Maria Frasca, Davide La Torre, Gabriella Pravettoni
et al.
Abstract This review aims to explore the growing impact of machine learning and deep learning algorithms in the medical field, with a specific focus on the critical issues of explainability and interpretability associated with black-box algorithms. While machine learning algorithms are increasingly employed for medical analysis and diagnosis, their complexity underscores the importance of understanding how these algorithms explain and interpret data to take informed decisions. This review comprehensively analyzes challenges and solutions presented in the literature, offering an overview of the most recent techniques utilized in this field. It also provides precise definitions of interpretability and explainability, aiming to clarify the distinctions between these concepts and their implications for the decision-making process. Our analysis, based on 448 articles and addressing seven research questions, reveals an exponential growth in this field over the last decade. The psychological dimensions of public perception underscore the necessity for effective communication regarding the capabilities and limitations of artificial intelligence. Researchers are actively developing techniques to enhance interpretability, employing visualization methods and reducing model complexity. However, the persistent challenge lies in finding the delicate balance between achieving high performance and maintaining interpretability. Acknowledging the growing significance of artificial intelligence in aiding medical diagnosis and therapy, and the creation of interpretable artificial intelligence models is considered essential. In this dynamic context, an unwavering commitment to transparency, ethical considerations, and interdisciplinary collaboration is imperative to ensure the responsible use of artificial intelligence. This collective commitment is vital for establishing enduring trust between clinicians and patients, addressing emerging challenges, and facilitating the informed adoption of these advanced technologies in medicine.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Electronic computers. Computer science
This article presents the process, challenges and results of reconstructing hierarchised tables of contents for two grammar sketches written by B.H. Hodgson of the Vayu (1857) and Bahing (1858) languages. The process has involved making sense of the ontological systems used by Hodgson in organising his materials and analyses, and has been complicated by the dual factors of occasionally opaque terminological choices and of inconsistent physical presentation of the materials. The resulting tables of contents, presented in the appendix, make it possible to compare these sketches to others from the same time period and/or linguistic area.
The article presents the life and work of Bolesława Kopelówna, a Polish literary translator who was especially active (and widely criticised) in the interwar years in Poland, and is now almost completely forgotten. The article attempts to answer the following questions: why was Kopelówna so intensely criticised? Why has she disappeared from the collective memory? Why was she so active in the field of translation? And, no less crucially, who was this enigmatic figure of Bolesława Kopelówna? Through an application of microhistorical tools to fragments of Kopelówna’s life and work, I will re/deconstruct her seemingly non-existing archive. Combining interdisciplinary tools from literary history, history and feminist studies, my aim is not only to bring back the voice of a silenced, overlooked, and underestimated translator, but also to encourage other researchers to attempt to fill blank spaces in translation history.
Through an exploration of the Raya Dunayevskaya Collection, major themes of Dunayevskaya’s contribution to Marxist thought and action are presented. Her view of Marx as a philosopher of revolution in permanence, her interpretation of Lenin as a Hegelian-Marxist thinker-activist revolutionary, her reading of Hegel’s Absolutes as New Beginning for our age, her insistence that human subjects of social transformation are not alone muscle but Mind, are revolutionary Reason as well as force, and her efforts to work out and practice a dialectic of organisation and philosophy through the Marxist-Humanist organisation she founded, News and Letters Committees, are briefly discussed using documentation from her archives, which have recently been made available on the Internet.
Communication. Mass media, Communities. Classes. Races
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan: 1) representasi ketidakadilan gender terhadap perempuan pada film ‘Marlina Si Pembunuh dalam Empat Babak’ melalui pendekatan semiotika Roland Barthes; 2) pesan yang disampaikan melalui audiovisual kepada audiens film ‘Marlina Si Pembunuh dalam Empat Babak’. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode semiotika Roland Barthes. Objek penelitian ini adalah film festival berjudul ‘Marlina Si Pembunuh dalam Empat Babak’ yang ditayangkan secara regular di bioskop Indonesia pada tahun 2018. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi dan studi pustaka terhadap konten yang terkandung pada film ‘Marlina Si Pembunuh dalam Empat Babak’ berdasarkan landasan teori yang ada. Validitas data yang diperoleh diuji menggunakan validitas teknik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) ketidakadilan gender terhadap perempuan direpresentasikan melalui empat bentuk, a) marginalisasi, digambarkan melalui pengabaian hak-hak perempuan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dan lembaga negara b) subordinasi, digambarkan melalui penomorduaan perempuan setelah laki-laki yang berakibat pemosisian perempuan pada ranah domestik, sedangkan laki-laki pada ranah publik c) stereotip, digambarkan melalui pengungkapan stigma perempuan berstatus janda dan perempuan memiliki sifat lemah dan d) kekerasan, digambarkan melalui tiga bentuk kekerasan yaitu verbal, seksual, dan fisik; 2) terdapat dua pesan yang disampaikan melalui tanda audiovisual: a¬) sistem patriarki terpelihara dalam kebudayaan, hal ini dikarenakan budaya memiliki unsur normatif yang mengatur berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia b) perempuan yang hidup di lingkungan patriarki harus bisa melindungi dirinya.
Kata Kunci: Semiotika model Roland Barthes, representasi, ketidakadilan gender terhadap perempuan, dan film.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to describe: 1) the representation of gender injustice against women in the film ‘Marlina The Murderer in Four Acts’ through Roland Barthes's semiotic approach; 2) messages delivered through audiovisuals to the audience of the film ‘Marlina The Murderer in Four Acts’. This research is a qualitative research using the Roland Barthes semiotics method. The object of this study is a festival film entitled ‘Marlina The Murderer in Four Acts’ which is aired regularly in Indonesian cinemas in 2018. Data collection techniques used are observation and literature study of the content contained in the film ‘Marlina The Murderer in Four Acts’ based on the existing theoretical basis. The validity of the data obtained was tested by using technical validation. The results showed that: 1) gender injustice against women is represented through four forms, a) marginalization, depicted through the neglect of women's rights by the citizen and state institution b) subordination, depicted through the subordination of women after men which results in the positioning of women in the realm of domestic, while men are in the public sphere c) stereotypes, depicted through the disclosure of the stigma of widowed women and the nature of women is being weak, and d) violence, depicted through three forms of violence namely verbal, sexual, and physical; 2) there are two messages conveyed through audiovisual signs: a) patriarchy system is maintained in the culture, this happens because culture has normative elements that regulate various aspects of human life b) women who live in patriarchal environment must be able to protect themselves.
Keywords: Roland Barthes’ semiotics model, representation, gender injustice towards women, and film
Fan studies scholar Louisa Ellen Stein discusses her journey into felt scholarship and whole self scholarship in fan studies. Her fannish interests and personal identities are varied and affect her scholarship in different ways. Choosing how and when to reveal and interrogate them is difficult but important work.
The article deals with the problems of distinguishing between modal and discourse particles in the German language. Particular attention is also drawn to the correlation of discourse markers and discourse particles. It is necessary to identify the combination fully and to describe discourse particles in the German language, since not all researchers consider this class of words as defined with its properties and characteristics. In addition, there is no list of the elements included in it. Thus, on the basis of the analysis of the Russian and foreign linguists’ research, the general and distinctive properties of this class of particles are proposed.
This article explores the topic of exceptionality in phonology focusing on nasal-stop inventories. A meticulous survey shows that it is normal for such systems to include at least two anterior units: /m/ and /n/. The finding that the introduction of /ŋ/, the first posterior unit to appear, normally follows that of both anterior units suggests that anteriority is somehow more compatible with this consonant class; however, this hypothesis is challenged by exceptions: /n/ is occasionally superseded by /ŋ/. The proposed analysis overturns the view that there is a single universal place hierarchy. It demonstrates that languages assess the cost of place features on multiple dimensions and that nasal-stop inventories are shaped by the conflict between three evaluation measures: one for articulatory cost, one for perceptual cost, and one for dispersion. A theory of far greater explanatory power emerges when each evaluation measure is empirically substantiated and their universality is strictly respected.
Autorka przypomina niezwykłą historię pochodzącej z Austrii hollywoodzkiej gwiazdy lat 30., 40. i wczesnych 50., a zarazem wynalazczyni (wraz z George’em Antheilem) tzw. metody rozpraszania widma sygnału z przeskokiem częstotliwości, która uchodzi dziś za podstawę komunikacji bezprzewodowej. Korzystając w dużej mierze z dwugłosowej biografii aktorki autorstwa Jochena Förstera i syna Hedy Lamarr Anthony’ego Lodera, Kosińska-Krippner koncentruje się głównie na funkcjonowaniu aktorki w hollywoodzkim systemie gwiazd, jej (nie)radzeniu sobie z jego wszystkimi pułapkami, z uwielbieniem i krytyką, a także na wpływie uwikłania w ten system na jej życie prywatne. Autorka przytacza przykłady na reaktywację upadłej gwiazdy jako wynalazczyni w latach 90. i wskazuje na inspirującą siłę jej biografii, która analizowana jest dziś przez badaczy w rozmaitych kontekstach.
La investigación considera como objetivo general avanzar en el estudio de la Educación Mediática como garante de la calidad informativa. Se presenta una fórmula de medición objetiva de los contenidos de los medios escritos, audiovisuales y digitales a través de una ficha con indicadores de calidad (basada en el Valor Agregado Periodístico). Tras la primera fase destinada a la evaluación de las fuentes en la prensa local se propone ahora medir los niveles de cualificación en los informativos de cadenas públicas como Televisión Española y Canal Sur Televisión. La aplicación de la ficha permitirá que los medios de comunicación comprueben si un producto reúne las condiciones para convertirse en “marca de referencia” y reflexionen tras los resultados sobre su responsabilidad.
Communication. Mass media, Journalism. The periodical press, etc.