Wittgenstein’s philosophy has influenced the philosophy of religion quite considerably. This is hardly due to his rather few remarks on religion. Instead, Wittgenstein’s influence seems to be connected to a certain, without doubt common, interpretation of his later philosophy, mainly of Philosophical Investigations. I speak about one interpretation because in my view the purportedly different interpretations of the sense in which certain key-concepts in the Philosophical Investigations are supposed to be fruitful for understanding religious language, in fact have a common, unacknowledged presupposition: that Wittgenstein’s account of language rotates around the quite traditional, philosophical concepts of subjectivity and objectivity. In the interpretations at stake, these concepts form the backdrop of questions about what “can” intelligibly be assessed by an individual and what “has to be” accounted for in “our” common language. There are discussions in the Philosophical Investigations that do give rise to such questions. However, what I take to be the main direction in Wittgenstein’s later philosophy is the movement away from the concepts of subjectivity and objectivity. Most clearly, this is visible in the second volume of Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology, where Wittgenstein dissolves the idea of the inscrutable inner of the other. As I will show, these remarks are in tension both with the views that his followers, such as Peter Winch, put forth and with his own remarks on religion in Culture and Value.
Emotions are a fundamental part of human existence, a power that massively affects our thinking and actions. Even after the affective turn in social sciences, religion is to a very large extent overlooked in the sociology of emotions. Then, psychological research on sense of safety often leaves the societal and political contexts of emotions unattended. Sense of safety—the topic of our study—provides an excellent topic to explore emotions as social, societal, spatial, and embodied phenomenon. Our article concerns the ways in which sense of safety is both constructed and contested in religious spaces and how to study the topic. The aim of this article thus is to develop a methodological tool for empirically exploring the sense of safety experienced in the spaces of religion. The article first discusses sense of safety and space, specifically in relation to religion, and the need for a methodological approach to investigating it empirically. The article leans on environmental psychology, urban studies, and research on the recognition and politics of belonging from political philosophy. Based on this, we design The Spiral Model: a one-plus-five dimensions tool for empirical exploration of sense of safety in religious spaces, and the dimensions are: Identifying a religious place; Unpacking intergroup connectedness, and networks of belonging and safety; Focusing on intragroup boundaries, and how they are afforded by physical surroundings; Exploring the embodied emotions that are associated with the place and its spatial dimension; and, Looking at the embodied emotions of sense of safety of inter- and intragroup nexuses in the framework of wider social, societal, and global vistas. To demonstrate how the model can be applied, for both data collection and analysis, we introduce four ongoing, collaborative empirical case studies: (1) a novel communal church building, (2) LGBTQ+ Muslims, (3) Jewish mikveh baths, and (4) intersections of dance and religion. Although the spiral model developed in this article is far from complete, it holds a lot of potential for advancing a more holistic view of humans in research and deepening the understanding of social space with philosophical conceptualization and analysis related to recognition and politics of belonging.
Published in 2023, the collection Russian Music Archives Abroad is dedicated mainly to the documentary heritage of musical culture. Twenty articles based on a scientific conference held for over 25 years by the Moscow Conservatory are arranged according to the chronology of the events under consideration. The novelty of the articles is ensured by turning to materials that have not yet attracted the attention of researchers. The authors touched upon a number of important topics, such as the Russian destinies of operas by Western European composers of the 18th century; the foreign trace in the musical history of St. Petersburg and Moscow in the 19th century; foreign pages of the legacy of composers S. V. Rachmaninoff and S. S. Prokofiev; Soviet contacts of Russian emigrants; communication of Soviet performers with foreign correspondents; reviews of archive repositories, etc. Most articles represent scientific research, often with abundant citations of the material under consideration. For example, the article by S. A. Petukhova provides previously unpublished letters from the famous singer M. N. Klimentyeva-Muromtseva to S. I. Taneyev from Paris (1901–1903), which consistently trace not only the preparation for the Parisian performance of the only opera by S. I. Taneyev, but also the events of the musical life of this city in the first years of the 20th century. The publication of the correspondence between G. Puccini and the Russian opera director V. S. Alekseyev can be considered a major event for Russian historiography. The book presents many research findings reflecting the peculiarities of the development of the musical genre in Russia and abroad. It is important to note the researcher’s remark that operas by foreign composers lost their typical genre features when adapted to the Russian stage (vocalized recitatives were replaced by spoken dialogues), which in turn constituted the phenomenon of the original development of secular music in Russia. Considerable additional information is provided, making the narrative both engaging and comprehensive, which is further enhanced by the sequence of articles in the collection. For example, S. A. Petukhova’s article based on letters about the preparation of the opera is followed by V. B. Valkovoe’s article, which reconstructs the conditions and circumstances of S. V. Rachmaninoff’s tour in the spring of 1899 as a pianist and conductor. This is a beautifully published collection, containing a wealth of new valuable information about important figures and processes in the musical culture of several centuries. It will not only serve as a significant aid to modern researchers in their work, but will also attract the attention of an enlightened audience of all those interested in musical art.
This study aimed to investigate the relationships between intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, task value, and smartphone addiction. To examine the relationship between smartphone addiction and intrinsic motivation, a mediation model was developed, in which self-efficacy and task value acted as mediating variables. The Smartphone Addiction Scale and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire were administered to 534 high school students to collect data. The results revealed statistically significant negative relationships between smartphone addiction and students’ intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and task values. Additionally, self-efficacy and task value were found to be possible mediators within the model. These findings suggest that smartphone addiction may lead to a decrease in students’ intrinsic motivation by reducing their self-efficacy and task value. In conclusion, although smartphone use enhances our daily lives, it may also have negative effects on certain affective variables that play an important role in the learning process, as demonstrated in this study.
RESUMO No século XV, pontífices, senhores seculares e homens de poder italianos, imbuídos do desejo de restaurar a dignidade que outrora caracterizou a antiga Roma, identificavam as virtudes de liberalitas e magnificentia como instrumentos de legitimação política. No entanto, contavam com disposição territorial e financeira tanto mais estreita que aquela de pregressos impérios. Nesse contexto, Leon Battista Alberti, vislumbrando incitar investimentos edilícios e profícuas relações de mecenato a arquitetos, identifica em valores antigos a chave para essa complexa questão: a dignificação da arquitetura e do artífice para construção de registros sempiternos do ‘bom governo’. Em seu De Re Ædifcatoria, o humanista prescreve a excelência da arte fundada na concinnitas, que perpassa a ratio mediocritatis e cinge os preceitos vitruvianos de decor e symmetria descritos no De Architectura. Assim, este artigo propõe compreender como ambos os tratadistas, cada um a seu modo, demonstram que o valor excelso da Arquitetura, alcançado pela sollertia ingenium guiada pela reflexão doutrinal, ultrapassa a preciosidade vulgar de investimentos suntuosos. Assim, conferindo auctoritas a obras que fizessem presente dignitas e honestas no reconhecimento visual, mesmo com investimentos parcimoniosos.
The purpose of this article is to characterize the history of Japanese religious studies within the context of Western and Japanese discourses. We mean to consider here not only the diff erences in academic approaches in studying religion, but also the specifi c subject matter of Japanese religious studies. The novel aspect of this work lies in the fact that contemporary Russian scholarship on the history of religious studies practically does not explore the development of this fi eld in Southeast Asia, and the history of Japanese religious studies remains unknown in Russia at all. This article provides an overview of original works from the formative period of Japanese religious studies. The study employs a methodology based on Laclos-Mouff e discourse analysis, the essence of which is to determine the formation of social reality, in our case religious studies, by means of discourse. That is, the work is based on a post-structuralist approach that incorporates analytical philosophy, structuralism, and phenomenology. Also, ideographic and chronological methods are involved in the work. The paper traces the way the discipline has institutionalized itself, emerging from Buddhology and later evolving into its current form. The author refl ects on the problematic discurse of Japanese religious studies, which consisted in the confl ict between Masahara Anesaki and Nishida Kitaro regarding their approaches to psychology and history of religion, as well as their respective philosophies of religion. However, the central issue of the study is the discourse between the “Western” and “Japanese” traditions, which encompasses both methodological diff erences and political engagement.
Lu'liyatul Mutmainah, Listia Andani, Ela Susilawati
The mosque has so far been known only as a place of worship such as prayer and recitation by Muslims. History records that during the time of the Prophet, the mosque was also the center of government, economic center, education center, and others. Some mosques are also tourist areas that provide more economic value so that they can improve people's welfare. However, tourist areas often cause problems related to waste, water use, and others. Understanding of the circular economy that can provide sustainable benefits is still not widely known and implemented, including for managing mosques. This study aims to analyze and propose an optimization model for mosque-based circular economic empowerment to achieve a sustainable economy. The research uses a qualitative approach with literature studies and in-depth interviews with related parties. The results of the study show that empowering mosques based on a circular economy will not only have a positive impact on places of worship but also the economic, social, and environmental sectors. For example, managed mosque waste can provide economic value. In addition, the use of ablution water can be reused for land irrigation and fish farming. The synergy between the government, universities, communities, and the industrial world can be carried out to implement this mosque-based circular economy. The results of this study can be used as a basis for recommendations and a pilot project for implementing mosque-based circular economic empowerment.
آیه41 سوره مائده که با هدف تسلی دادن به پیامبر(ص) نازل شده، کنش مزورانه تعدادی از منافقان و یهودیان را به تصویر میکشد که به منظور جاسوسی و به تحریک عدهای دیگر نزد آن حضرت میآمدند با این پیشفرض که اگر پیامبر(ص) به نفع آنها داوری کرد بپذیرند و گرنه روی برگردانند (یَقُولُونَ إِنْ أُوتیتُمْ هذا فَخُذُوهُ وَ إِنْ لَمْ تُؤْتَوْهُ فَاحْذَرُوا). ابهام موجود در مشارالیه «هذا» مفسران را بر آن داشته تا برای آن در قالب سبب نزول مصداقیابی نمایند. در این میان مهمترین و مشهورترین روایتی که در سبب نزول بدان پرداختهاند موضوع رجم دو یهودی به خاطر ارتکاب زنای محصنه است. از اینجا سؤال اصلی پژوهش رخ مینماید که سبب نزول مشهور تا چه میزان از قرائن صحت برخوردار بوده و آیا میتوان اندیشه تفسیری را بر آن بنا نهاد؟ با توجه به اهمیت موضوع رجم و پیامدهای فقهی آن؛ پژوهش حاضر با تکیه بر روش کتابخانهای، به تحلیل و بررسی روایت مزبور در منابع روایی و تفسیری فریقین پرداخته و چالشهای آن را برشمرده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که جزءنگری برخی مفسران، مجال را از سایر ساختارهای تفسیری همسو و کاملاً مرتبط با محتوای آیه، گرفته است. این در حالی است که روایت مزبور به دلیل اضطراب در متن؛ اختلاف با دیگر روایات سبب نزول آیه؛ تعارض با قرآن ؛ تنافی با تاریخ مسلم و عدم هماهنگی کامل با سیاق، نمیتواند سبب نزول قطعی آیه باشد. در مقابل روایتی که سبب نزول آیه را موضوع قصاص و دیه میداند از جهاتی ترجیح مییابد که به عنوان سبب نزول واقعیتر نتیجهگیری شده است.
This paper analyses, if the Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom, that was developed by the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC), can be used to expand the protection of human rights against the harms of climate change. The case of the Swiss Senior Women shows that there are jurisdictions, where the Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom could be applied to improve standing and the control standard of states’ climate change action. Within international law bodies with jurisdiction over human rights treaties there are distinctive standards of protection against the harms of climate change. A major deficit within the international human rights protection against climate change lies within the focus on the positive obligations and the corresponding wide margin of appreciation granted to the states. The Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom could provide a protection expansion in this regard, especially in the case of the European Court of Human Rights. It could also enable and legitimise present human rights concerns focused on the future actions of states following their past inaction. One considerable hurdle that is not addressed by it are procedural hurdles like the Plaumann formula applied by the European Court of Justice. The Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom cannot solve major problems for climate change litigation like procedural hurdles. Yet, it can provide a new approach for complaints to address unambitious mitigation legislation which will lead to future human rights infringements.
This special double issue, Religion, Brain & Behavior’s first ever double issue, presents results from the second phase of the Evolution of Religion and Morality (ERM) project. Results from the first phase of this pioneering and influential project were published in a previous special issue of RBB (2018, volume 8, issue 2) and elsewhere (e.g., Purzycki et al., 2016). The core of this second wave of research employs experimental games—the Dictator Game and Random Allocation Game—as well as demographic and economic data to explore the relationship between beliefs in particular types of supernatural agents and cooperative behavior. Similar to the previous RBB special issue on the ERM project, this issue presents independent articles on each of the field sites from the project. These articles allowed the ERM researchers to describe the cultural and historical context of their field studies, and offered an opportunity to conduct more rigorous intra-field site analyses in ways that were not possible in the synthetic cross-cultural study previously published with the second-wave data (Lang et al., 2019). Each of these studies explores ethnographically-derived questions that afford rich insights about the subsistence, ecological, and economic variation in the collective ERM data set. In addition to these experimental and interview studies, this issue also offers four new synthetic pieces. First, Baimel et al. analyze the relationship between religious commitments and material insecurity. They show that across the 15 ERM field sites, Christian sites exhibit the strongest relationship between religious commitment and belief in a moralizing god, and this relationship is positively predicted by material insecurity. Second, Vardy et al. use the collective ERM data set to explore the oft-cited gender gap in which women exhibit higher levels of religious commitment than men. Consistent with previous research, the ERM findings support a religious gender gap. However, this gap only arises for traditions with a moralizing god. Women do not exhibit greater religious commitments in traditions that worship local gods. Third, Purzycki et al. assess whether the supernatural agents that elicit commitments across the 15 field sites are interested in human morality. As anticipated, even when “official” or “theologically correct” claims deny that the gods maintain moral interest, across the ERM field sites study participants inferred that their gods, even local gods, were generally interested in their moral actions. In the final paper of this special issue, Purzcyki et al. wrap up the 10-year ERM project with a summary target article that examines the methodological and analytic challenges of a large multi-field site cross-disciplinary study. This article assesses the strengths and limitations of both phases of the ERM project, as well as offers advice for researchers aiming to pursue similarly ambitious projects. It provides a rare glimpse into the behind-the-scenes machinations of a long-term large-scale research endeavor. We elicited commentaries from five well-known scholars in the scientific study of religion—from anthropology, cognitive science, philosophy, and psychology— to comment on this article and the ERM project in general. The special issue concludes with a response to these commentaries from Purzycki et al. The impact of ERM on the biocultural study of religion in particular, and the academic study of religion in general, is only just beginning. In addition to the various scholarly debates that their results have initiated, ERM has strengthened a trend toward cross-cultural projects aimed at understanding variation in religious expression, commitment, and behavior. Indeed, the scientific study
Bu çalışma Armand Maurer'in Ortaçağ Felsefesi isimli eserinin Nicolaus Cusanus bölümü tercümesidir. Nicholas Krebs, Nicholas of Kues olarak da anılan Cusanus, Rönesans hümanizminin ilk savunucularından on beşinci yüzyıl Alman filozofu ve teoloğudur. Maurer'in adı geçen eserindeki "Nicholas of Cusa" bölümü Cusanus felsefesinin genel bir özeti mahiyetindedir.
Ali Yeganeh, Ahmad Kamrani Far, Mohammad Reza Gholi Zadeh
Abstract:Although by the end of the first century AD the Mediterranean Sea had become a purely Roman sea, in later periods following the rise of the Sassanid, as they sought to reclaim the lands of their ancestors, this empire's confrontation with Byzantium became inevitable. By developing and consolidating their dominance over the political-commercial sphere of the Persian Gulf, Sassanid held an important part of the main transportation and trade axes of the ancient world. This was while on the borders of the other two areas, namely from Mesopotami to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and the general area of the Caucasus, with their aggressive policy, they had a serious competition with the Byzantines, which was to get the main home, the conflicting ligaments.This research intends to deal with the main causes and factors of the Iran-Byzantine conflict between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf by descriptive-analytical method. In order to answer this question, the geopolitical and commercial-economic importance of the disputed areas is discussed. It will also show how the geopolitical position of these lands led the two great powers of that time into a series of land and sea battles.
History and principles of religions, History of Asia
Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) is a contemporary form of realism concerned with the investigation of “objects” broadly construed. It may be characterised in terms of a metaphysical pluralism to the extent that it recognises infinitely many different kinds of emergent entities, and this fact in turn leads to a number of questions concerning the nature of objects and emergence in OOO: what is the precise meaning of an emergent entity in OOO? How has emergence been denied throughout the history of Western thought? Is there a specific object-oriented account of emergence? What is the causal mechanism which provides the conditions of possibility for the generation of emergent entities? In this article, I aim to answer all these questions by constructing the first extensive account of real emergence in the context of Object-Oriented Ontology, and I also seek to tie this analysis to the notion of “vicarious” or indirect causation.
There are contemporary tendencies to regard the human consciousness as an algorithm, or to reduce the human subjective to organic-natural processes or to see it as a social construction depending on cultural conditions. Such approaches pose a challenge to ethical humanism, as it seems, as if it requires new justification and groundings. How can we grasp and defend the concept of embodied subjectivity of man and its freedom to act? How can we think of its unity including thought, will and feeling, preventing it from getting lost in specialized potentials, and maintaining the person as an alert, responsible and self-founded unit? Furthermore, how is it possible to preserve the meaning of the name of the soul, since the notion of this traditional limit concept of the human subjective has fallen into disuse and likely vanished from the horizon? The essay asks for answer with the help of Hermann Cohen, the great Jewish philosopher of Neo-Kantianism, following the traces of his repeatedly stated, however never written systematic psychology. This first part of investigation confines itself to understand Cohen's early interpretation of Plato as the "primordial cell" of his psychology in order to show how the first three parts of his system of philosophy (Logic, Ethics, Aesthetics) answer to some of the questions and problems the early work had raised, with special attention to Cohens philosophy of religion. Self-movement of soul and its deep connection with the human body could be viewed and grasped from the unity of human culture as well as of the allness of man.
O objetivo desse texto é demonstrar a importância da amizade de Paul Rée para Nietzsche no momento crucial de seu rompimento com as teses schopenhaurianas e wagnerianas e de produção de sua obra Humano, demasiado humano. Essa influência está ligada ao projeto de combate aos idealismos presentes na filosofia metafísica, na religião cristã e na arte romântica. A “arma” desse combate se chama “réealismo”, cuja expressão, como se verá, está ligada a uma prática filosófica que articula a teoria darwinista da seleção natural às análises psicológicas e às idéias evocadas pelos moralistas franceses no que diz respeito à natureza humana. Identificado por Nietzsche como um “espírito livre”, Rée é mantido no âmbito de uma amizade ambígua, mas fecunda, até o distanciamento decisivo motivado pela crítica nietzschiana ao altruísmo e à falta de questionamento da necessidade de fundamentação da moral – expediente que, posteriormente, será caracterizado como genealógico, por sua pergunta sobre o valor da própria moral.
David Fernández-García, María Del Carmen Giménez-Espert, Elena Castellano-Rioja
et al.
Clinical practices are considered one of the cornerstones in nurses' education. This study provides a framework to determine how factors in the academic environment, influence nursing student's satisfaction with their practices. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in a convenience sample of 574 nursing students at a private university in Valencia, during the 2016/2017 academic year, 79% (456) were women. Two statistical methodologies were used for data analysis: hierarchical regression models (HRM) and fuzzy sets qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The HRM indicate that the students' mean score influences all dimensions of satisfaction. Furthermore, in the fsQCA, the type of service and center, as well as the type of management, the preference in the choice of the practice center and the number of students per period per clinical educator influence satisfaction with clinical practices. These results could be used to understand how academic factors influence nursing students' satisfaction with their clinical practices and to create intervention programmes that improve it. This will help prepare students to be the future nursing workforce.