Hasil untuk "Modern"

Raymond H. Myers, Douglas C. Montgomery

J. Ross

R. Davidson, J. MacKinnon

A. Smith

M. Tsuji

C. Black, A. Inkeles, D. H. Smith

J. Cowie

H. Georgi

H. Lamb

N. F. Cott

Xinjing Zhou, Jinming Hu, Andrew Pavlo et al.

Modern buffer pools must now support a broader workload mix than classic OLTP alone. In addition to B-tree lookups, database systems increasingly serve scan-heavy analytics and vector-search indexes with irregular high-fan-out graph traversal access patterns. These workloads require a translation mechanism -- mapping logical page IDs to resident frames -- that is simultaneously fast across these diverse access patterns, deployable in user space,compatible with huge pages, easy to integrate, and still under DBMS control for eviction and I/O. Existing designs satisfy only subsets of these goals. This paper presents \textbf{\calico}, a practical DBMS-controlled buffer pool built around array-based translation, a decades-old-idea that was dissmissed but now viable with modern hardware. \calico decouples logical translation from OS page tables so that the DBMS can combine low-overhead translation with huge-page-backed frames and fine-grained page management. To make array translation practical and performant for DBMSes with large sparse hierarchical page identifiers, \calico introduces three techniques: multi-level translation with path caching, hole punching for reclaiming cold translation memory, and group prefetch to exploit parallelism. Our evaluation across scans, OLTP-style B-tree accesses, and vector search shows that \calico matches or outperforms the existing state-of-the-art in-memory and out-of-memory performance. We also implement \calico as a drop-in replacement for PostgreSQL's buffer manager and integrate it with \texttt{pgvector}. Across vector search, and scan-heavy workloads, \calico delivers up to 3.9$\times$ in-memory and 6.5$\times$ larger-than-memory speedup for PostgreSQL vector search, speeds up scan-heavy queries by up to 3$\times$.

Hojun Lee, Insu Baek, Mirco Sastges et al.

We present an in-depth analysis of the orbital magnetism by means of the so-called modern theory based on the Berry phase across distinct classes of materials-d transition metals, sp metals, and transition metal dichalcogenides-highlighting the microscopic nature of band structure characteristics. We adopt a gauge-covariant formulation of the modern theory proposed in [Lopez et al. Phys. Rev. B 85, 014435 (2012)], which enables the calculation of orbital magnetism in a controlled manner in any chosen gauge of Wannier functions and gives the total contribution as a gauge-invariant measurable. This captures consistently the contributions due to the anomalous position, velocity, and orbital angular momentum of Wannier basis, as well as the contributions due to Hamiltonian such that their sum is gauge-invariant. For d transition metals, we find that the atom-centered approximation captures the majority of the total contribution given by modern theory, which we attribute to localized nature of d electrons. However, 5d metals tend to exhibit larger deviation between the two methods than 3d metals do, as 5d electrons are more delocalized than 3d electrons. On the other hand, sp metals exhibit a strong deviation between the two methods, where large kinetic energy of sp electrons is important. Finally, in 1H-MoS2, we find that the valley orbital moment far exceeds the atomic limit of d electrons due to coherent hybridization between valence and conduction bands in direct band gaps. Our work elucidates the interplay of the chemical nature of electronic orbitals and the effect of band structures in a consistent manner and highlights the role of Berry phase in orbital magnetism. The results suggest a promising direction of orbitronics beyond controlling atomic orbitals, in which the orbital magnetism can be greatly enhanced by exploiting Berry phase.

R. Zmud

Kirill S. Nezhdanov, Ludmila Yu. Milovanova, Svetlana Yu. Milovanova et al.

The article covers the main stages of intestinal microbiota (MB) research from ancient to modern times and addresses the features of the interaction between intestinal MB and renal diseases, the gut-kidney axis. It is believed that for the first time, MB was mentioned in one of the treatises of Ayurveda, “Caraka-Samhitā” (700–100 BC), and the first use of probiotics was mentioned in Ancient China (1000 BC). In the 1670s, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, using an advanced microscope, described protozoa and bacteria, including intestinal MB. Later, in parallel with the discoveries of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, intestinal MB was a subject for research, with studies by Theodor Escherich, Henri Tissier, and our compatriots S.N. Vinogradsky and I.I. Mechnikov playing an important role. The next stage in the study of intestinal MB dates back to 1994 with the beginning of the use of 16s rRNA sequencing, metascience, and the organization of global projects for the MB study, the Human Microbiome Project and METAgenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract, the purpose of which is to study its composition and interaction with the body. An example of such an interaction is the gut-kidney axis, which reflects the metabolic relationship of the kidneys and intestinal MB. Within the context of this axis, the potential therapeutic possibilities of pro-, prebiotics and synbiotics in kidney diseases are investigated. However, despite advances in the field, further research is needed to develop of the most optimal strategy for correcting microbiota disorders, including in chronic kidney diseases.

Yifan Xiang, Vineeta Tanwar, Parminder Singh et al.

Background: Aging can be understood as a consequence of the declining force of natural selection with age. Consistent with this, the antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging proposes that aging arises from trade-offs that favor early growth and reproduction. However, evidence supporting antagonistic pleiotropy in humans remains limited. Methods: Mendelian randomization (MR) was applied to investigate the associations between the ages of menarche or first childbirth and age-related outcomes and diseases. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was employed to explore gene-related aspects associated with significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected in MR analysis. The associations between the age of menarche, childbirth, and the number of childbirths with several age-related outcomes were validated in the UK Biobank by conducting regression analysis of nearly 200,000 subjects. Results: Using MR, we demonstrated that later ages of menarche or first childbirth were genetically associated with longer parental lifespan, decreased frailty index, slower epigenetic aging, later menopause, and reduced facial aging. Moreover, later menarche or first childbirth was also genetically associated with a lower risk of several age-related diseases, including late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, essential hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We identified 158 significant SNPs that influenced age-related outcomes, some of which were involved in known longevity pathways, including insulin-like growth factor 1, growth hormone, AMP-activated protein kinase, and mTOR signaling. Our study also identified higher body mass index as a mediating factor in causing the increased risk of certain diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and heart failure, in women with early menarche or early pregnancy. We validated the associations between the age of menarche, childbirth, and the number of childbirths with several age-related outcomes in the UK Biobank by conducting regression analysis of nearly 200,000 subjects. Our results demonstrated that menarche before the age of 11 and childbirth before 21 significantly accelerated the risk of several diseases and almost doubled the risk for diabetes, heart failure, and quadrupled the risk of obesity, supporting the antagonistic pleiotropy theory. Conclusions: Our study highlights the complex relationship between genetic legacies and modern diseases, emphasizing the need for gender-sensitive healthcare strategies that consider the unique connections between female reproductive health and aging. Funding: Hevolution Foundation (PK). National Institute of Health grant R01AG068288 and R01AG045835 (PK). Larry L. Hillblom Foundation (PK), Larry L. Hillblom Foundation (PS), Glenn Foundation (VN).

Elio Paris, Giacomo De Marco, Oscar Vazquez et al.

Fibrous dysplasia is a congenital, non-inherited, benign intramedullary bone lesion in which the normal bone marrow is replaced by abnormal fibro-osseous tissue. The disorder can be monostotic (involving a single bone) or polyostotic (involving multiple bones). As the abnormal fibro-osseous tissue compromises the mechanical strength of bone, it can result in pain, deformity, fractures, or abnormalities in bone mechanics with inappropriate bone alignment. This narrative review attempts to summarize more than 20 years of observations of patients with FD to help pediatric orthopedists establish a care framework that can improve its identification, understand the impact that endocrinopathies can have on its clinical presentation, and optimize the management of bone disorders. Our focus is specifically on orthopedic manifestations of FD and modern management alternatives. The past 20 years have provided major advances in understanding of fibrous dysplasia (FD), and it is clear that the pediatric orthopedist's role remains highly relevant in the management of all types of FD. Surgical treatment remains appropriate when pain is unresponsive to other medical treatments, when a pathological fracture is impending or has happened, when a deformity is worsening or has formed, or when there is a suspicion of malignant transformation. The pediatric orthopedist must be aware, therefore, of the particularities of the different bones on which they may be called to intervene, and they should give very careful consideration to their operative strategy, which must be adjusted to the biological and static characteristics of the bone.

Chang Zhou, Yang Guo, Guoyin Chen et al.

Zikai Liu, Jasmin Schult, Pengcheng Xu et al.

Despite the promise of alleviating the main memory bottleneck, and the existence of commercial hardware implementations, techniques for Near-Data Processing have seen relatively little real-world deployment. The idea has received renewed interest with the appearance of disaggregated or "far" memory, for example in the use of CXL memory pools. However, we argue that the lack of a clear OS-centric abstraction of Near-Data Processing is a major barrier to adoption of the technology. Inspired by the channel controllers which interface the CPU to disk drives in mainframe systems, we propose memory channel controllers as a convenient, portable, and virtualizable abstraction of Near-Data Processing for modern disaggregated memory systems. In addition to providing a clean abstraction that enables OS integration while requiring no changes to CPU architecture, memory channel controllers incorporate another key innovation: they exploit the cache coherence provided by emerging interconnects to provide a much richer programming model, with more fine-grained interaction, than has been possible with existing designs.

Rachael Hill, Casey Kovesdi, Torrey Mortenson et al.

Accelerator control systems often represent relatively complex and safety-sensitive human-machine interfaces within process control industries. These systems are technically robust and reflect the cumulative integration of solutions built and adapted across decades. One of the regular, unfortunate casualties of provisional accelerator control system updates is their human-system interfaces (HSIs) which often lag behind modern usability and design standards. An additional challenge is that although there is a multitude of established human factors (HF), and user experience (UX) principles for everyday digital applications, there are very few (if any) established principles for complex and safety-critical applications for an accelerator. This paper argues for the importance of established HF and UX principles (herein referred to as human-centered design principles) into the development of accelerator HSIs, emphasizing the need for clarity, consistency, responsiveness, and cognitive accessibility. Drawing from HF/UX best practices and human-centered design, this paper discusses how these approaches can enhance operator performance, reduce human error, and improve accelerator personnel collaboration. Case studies from Accelerator Control Operations Research Network (ACORN) at Fermilab are explored to demonstrate how interfaces built with human-centered design principles can scale with system complexity while remaining intuitive and efficient for diverse user roles including operators, machine experts, and engineers. By bridging the gap between traditional control system design and modern human-centered design methods, this paper provides a roadmap for evolving accelerator HSIs into more usable, maintainable, and effective tools.

Cecilia Lunardini, Tomoya Takiwaki, Tomoya Kinugawa et al.

We present a new, state-of-the-art computation of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background (DSNB), where we use neutrino spectra from multi-dimensional, multi-second core collapse supernova simulations - including both neutron-star and black-hole forming collapses - and binary evolution effects from modern population synthesis codes. Large sets of numerical results are processed and connected in a consistent manner, using two key quantities: the mass of the star's Carbon-Oxygen (CO) core at an advanced pre-collapse stage - which depends on binary evolution effects - and the compactness parameter, which is the main descriptor of the post-collapse neutrino emission. The method enables us to model the neutrino emission of a very diverse, binary-affected population of stars, which cannot unambiguously be mapped in detail by existing core collapse simulations. We find that including black hole-forming collapses enhances the DSNB by up to 50% at energies greater than 30-40 MeV. Binary evolution effects can change the total rate of collapses and generate a sub-population of high core mass stars that are stronger neutrino emitters. However, the net effect on the DSNB is moderate - up to a 15% increase in flux - due to the rarity of these super-massive cores and to the relatively modest dependence of the neutrino emission on the CO core mass. The methodology presented here is suitable for extensions and generalizations, and therefore it lays the foundation for modern treatments of the DSNB.