Hasil untuk "North Germanic. Scandinavian"

Nico Roymans

J. Gorzelik

Wind from the North: The Discursive Construction of Heimat Exemplified by the Edifice of the Former Royal School of Building Crafts (Königliche Baugerwerkschule) in Katowice and its Decoration The paper examines the edifice of the former school of building crafts (Baugewerkschule) in Katowice, Upper Silesia, which opened in 1901, and its decoration. The works of architecture, painting and sculpture were interpreted as carriers of a discourse calculated to construct Heimat, located within the borders of the Prussian Silesian Province. The building’s forms, reminiscent of the brick Gothic of northern Germany, were characteristic of the milieu of the Technische Hochschule in Hannover, where the designers of the edifice were educated. The city’s coat of arms was depicted on the facade, the vaulted ceiling of the auditorium was decorated with dragon and gryphon motifs of Scandinavian origin, and its walls painted with images of St. Hedwig ‒ the patron saint of Silesia, viewed here as a deconfessionalized personification of the land ‒ the Prussian eagle, and four iconic monuments of historic Silesian architecture. Thus, references were made to various levels of identity ‒ local, regional, national, and the mythologised Germanic North. The narrative constructed in this way fits into the cultural nationalism of the educated German bourgeoisie (Bildungsbürgertum), which grows out of the Romantic tradition. At the same time, the emphasis on the opposition of the North and South can be seen as a strategy for overcoming the peripheral status of Silesia in a world organised by the West-East axis. The school’s building in Katowice exemplifies how the elites of the German Empire used visual means to construct modern imagined communities.

Alexander Dröge, Elisabeth Rabs, Jürg Fleischer et al.

To understand a sentence, it is crucial to understand who is doing what. The interplay of morphological case marking, argument serialization, and animacy provides linguistic cues for the processing system to rapidly identify the thematic roles of the arguments. The present event-related brain potential (ERP) study investigates on-line brain responses during argument identification in Zurich German, a High Alemannic dialect, and in Fering, a North Frisian variety, which both exhibit reduced case systems as compared to Standard German. Like Standard German, Zurich German and Fering are Continental West Germanic varieties, and indeed argument processing in sentences with an object-before-subject order engenders a qualitatively similar ERP pattern of a scrambling negativity followed by a P600 in all tested varieties. However, the P600 component—a late positive ERP response, which has been linked to the categorization of task-relevant stimuli—is selectively affected by the most prominent cue for argument identification in each variety, which is case marking in Standard German, but animacy in Zurich German and Fering. Thus, even closely related varieties may employ different processing strategies based on the language-specific availability of syntactic and semantic cues for argument identification.*

Mark L. Louden

David Fertig

Edmund H. Gilbert, Seamus O’Reilly, M. Merrigan et al.

Significance Modern genetic analysis has revealed genetic differentiation across the south of Britain and Ireland. This structure demonstrates the impact of hegemonies and migrations from the histories of Britain and Ireland. How this structure compares to the north of Britain, Scotland, and its surrounding Isles is less clear. We present genomic analysis of 2,544 British and Irish, including previously unstudied Scottish, Shetlandic and Manx individuals. We demonstrate widespread structure across Scotland that echoes past kingdoms, and quantify the considerable structure that is found on its surrounding isles. Furthermore, we show the extent of Norse Viking ancestry across northern Britain and estimate a region of origin for ancient Gaelic Icelanders. Britain and Ireland are known to show population genetic structure; however, large swathes of Scotland, in particular, have yet to be described. Delineating the structure and ancestry of these populations will allow variant discovery efforts to focus efficiently on areas not represented in existing cohorts. Thus, we assembled genotype data for 2,554 individuals from across the entire archipelago with geographically restricted ancestry, and performed population structure analyses and comparisons to ancient DNA. Extensive geographic structuring is revealed, from broad scales such as a NE to SW divide in mainland Scotland, through to the finest scale observed to date: across 3 km in the Northern Isles. Many genetic boundaries are consistent with Dark Age kingdoms of Gaels, Picts, Britons, and Norse. Populations in the Hebrides, the Highlands, Argyll, Donegal, and the Isle of Man show characteristics of isolation. We document a pole of Norwegian ancestry in the north of the archipelago (reaching 23 to 28% in Shetland) which complements previously described poles of Germanic ancestry in the east, and “Celtic” to the west. This modern genetic structure suggests a northwestern British or Irish source population for the ancient Gaels that contributed to the founding of Iceland. As rarer variants, often with larger effect sizes, become the focus of complex trait genetics, more diverse rural cohorts may be required to optimize discoveries in British and Irish populations and their considerable global diaspora.

A. Pfaff

This article attempts to put a new spin on (the development of) weakly inflected adjectives, with a particular focus on North Germanic, by recycling some traditional ideas. Point of departure is the observation that the Proto-Norse demonstrative hinn had ended up as a functional element in the extended adjectival projection in Old Icelandic – not as a definite article in the extended nominal projection (an otherwise well-known grammaticalization process). Following the old idea that weak inflection originally involved nominalization, it is argued that weak “adjectives” maintained their nominal status beyond Proto-Germanic. Thus the grammaticalizing article originating from the demonstrative hinn occurs as a determiner with a weak “adjective” that really projects a nominal phrase. At some stage prior to Old Icelandic, this constellation is reanalyzed in its entirety, at the phrasal level, from nominal phrase to adjectival phrase, a process in which the original demonstrative gets “trapped” inside the adjectival projection and is reanalyzed as adjectival article. Only after this process of phrasal reanalysis can we speak of weak adjectives proper. 1. Weak adjectival inflection in Germanic One common Germanic innovation is the development of two adjectival paradigms, traditionally referred to as strong and weak inflection (after Grimm 1837). The distinction strong vs. weak as such has survived – to various degrees – into most modern Germanic languages, where they however display different synchronic functions. In modern German, for instance, the inflection of an (attributive) adjective is essentially determined by morphology/morphosyntax, whereas in Scandinavian, weakly inflected adjectives occur in contexts that can be characterized as semantically definite. The emergence of the weak inflection has been extensively discussed since the 19th century. It is widely accepted that both weak adjectives and weak nouns originally involved a stem formation element, or rather, a derivational suffix ‘-n-’. One of the most prominent suggestions concerning the original function of the suffix, “individualization”, essentially boils down to nominalization, morphosyntactically speaking. Indeed, the nominal character of weak adjectives has been repeatedly pointed out. In some sense, however, none of those accounts has taken the syntactic consequences insofar as the respective discussions always revolve around the opposition strong vs. weak adjective. In this article, I will take the nominalizing aspect seriously and argue that this is a false dichotomy: weak “adjectives” are nominal in nature, that is of category N, in early Germanic, and consequently, they project some noun phrase rather than an adjectival phrase. I will start out by discussing the situation in Old Icelandic where weak adjectives systematically cooccur with the adjectival article (h)inn thus constituting an adjectival phrase. Weak adjectives themselves are “defective”, i.e. incomplete adjectival phrases, and (h)inn functions as an adjectival complementizer. This leads to the question of how this constellation could come about, namely, that it is the sequence (h)inn – a former demonstrative – plus a weak adjective that forms a weak adjectival phrase proper, rather than the weak adjective on its own. The answer that I will provide is that the same sequence, at a previous stage, constituted a nominal phrase with the weak “adjective” as its head noun. In order to advance this idea, I will start out at the other end of the diachronic spectrum and sketch the development from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) towards Old Icelandic arguing that weak “adjectives” emerged via phrasal reanalysis from nominal c © Alexander Pfaff. Nordlyd 44.1: 19-34, CGSW 34 Proceedings of the 34th Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop held in Konstanz in 2019, edited by Andreas Trotzke and George Walkden, University of Konstanz. Published at the University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway. http://septentrio.uit.no/index.php/nordlyd https://doi.org/10.7557/12.5208 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported” license. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEAK ADJECTIVAL INFLECTION IN (NORTH) GERMANIC phrase to adjectival phrase. The gist of the narrative is summarized in the following table:1,2 i. PIE ii. Germanic iii. Proto-Norse iv. Viking Period v. Modern Icelandic – Old Icelandic [xNP “A”.WK ] [xNP DEM “A”.WK ] [xAP ART A.WK ] [xAP A.WK ] [xNP “A” ] [xAP A.STR ] [xAP A.STR ] [xAP A.STR ] [xAP A.STR ] Table 1: Development of adjectives from PIE into North Germanic The discussion is structured as follows: Sect. 2 is dedicated to establishing the relevant facts about weakly inflected adjectives and the adjectival article (h)inn in Old Icelandic, which constitutes the point of departure for the discussion to follow. In Sect. 3.1, I will sketch the development of adjectives from Proto-IndoEuropean to Germanic introducing the idea that Proto-Indo-European did not have a separate category adjective distinct from nouns, and taking a look at the two adjectival paradigms in Proto-Germanic. I will the discuss the role of the n-suffix involved in the creation of weak nominals, and argue that what are usually called weak “adjectives” are really nouns. In Sect. 4, I will take a closer look at the development from Proto-Norse to Old Icelandic. It will be shown that nominal epithets constitute the oldest (attested) context for weak “adjectives”, but also the former demonstrative hinn. I will suggest that the demonstrative – or appositive article – gradually takes over the nominalization function originally associated with the weak inflection. During the Viking Period, the sequence (h)inn + weak “adjective” is reanalysed in its entirety, from nominal phrase to adjectival phrase leading to the development of an adjectival article and weak adjectives proper. Sect. 5 concludes. 2. Weak adjectival inflection in Old Icelandic 2.1. From Proto-Norse to Old Norse The element hinn is attested as a demonstrative in Proto-Norse Runic inscriptions, (1).3 From the Viking Period onwards hinn, or the reduced form inn, occurs as an adjectival article, systematically co-occurring with a weakly inflected adjective, (2):4 (1) a. hali stone hino DEM (N KJ50 $U) b. a on hitt DEM land land (KJ101 $U) 1Labels for language stages are intended as a rough chronological guideline, rather than hard claims about a specific period for a specific development. On the periodization of Norse, see the next section. Modern Icelandic will not be discussed here; it is included in table 1 for the sake of completeness; see Pfaff (2019) on the development from stage iv. to v. Glosses used here: ART – freestanding adjectival article; DEF – suffixed definite article; POSS – 3. pers. reflexive possessive; DEM – demonstrative; WK – weak adjectival inflection; STR – strong adjectival inflection; UNDEC – “undecidable” (whether strong or weak; notably, this applies to adjectives in the comparative). 2The labels “xAP”/“xNP” designate some unspecified extended adjectival/nominal projection, e.g. AP, aP, DegP/NP, nP, DP etc. with possibly unspecified material in the functional layer, and will be used throughout when the precise status of the constituent is not at issue. Note that the notation in table 1 does not strictly speaking comply with the X-bar scheme. It is not literally suggested that an element of the category A projects a nominal phrase (hence the quotation marks “A”). I will use this notation to indicate that certain elements that are traditionally/conventionally considered adjectives are actually nominals heading an xNP. For the same reason, I will use quotation marks (“adjective”) in the text when referring to those elements. 3All Runic examples, incl. signature, are taken from Samnordisk Rundatabas (http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/ samnord.htm). I also adopt the periodization for Proto-Norse (prior to ca. 725) and Viking Period (ca. 725-1100), but instead of Medieval Period (from 1100 onwards), I will specifically talk about Old Icelandic because the examples used for illustration are from that language – even though the relevant generalizations made will apply more widely to Old (West) Norse as well. 4For the sake of exposition, I will use this term throughout this section for the element (h)inn, but in Sect. 4, I will distinguish between adjectival article proper and appositive article for uses as in (2).

B. Mees

Early runic inscriptions are the best evidence for the oldest historical development of North Germanic. Yet among the many unexpected features of the inscriptions as they are usually presented is the apparent presence of vowels before glides that seem to occur contrary to Sievers’ Law. These include perhaps most prominently the sequence usually read as on the Skåäng stone where the Vimose comb preserves the expected form . Rather than assume that a Neogrammarian sound law is violated in a runic text, a more profitable approach is usually to assume that it is the interpretation that is at fault. Many of the instances where Sievers’ Law vocalizations seem to occur in an aberrant manner are texts that are better explained in manners other than have traditionally been accepted.

Corinna Salomon

AbstractThe paper investigates the potential role of the Raetic inscription corpus for the derivation of the Germanic futhark. It gives an overview of the North Italic corpora and the current state of research, focussing on the Raetic epigraphical evidence. A detailed comparison of the grapheme inventories of Raetic and Runic as well as their respective epigraphical characteristics shows that the Raetic alphabets do not serve as convincing models for the Runic script.

C. Brandes, H. Steffen, P. Sandersen et al.

Abstract The Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone (STZ) is the northwestern segment of the Tornquist Zone and extends from Bornholm across the Baltic Sea and northern Denmark into the North Sea. It represents a major lithospheric structure with a significant increase in lithosphere thickness from south to north. A series of meter-scale normal faults and soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) are developed in Lateglacial marine and lacustrine sediments, which are exposed along the Lonstrup Klint cliff at the North Sea coast of northern Denmark. These deformed deposits occur in the local Norre Lyngby basin that forms part of the STZ. Most of the SSDS are postdepositional, implying major tectonic activity between the Allerod and Younger Dryas (∼14 ka to 12 ka). The occurrence of some syn- and metadepositional SSDS point to an onset of tectonic activity at around 14.5 ka. The formation of normal faults is probably the effect of neotectonic movements along the Borglum fault, which represents the northern boundary fault of the STZ in the study area. The narrow and elongated Norre Lyngby basin can be interpreted as a strike-slip basin that developed due to right-lateral movements at the Borglum fault. As indicated by the SSDS, these movements were most likely accompanied by earthquake(s). Based on the association of SSDS these earthquake(s) had magnitudes of at least Ms ≥ 4.2 or even up to magnitude ∼ 7 as indicated by a fault with 3 m displacement. The outcrop data are supported by a topographic analysis of the terrain that points to a strong impact from the fault activity on the topography, characterized by a highly regular erosional pattern, the evolution of fault-parallel sag ponds and a potential fault scarp with a height of 1–2 m. With finite-element simulations, we test the impact of Late Pleistocene (Weichselian) glaciation-induced Coulomb stress change on the reactivation potential of the Borglum fault. The numerical simulations of deglaciation-related lithospheric stress build-up additionally support that this neotectonic activity occurred between ∼14.5 and 12 ka and was controlled by stress changes that were induced by the decay of the Scandinavian ice sheet. In the Holocene, the stress field in the study area thus changed from GIA-controlled to a stress field that is determined by plate tectonic forces. Comparable observations were described from the central STZ in the Kattegat area and the southeastern end of the STZ near Bornholm. We therefore interpret the entire STZ as a structure where glacially induced faulting very likely occurred in Lateglacial times. The fault reactivation was associated with the formation of small fault-bound basins that provided accommodation space for Lateglacial to Holocene marine and freshwater sediments.

J. Svendsen, J. Briner, J. Mangerud et al.

D. Stifter

S. Bang-Andersen

S. Hughes

Dominique Sportiche

J. T. Faarlund

Dorian Roehrs

V. Rinterknecht, A. Bitinas, P. Clark et al.

Ivar A. Seierstad, D. Stephenson, N. G. Kvamstø

I. Nordal