectors and sectors with a low proportion of strategic emerging companies but reduces risk spillovers to midstream and supportive sectors. Finally, some suggestions and implications are proposed.
IntroductionPublic sector institutions must utilize public policies effectively to deliver essential programs and services designed to tackle pressing community issues. The pervasive housing shortages have created significant distress surrounding asset acquisition, housing finance, property dynamics, affordable housing, and community development.MethodologyAdopting a qualitative methodology, the paper using the systematic review rigorously analysed the contributions of social actors in fostering sustainable communities and elevating the living standards of residents. The PRISMA assisted in identifying sources that can be included or excluded in the study for relevance, credibility, and methodological rigor. This diligent search encompassed literature published between 2005 and 2024, using academic databases, including EBSCO, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ProQuest, Springer, and Science Direct. Furthermore, the inclusion of grey literature and registry sources enriched the inquiry with diverse conceptual perspectives.ResultsA total of 113 records emerged 80 from databases, 20 from registers, and 13 from additional sources like manual searches and unpublished materials. Leveraging social identity theory highlights the importance of individual identification with collective groups that share common interests. The findings unequivocally indicate that robust mechanisms are necessary to allow individuals in need of housing to align themselves with policy concerned groups devoted to building sustainable cities and enriching citizens’ quality of life.DiscussionThis paper decisively assesses the critical role of social actors in constructing sustainable cities that aim to enhance the quality of life for marginalized communities. Active participation in public policy processes is not just beneficial but essential for these community members, enabling them to secure improvements that would be unattainable without their engaged involvement. The paper strongly recommends that social actors engaged in housing challenges take the initiative to advocate for legislative changes that unequivocally benefit their constituents with shared goals.
This study aims to explore the impact of celebrity endorsement in social media advertisements for food, beverages, and telecommunications on brand love through brand image. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data collected from a convenience sample of 399 students at Cairo and Port Said universities. The results indicated the vital role of brand image as a mediating variable in the relationship between celebrity endorsement (credibility, attractiveness, and expertise) and brand love. Additionally, a favorable impact was observed for brand image on brand love.تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى اكتشاف أثر تأييد الشخصية الشهيرة فى إعلانات الأغذية والمشروبات والاتصالات في مصر على حب العلامة التجارية من خلال صورة العلامة التجارية. تم استخدام نمذجة المعادلات الهيكلية (SEM) لتحليل البيانات التي تم جمعها من عينة ميسرة من 399 طالبًا في جامعتي القاهرة وبورسعيد. أظهرت النتائج الدور الحيوي لصورة العلامة التجارية كمتغير وسيط في العلاقة بين دعم الشخصية الشهيرة (المصداقية، والجاذبية، والخبرة) وحب العلامة التجارية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، لوحظ تأثير إيجابي لصورة العلامة التجارية على حب العلامة التجارية.
Public permissionless blockchains facilitate peer-to-peer digital transactions, yet face performance challenges specifically minimizing transaction confirmation time to decrease energy and time consumption per transaction. Performance evaluation and prediction are crucial in achieving this objective, with performance modeling as a key solution despite the complexities involved in assessing these blockchains. This survey examines prior research concerning the performance modeling blockchain systems, specifically focusing on public permissionless blockchains. Initially, it provides foundational knowledge about these blockchains and the crucial performance parameters for their assessment. Additionally, the study delves into research on the performance modeling of public permissionless blockchains, predominantly considering these systems as bulk service queues. It also examines prior studies on workload and traffic modeling, characterization, and analysis within these blockchain networks. By analyzing existing research, our survey aims to provide insights and recommendations for researchers keen on enhancing the performance of public permissionless blockchains or devising novel mechanisms in this domain.
Government policies to encourage homeownership rates for low-income communities (MBR) are implemented through the Housing Finance Liquidity Facility (FLPP) program, executed since 2010. However, more than half of the built subsidized homes need to meet the minimum construction standards and infrastructure requirements that can impact the health quality of their occupants. This study aims to investigate the impact of government support for purchasing subsidized housing from Indonesia's FLPP program on district/city-level public health. The results of this study indicated that the FLPP program affects home occupancy rates and the FLPP program also has a negative relationship with community morbidity levels in the MBR group. As well, state intervention in the housing sector with the FLPP subsidized housing program can demonstrably improve the quality of public health. This study recommends that the government maintain the FLPP program because, apart from increasing occupancy, it indirectly impacts health quality improvement
Economics as a science, Economic growth, development, planning
Alejandro Peña, Aythami Morales, Julian Fierrez
et al.
The analysis of public affairs documents is crucial for citizens as it promotes transparency, accountability, and informed decision-making. It allows citizens to understand government policies, participate in public discourse, and hold representatives accountable. This is crucial, and sometimes a matter of life or death, for companies whose operation depend on certain regulations. Large Language Models (LLMs) have the potential to greatly enhance the analysis of public affairs documents by effectively processing and understanding the complex language used in such documents. In this work, we analyze the performance of LLMs in classifying public affairs documents. As a natural multi-label task, the classification of these documents presents important challenges. In this work, we use a regex-powered tool to collect a database of public affairs documents with more than 33K samples and 22.5M tokens. Our experiments assess the performance of 4 different Spanish LLMs to classify up to 30 different topics in the data in different configurations. The results shows that LLMs can be of great use to process domain-specific documents, such as those in the domain of public affairs.
Massimo Bartoletti, James Chiang, Tommi Junttila
et al.
Decentralised Finance (DeFi) applications constitute an entire financial ecosystem deployed on blockchains. Such applications are based on complex protocols and incentive mechanisms whose financial safety is hard to determine. Besides, their adoption is rapidly growing, hence imperilling an increasingly higher amount of assets. Therefore, accurate formalisation and verification of DeFi applications is essential to assess their safety. We have developed a tool for the formal analysis of one of the most widespread DeFi applications: Lending Pools (LP). This was achieved by leveraging an existing formal model for LPs, the Maude verification environment and the MultiVeStA statistical analyser. The tool supports several analyses including reachability analysis, LTL model checking and statistical model checking. In this paper we show how the tool can be used to analyse several parameters of LPs that are fundamental to assess and predict their behaviour. In particular, we use statistical analysis to search for threshold and reward parameters that minimize the risk of unrecoverable loans.
Economists have contributed important theoretical and empirical findings to the study of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits, but a deliberate study of the effect of UI taxation’s unique structure remains undone. We summarize available evidence on UI taxation, describe the history and institutions of experience rating, and outline important lines of inquiry for future work. As unemployment has risen, so has the need for a body of policy-relevant knowledge about the function and financing of UI systems.
Public procurement is investigated in terms of results and maximum efficiency of allocation of financial resources of the national public budget. In the context of economic development, optimization of the management of public financial resources is based on improving the legislation on public procurement and the financing mechanism. Based on this, public procurement is a complex, multi-level, interdependent system, the functioning at the all public levels. The aim of the research is to conduct a comprehensive study of the main problems and features of public procurement financing in order to optimize public finance management at the national level and to develop recommendations for improving the public procurement system in the Republic of Moldova. The methodology is based on the structural research method. The article is based on a study of the public procurement system in the Republic of Moldova, analyzing its constituent elements. The analytical method was used to study the concept of public procurement. The study established the relationship between the ethical behavior of officials, the effectiveness of control and the implementation of information systems to optimize the system of financing public procurement in the Republic of Moldova. Proposals are presented to improve the efficiency of the public financing mechanism in the context of electronic public procurement procedures within the automated information system “State Register of Public Procurements” MTender
Transmission of gas from extraction wells is a precondition for transferring this resource to consumers, which in turn requires a comprehensive system in production, transmission, and distribution. The transmission cost varies depending on the transmission distance, route difficulty, number of stations, and decrease or increase in pressure. Hence, concentrating on another energy resource with low investment requirements that could be delivered for consumption at the production area can lead to reduction in costs and time efficiency as well. The present study attempts to compare the combined solar wind power plants with the gas transmission, in terms of cost and revenue in Andica county, located in Khuzestan province, using simulation tools for renewable power plants. The findings suggest that combined power plants have significantly lower cost than gas transmission power lines in terms of investment requirements. The operation cost of gas transmission lines has a significantly higher price in relation to its ensuing revenue, since the operation costs of combined power plants are covered by annual revenue from the electricity supply. In general, it should be said that the high cost of capital for gas transmission, considering the annual income from its sale, refutes its economical profit, while the combined power plant, due to the lower cost of capital than gas transmission, produces more revenue than gas sales, so it is more economically justifiable than gas transmission.
In 2018, the federal government coordinated point-in-time counts in 61 Canadian communities. These counts, all conducted over the course of a few nights during the months of March and April, revealed that 25,216 people were experiencing homelessness. Of those, 20,803 slept in emergency shelters while 4,481 slept on the streets, in cars, or in some other unsuitable place.
Reviewing the data for 49 of those 61 communities, this paper examines the impact of community-level conditions on the prevalence of homelessness. The structural determinants of both sheltered and unsheltered homelessness are examined. The analysis shows that more expensive low-quality rental units have a strong positive relationship with the numbers of people staying in homeless shelters. A higher percentage of people in a community living in poverty is also related to increased numbers of people having to make use of homeless shelters. Increases in social assistance income, which undoubtedly improved the well-being of recipients, had no significant relationship with the number of people experiencing homelessness. This latter result is consistent with individuals and families with low income having a small income elasticity of housing demand. For these individuals and families, marginal additions to income are first used to relieve constraints on their budgets for food, utilities, and other necessities rather than being used to finance improvements in housing conditions. The fraction of the population that self-identifies as Indigenous is positively related to both sheltered and unsheltered homelessness, a result consistent with claims of discrimination in housing markets. Finally, a milder climate is associated with higher numbers of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness.
These results suggest the most effective policy response to addressing homelessness is to lower the cost of shelter, an outcome best achieved by increasing the supply
of shelter that can be afforded by individuals and families with limited income. To
this end, public policies directed toward reducing the cost of construction, policies
that include reviewing density restrictions and land-use regulations and offering tax incentives, can be effective. Preventing the disappearance of single-room occupancy hotels, boarding houses, trailer parks and other forms of housing affordable to people with limited income are other policy responses likely to be associated with decreases
in homelessness. Increasing the stock of government-owned housing is another policy option, one best suited for providing housing for people whose homelessness is caused or exacerbated by disability, mental illness, substance abuse or other health issues requiring other support services. Marginal increases in income support, while important for increasing the well-being of individuals and families with limited income, are unlikely to be associated with decreases in homelessness unless they are sufficiently large to significantly reduce rates of poverty in the community.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Ravishankar Ramanathan, Michał Banacki, Paweł Horodecki
The extraction of randomness from weakly random seeds is a topic of central importance in cryptography. Weak sources of randomness can be considered to be either private or public, where public sources such as the NIST randomness beacon broadcast the random bits once they are generated. The problem of device-independent randomness extraction from weak public sources against no-signalling adversaries has remained open. In this paper, we show protocols for device-independent and one-sided device-independent amplification of randomness from weak public Santha Vazirani (SV) sources that use a finite number of devices and are secure against no-signaling adversaries. Specifically, under the assumption that the device behavior is as prescribed by quantum mechanics the protocols allow for amplification of public $ε$-SV sources for arbitrary initial $ε\in [0,0.5)$. On the other hand, when only the assumption of no-signaling between the components of the device is made, the protocols allow for amplification of a limited set of weak public SV sources.
We introduce a variant of quantum signatures in which nonbinary symbols are signed instead of bits. The public keys are fingerprinting states, just as in the scheme of Gottesman and Chuang, but we allow for multiple ways to reveal the private key partially. The effect of this modification is a reduction of the number of qubits expended per message bit. We give a security proof and we present numerical results that show how the improvement in public key size depends on the message length.