Hasil untuk "Political institutions and public administration (General)"

Liviu Radu

<p>This article analyzes the origins and evolution of public administration by framing it as collective action aimed at achieving common goals. It highlights cooperation and purpose as the defining features of administration and shows how administrative systems develop in response to environmental, geographical, and political challenges. Drawing on historical examples, the article illustrates how different contexts have produced distinct forms of state organization. A key component of the analysis is the theory of the social contract as articulated by Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. Their ideas offer contrasting justifications for political authority, ranging from the need for security and order to the protection of natural rights and the assertion of popular sovereignty. The article also examines the practical and normative limits of these theories. Finally, the study compares major European administrative models, particularly the Napoleonic and Germanic traditions, emphasizing differences in centralization, legalism, federalism, and bureaucratic professionalism. It concludes that public administration is shaped by a persistent tension between state effectiveness and democratic accountability.</p>

Tomáš Diviák, Nicholas Lord

Deferred prosecution agreements (DPAs) are a legal tool for the nontrial resolution of cases of corruption. Each DPA is accompanied by a Statement of Facts that provides detailed and publicly available textual records of the given cases, including summarized evidence of who was involved, what they committed, and with whom. These statements can be translated into networks amenable to social network analysis allowing an analysis of the structure and dynamics of each case. In this study, we show how to extract information about which actors were involved in a given case, the relations and interactions among these actors (e.g., communication or payments), and their relevant individual attributes (gender, affiliation, and sector) from five Statements of Fact. We code the extracted information manually with two independent coders and subsequently, we assess the inter-coder reliability. For assessing the coding reliability of nodes and attributes, we use a matching coefficient, whereas for assessing the coding reliability of ties, we construct a network from the coding of each coder and subsequently calculate the graph correlations of the two resulting networks. The coding of nodes and ties in the five extracted networks turns out to be highly reliable with only slightly lower coding reliability in the case of the largest network. The coding of attributes is highly reliable as well, although it is prone to missing data on actors’ gender. We conclude by discussing the flexibility of our data collection framework and its extension by including network dynamics and nonhuman actors (such as companies) in the network representation.

Marilia C.P. Borges, Sérgio B. Abreu, Carlos H.R. Lima et al.

Basic sanitation services are essential for human development, promoting health and inhibiting the spread of waterborne diseases. The availability of information on water and sanitation services at the local level supports the formulation, implementation and improvement of public policies aimed at advancing the provision of basic sanitation services to the population. In Brazil, the National Water and Sanitation Data System (SNIS), administered by the Ministry of Regional Development (MDR), is the largest information system for water and sanitation services in the country. Here we present the significant aspects of SNIS and offer the most recent results of water and sanitation services in the country, which reveals that water supply is the sanitation service closest to achieve the universalization preconized by the United Nations with almost 93% of the population served. The situation of sanitary sewer services reveals that only 61.9% of the Brazilian population have sewer collection systems, while only 78.5% of the collected volume is actually treated. The remaining 22.5% of the raw sewer is directly disposed in the environment. With respect to the generated sewer, only 49.1% of the volume is treated. The solid waste data show that a large part of the urban population is served by home collection services. The major challenge of this component is to ensure that the final destination is environmentally appropriate, since there are still many dumps that receive waste from different municipalities. The urban drainage data show that most Brazilian municipalities still have deficiencies in the planning of drainage services.

Binti Azizatun Nafi'ah

Abstract Tobacco is an agricultural commodity in the plantation sector which has a high selling value. It is known that the largest customs and excise tax contributor taken by the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DJBC) comes from Tobacco Products Excise (CHT). Behind the large number of revenue from this excise, the government states that smoking deaths take into account the dimensions of public health. Every year the government issues a policy of excise tariffs on tobacco products and exits the retail sale price (HJE), but this policy does not have a significant impact on the public. This study aims to see and describe the government's strategy in maximizing the policy of increasing the tobacco excise tariff (CHT) in the context of smoking prohibition in Indonesia. The research method used is library research (library research) using a contect analysis approach or content study. The results show that the government's strategy in maximizing the tobacco product excise tariff increase policy in order to sacrifice Indonesian cigarettes is still not optimal. increase in tariffs for the purpose of reducing Indonesia's cigarette consumption Abstrak Tembakau merupakan komoditi tani dalam sektor perkebunan yang memiliki nilai jual cukup tinggi. Diketahui penyumbang Pajak Bea dan Cukai terbesar yang di teken oleh Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai (DJBC) berasal dari Cukai Hasil Tembakau (CHT). Dibalik besarnya angka penerimaan dari cukai ini, pemerintah berusaha menekan angka konsumsi rokok utamanya dengan mempertimbangkan dimensi kesehatan masyarakat. Pada setiap tahunnya pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan kenaikan tarif cukai hasil tembakau dan penyesuaian Harga Jual Eceran (HJE),  namun  kebijakan  ini  tidak  memberikan  dampak  yang  cukup  signifikan  dikalangan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan strategi pemerintah dalam memaksimalkan kebijakan kenaikan tarif Cukai Hasil Tembakau (CHT) dalam rangka menekan konsumsi rokok di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan menggunakan pendekatan contect analysis atau kajian isi. Hasil  penelitian  menunjukkan  bahwa  strategi  pemerintah  dalam  memaksimalkan  kebijakan kenaikan tarif Cukai Hasil Tembakau (CHT) dalam rangka menekan konsumsi rokok Indonesia masih belum optimal, hal ini dapat dilihat dari faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat pemerintah dalam memaksimalkan kebijakan kenaikan tarif Cukai Hasil Tembakau (CHT) dalam rangka menekan konsumsi rokok Indonesia.

Jacqueline C. K. Lam, Yang Han, Ruiqiao Bai et al.

In China, one percent of the richest population holds more than one-third of the wealth, while the poorest 25% shares no more than two percent of the total. The country’s rapid economic development has resulted in increasing socio-economic disparities, and a rapidly deteriorating environment. This puts the Chinese citizens, especially the most vulnerable and deprived socio-economic status (SES) groups, at high risks of environmental inequality (EI). In most SES-based EI studies conducted in China, household wealth has often been overlooked, though it potentially serves a good economic indicator to capture the socio-economic effect of environmental change in China. Nevertheless, existing SES databases in China are of low spatial resolution and are insufficient to support fine-grained EI studies at the intra-city level in China. The core research challenge is to develop a representative household wealth proxy in high-spatial resolution for China. This study highlights the research gaps and proposes a new household wealth proxy, which integrates both fine-grained data/features such as daytime satellite imagery and easily accessible wealth indicators such as house prices. We also capitalize on everyday economic activity data retrieved from personal mobile phones and online transaction/social platforms in the composition of our wealth proxy to achieve a higher accuracy in estimating household wealth at fine-grained resolution via machine learning. Finally, we summarize the challenges in improving both the quality and the availability of Chinese socio-economic datasets, while protecting personal privacy and information security during the data collection process for household wealth proxy development in China.

A. V. Polyanin, Yu. P. Soboleva, V. V. Tarnovskiy

The role of small and medium-sized enterprises in the economic life of society cannot be overestimated: it contributes to economic growth in the country, increases the level of employment of the population, forms healthy competition, promotes the development of innovation activities and solves many social problems. In this regard, State support for entrepreneurship is essential in order to create an enabling environment for its further development. To date, a national project on the formation of support mechanisms for small and medium-sized enterprises has been adopted and is being implemented. The relevant national project is implemented within the framework of five federal projects aimed at improving the conditions of entrepreneurship, access of business entities to financial resources, acceleration of business entities, popularization of entrepreneurship, and development of rural cooperation. At the same time, in the context of digital globalization, the effective implementation of these directions is impossible without the introduction of information technologies into the activities of the business entities themselves. Research on the introduction of information technologies into business structures is not systematic and reveals certain aspects of this issue. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that within the framework of the national projects approved in our country, no mechanism has been developed to form a business model that ensures the effective introduction of such technologies into the activities of small and medium-sized businesses. Most scientific works of this topic reveal issues of implementation of specific information technologies by business entities. Therefore, the formation of a generalized model of effective introduction of IT-technologies in the activities of small and medium-sized enterprises is a pressing task that contributes to the achievement of the tasks set for national projects.The purpose of this study is to develop methodological and practical recommendations to increase the efficiency of Russian small and medium-sized enterprises on the basis of the implementation of the concept of digitalization of business. The study was aimed at national projects “Small and medium-sized entrepreneurship and support for individual entrepreneurial initiative” and “Digital economy of the Russian Federation,” interim results of their implementation. The subject of the study is the system of support for the development of Russian small and medium-sized enterprises.The scientific novelty of this study consists in the development of an algorithm for the transition of small and medium-sized enterprises to digitalization of business processes, in the systematization of business entities by the level of introduction of digital technologies into the activities, as well as in the grouping of the main directions of digitization of business entities.

Uwaifo Samuel Osaretin

Olga Petroye

An attempt is made to theoretical generalization and critical analysis of peculiarities of the formation and evolution of public administration models. The main stages of reforming the system of public administration in Ukraine over the years of independence are highlighted; the lag of domestic reforms from the global and particularly the European ones in the public sector is indicated. It is suggested that the low efficiency of domestic reforms is a result of their long-term focus on the classical model of public administration. On the basis of scientific papers, mainly by foreign authors, the sources are revealed and critical analysis of the terms of emergence, formation, development and causes of changes in the most common models of public administration is carried out: from «classic bureaucracy» to the «governance for the future». Some shortcomings of the «classical public administration» are clarified: low efficiency, low flexibility, closeness, limited civic engagement, inability to meet the rapidly changing requirements of social development and respond effectively to the growing economic needs. The key points of the «new public administration» and its versions, such as «managerism», «new public management», «entrepreneurial management», and «strategic management» are established: implementation of market mechanisms in the public sector, attracting a wide range of stakeholders, weak hierarchical control, powerful network, negotiations, decentralization, delegation of authority, public-private partnerships, transparency, public accountability, etc. The features of models of «governance», «public governance», «good governance», «global governance» are revealed. The following disadvantages of the «good governance» model are analyzed: provision of a very wide range of institutional prerequisites for economic and political development for its implementation; needs the improvement of practically all aspects of the public sector and raises many questions related to the ways of their implementation under conditions of limited financial, time and human resources; is based on general principles regardless the relevant context of each country, etc. It is shown that prerequisites of the latest models of governance (governance for the future) as «digital governance», «smart governance» and «agile management» are such challenges of the XXI century as electronic, digital transformation, the values of sustainable development, human centrism, the requirements of interaction between governmental institutions with not only other stakeholders, but also with digital systems, taking into account the whole spectrum of not only political, economic, but also sociocultural content at the adoption and implementation of public administration decisions. The peculiarities of reforms implemented in the public sector of different countries with different levels of economic development are highlighted. The need for further in-depth studying, developing and implementing in Ukraine some effective public administration models capable of addressing the growing and changing internal and external challenges of the XXI century has been updated.

Sören Carlson, Monika Eigmüller, K. Lueg

For quite some time, the process of European integration has largely been taken for granted and widely perceived as an irreversible trend. Politicians, administrations, and executives on the national and European levels have driven this process forward and given it its specific shape, while large parts of the European population appeared to welcome the idea of an integrating Europe. Political scientists have referred to this attitude on the part of the European public as a “permissive consensus” (Lindberg and Scheingold 1970, 41). Because of these efforts to promote integration from above and the fact that they have largely gone unchallenged, European integration has had a profound influence on the various EU member states and their societies. This process of change has been referred to by scholars as “Europeanization” which either denotes national changes towards European standards and compliance with a supranational entity (Olsen 2002; Radaelli 2003) or relates to the socio-structural foundations of European integration and its societal consequences (Favell and Guiraudon 2009). However, public sentiment has come a long way since the label “permissive consensus” was first applied. In light of the concurrent processes of Europeanization and denationalization, both of which are also linked to general globalization, and of the numerous crisis phenomena that took place during the past decade, the situation has changed. European integration, the institutions of the European Union (EU), and even “Europe” as a more general frame of reference have turned into contentious objects of political and societal conflict in a multitude of EU member states. This can be seen, most clearly, by the rise of Eurosceptic political parties across the continent. As a result, calls to continue working towards European political and/or economic integration are often met with overt and fundamental opposition (on the grounds that the EU constitutes a neoliberal project or subjects nation-states to “foreign rule,” among other positions). In sharp contrast to this conflict-laden political situation, the realms of culture and education are still conceived of as bringing people together in a European spirit, thus

Silvana Malusá, João Wilson Savino Carvalho, Ana Claudia Jacinto Peixoto Medeiros et al.

O desenvolvimento profissional dos professores tem sido objeto de propostas educacionais que valorizam uma formação docente não mais baseada na racionalidade técnica, mas em uma perspectiva que reconhece a capacidade desses profissionais de decidir, de confrontar suas ações cotidianas com as produções teóricas, em especial num período pós-neoliberal que se encontram. Diante dessa reflexão, o objetivo deste trabalho – de natureza aplicada e exploratória, valorizando e explorando as abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa – é o de compreender a profissionalização do professor universitário no contexto pós-neoliberal e seus impactos nas suas práticas e saberes, tendo como referência as percepções dos profissionais docentes na área da saúde. Fruto de uma pesquisa maior, o instrumento de trabalho aqui utilizado foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa – CEP/UFU, sob o protocolo de registro 043/11.

Filipe Cabacine Lopes Machado, Talita Almeida Fernandes, Alfredo Rodrigues Leite da Silva

O objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir a produção científica nacional nos estudos organizacionais em administração que articulam as ideias de Michel de Certeau como base teórica. Para alcançá-lo, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliométrica. Delimitou-se o corte em buscas realizadas no indexador SPELL (Scientific Periodicals Electronic Library) e, posteriormente, na consulta dos currículos na plataforma lattes dos principais pesquisadores que abordaram a temática. Foram identificados e lidos 41 artigos que citavam o autor, contudo, apenas 28 artigos foram selecionados para análise, uma vez que os demais não adotavam Michel de Certeau como eixo analítico, apenas o citavam de maneira pontual. Os resultados indicam que as ideias de Michel de Certeau encontram-se em desenvolvimento nas esferas da administração, e possuem potencial de expansão, mas que, por vezes, ocorrem inconsistências em termos dos usos das ideias do autor e das articulações metodológicas em torno delas.

J. Wehkamp

Markku Kivinen, T. Cox

L. Taraki

Assistant Professor Dr. Khalid Rashid Ali

Public institutions utilize public employees to accomplish their activities represented by the provision of public service in order to meet the needs of public interests. The public employee’s non-commitment in carrying out their duties will be negatively reflected on the general performance of that public institution and may lead to material damage that will affect the individuals, the users of these facilities. That is why public service legislation is so keen to define the public officials’ duties to ensure functionality and continuation of public service provision. The employee’s breach of or negligence of attendance at the official working hours, both non-presence entirely, or partly by early leave of work, before the end of the official working hours, will cause confusion in the performance of the institution, and will make the application of absence case possible, if he has no legitimate excuse justified.The Federal Public administrations and their counterparts in Kurdistan Region keep tackling illegal absence through the issuance of administrative legislations and decisions affecting employees' salaries, without any investigative committee to investigate or even question that case. These administrative decisions issued in this regard are decisions meant to punish the employee from a disciplinary perspective, which are illegal decisions because they violate the procedures and affect public employees and the public sector Act No. 14 of 1991, amended, and then pose a risk to legal centers for public officials, and a departure from the principle of legality .

Katarina Lindblad-Gidlund

S. Narayan

Gabriel R. Serna

Svetlana Inkina

Svetlana Inkina