Hasil untuk "Metropolitan areas"

Adeshola Akintobi, Adeshola Akintobi, Sabine O’Hara et al.

IntroductionThis article explores clinical law programs of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) and their role in advancing equitable development in urban communities which have been impacted by disinvestment, redlining, and gentrification. Building on the legacy of the Great Migration and subsequent urban decline, the communities where the six HBCU law schools, accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), are located have experienced a range of development challenges. They are Orlando, Florida, Durham, North Carolina, Washington, D. C., Houston, Texas, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The study examines whether these law schools deliver what their stated priorities promise, namely, to meaningfully contribute to the equitable development goals of the communities where they are located.MethodsUsing a systematic review of publicly available documents as well as case study materials from the five metro areas, the study reveals a strong alignment between the clinical work offered by the law schools in our sample and the development needs of the metropolitan areas where they are located.ResultsThese alignments are particularly evident in the areas of affordable housing, youth advocacy, immigration, and economic justice.DiscussionWhile the study is limited by its reliance on publicly available data, the findings suggest that HBCU law schools and their clinical programs provide critical contributions to the civic infrastructure of US metropolitan areas seeking to achieve equitable urban revitalization. The findings also identify opportunities for further research, to investigate the dynamics between law school clinical programs and equitable community development in more depth.

Matteo Straccamore, Vittorio Loreto, Pietro Gravino

Abstract Cities and metropolitan areas are major drivers of creativity and innovation in all possible sectors: scientific, technological, social, artistic, etc. The critical concentration and proximity of diverse mindsets and opportunities, supported by efficient infrastructures, enable new technologies and ideas to emerge, thrive, and trigger further innovation. Though this pattern seems well established, geography’s role in the emergence and diffusion of new technologies still needs to be clarified. An additional important question concerns the identification of the technological innovation pathways of metropolitan areas. Here, we explore the factors that influence the spread of technology among metropolitan areas worldwide and how geography and political borders impact this process. Our evidence suggests that political geography has been highly important for the diffusion of technological innovation till around two decades ago, slowly declining afterwards in favour of a more global patenting ecosystem. Further, the visualisation of the evolution of countries and metropolitan areas in a 2d space of competitiveness and diversification reveals the existence of two main technological innovation pathways, discriminating between different strategies towards progress. Our work provides insights for policymakers seeking to promote economic growth and technological advancement through tailored investments in prioritarian technological innovation areas.

Antonio-Valentin Tache, Oana-Cătălina Popescu, Alexandru-Ionuț Petrișor

A green-blue infrastructure is essential for achieving the European Green Deal objectives and can be used to protect large cities and their metropolitan areas against urban sprawl. Green-blue infrastructure is an important research topic, because green-blue planning networks provide solutions for mitigating contemporary growing urban and climate challenges. Our study aims to create an innovative methodology for defining and analyzing the elements of green-blue infrastructure and their connectivity within Bucharest, Romania and its metropolitan area, to serve as a planning model. The methodology consists of merging European geodata sets with metropolitan and local data, using GIS tools, and analyzing the connectivity within the study area. All connections resulted from implementing the Linkage Mapper tool were operationalized, using high-resolution satellite images and correcting obtained connections, so that deviations from reality were minimized. The results consist of a conceptual model for planning the green-blue infrastructure within Bucharest and in its metropolitan area, embedding an analysis of its connectivity. The study contributes to implementing the concept of green infrastructure in urban and spatial planning, providing tools for planning the green-blue infrastructures of large cities and their metropolitan areas and, implicitly, reducing urban sprawl, improving air quality and mitigating environmental threats due to climate change.

Weiting Xiong, Junyan Yang

The metropolitan fringe area is of great significance to a city’s future growth. However, relatively little attention has been paid to delineating and characterizing the metropolitan fringe area from a spatial morphology perspective, which contributes to the planning and design of metropolitan fringe areas. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a morphology–based method to delineate the metropolitan fringe area and investigate the characteristics of its spatial morphology. Drawing upon a large–scale dataset on the spatial morphology of Shanghai, this study finds that the metropolitan fringe area is generally circular in shape and is dominated by residential, industrial, agricultural and forestry land. The metropolitan fringe area accounts for 24.65% of the total area of Shanghai and is mainly located between its outer ring and suburban ring areas. The distributions of spatial characteristics of the metropolitan fringe area suggest that the area has a relatively lower level in terms of building height, building density, and development intensity. Furthermore, the metropolitan fringe area of Shanghai contains five key spatial elements, including residential and industrial clusters, shadow spaces accompanying clusters, corridor lines, green wedges, and surfaces. The interaction of the five spatial elements lays the foundation for the prototype of the spatial structure of the metropolitan fringe area of Shanghai, which is of great significance to understanding the heterogeneity within the metropolitan fringe area in terms of the distribution of spatial morphological characteristics. Such heterogeneity also needs to be considered in the planning and design of the metropolitan fringe area.

Marco Antonio Díaz, David Blanco, María Belén Almendro-Candel et al.

The rapid and disproportionate growth of many cities in South America, such as Santiago de Chile, has not included a design that considers the impact caused. Furthermore, industrial and housing growth has been based mainly on unsustainable economic criteria, attributing less importance to environmental criteria. This has caused problems related to global warming, pollution, water scarcity and health, especially harming populations with fewer resources. This study estimates and compares the impact of four tree species commonly used at the urbanization level, according to variables such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), water resources, and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Then, we will use the variable PM2.5 to assess the trees’ impact on the population and their economic resources using these tree species as a method of capturing this pollutant. The results obtained will be used to determine which one of the four species is the most suitable in each type of space within the Metropolitan Region of Chile (small spaces, uncultivated areas, large spaces near industrial areas, areas with patients with breathing problems, etc.) according to three criteria: a comparison between species using the number of trees in the investigated territory; contrasting the species with the amount of social housing; and a comparison between the species according to the total number of dwellings.

Jordan McLeod, Marshall Shepherd

Observational and numerical modeling studies continue to affirm the existence of the “urban rainfall effect” (URE), or a discernible anomaly in warm season precipitation due to urbanization. However, the literature has been lacking a progression towards the predictability of the URE. Atlanta, Georgia has consistently appeared in the literature because of its well-studied urban rainfall anomalies. Using the Multi-sensor Precipitation Estimates (MPE) dataset and the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset, an 18-year period (2002–2019) is examined. Three similar but distinct methods are used to define urban rainfall days (URDs), or periods when the precipitation in the urbanized areas of Atlanta are greater than the surrounding rural areas. A combination of compositing, wind rose, and k-means cluster analyses are employed to extract the synoptic framework supportive of the URE in Atlanta, Georgia. The synoptic-scale compositing analysis reveals that there are a consistent set of meteorological ingredients that are needed to produce an URD, including weaker-than-average southwesterly-to-northwesterly flow at 700 hPa, copious amounts of moisture throughout the tropospheric column, and a background low-level convergent flow. Composite atmospheric soundings reveal that there is enhanced moisture throughout the tropospheric column on URDs, leading to marginal instability that favors localized convection across the Atlanta metropolitan area. The study also provides clarity on how often the URE is present (roughly 8% of the time) during warm season days across the Atlanta metropolitan area. Taken together, this synoptic framework will aid in the forecasting of the URE in Atlanta and can be easily applied to other cities.

Arkadiusz Mroczek

Since the fall of communism, the big cities of Central Europe have been included in the international metropolitan network, and their economic performance has improved significantly. Based on that, it can be asserted that the whole region is undergoing a process of metropolisation, which may be manifested by a focus of development in the limited areas of metropolises. Therefore this paper aims to present the results of a closer examination of this process in Central Europe. It is based on a comparative analysis of the metropolises in relation to their countries in terms of economic performance. A taxonomic approach based on Hellwig’s development pattern is adopted. The available Eurostat data (NUTS 3 level) on a range of socio‑economic characteristics is used. The study results show that the economic performance of Central European metropolises is relatively closer to Western Europe’s cities than the countries’ non‑metropolitan parts. Highlighting development issues in Central Europe from the spatial‑metropolitan point of view is the paper’s added value.

Saizo Aoyagi, Yiping Le, Tetsuo Shimizu et al.

In Japan, traffic congestions often occur on the expressways connecting tourism areas with the Tokyo metropolitan area. This congestion can be mitigated if tourists delayed their departure of homeward trips to avoid peak traffic hours. A potential method to promote staggered departure times is providing the estimates of near-future traffic congestion. This study hypothesized and experimentally confirmed that some tourists would delay their departure to avoid traffic based on near-future traffic estimates. The experiment was conducted in the Yatsugatake area using a mobile application that provided this information to tourists. The results suggest that approximately 40% of self-driving tourists will perform an additional stopover if the returning route is congested and near-future traffic congestion estimate is provided.

Áróra Árnadóttir, Michał Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen

A lot of emphasis has been put on the densification of urban form to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. However, many recent studies have found that central urban dwellers, even though their carbon footprints of daily transportation may be lower, might be responsible for higher total emissions than those that reside in suburban areas. Similarly, as with the urban form, higher environmental concern is often considered as an indicator of lower emissions, but several studies have found that pro-environmental attitude (PEA) does not always correlate with less energy intensive behavior. This study analyzes how urban zones, PEA, and several sociodemographic variables are associated with annual travel emissions and pro-environmental behaviors (PEB), using a dataset collected with a map-based online survey (softGIS) survey, contributed by 841 participants from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA), Finland. Although PEA can affect PEBs related to household energy consumption (&#946; = 0.282, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), clothing (&#946; = 0.447, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and produce purchases (&#946; = 0.449, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001), their relationship with emissions from local (&#946; = &#8722;0.067), national (&#946; = &#8722;0.019) and international (&#946; = &#8722;0.016) travel was not significant. Clusters of low emissions from local travel and high international travel emissions were found in pedestrian-oriented urban zones and residents of car-oriented zones were more likely to conserve household energy (&#946; = 0.102, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). These results might help broaden the current perspective of city planners, as well as identify opportunities for more effective mitigation policies.

Alexandre Abdal, Caio César Ferreira de Macedo, Gabriel Almeida Antunes Rossini et al.

Resumo O presente artigo aborda aspectos econômicos relevantes do aglomerado urbano que constitui a Macrometrópole Paulista (MMP). Primeiramente, identificamos as principais dinâmicas associadas à globalização e as suas manifestações em São Paulo. Em seguida, discutimos o acidentado percurso do desenvolvimento brasileiro nas últimas décadas, com ênfase nas pressões que pesam sobre a indústria nacional, o que significa caracterizar o contexto mais geral no qual a MMP está inscrita. Posteriormente, situamos a MMP na trajetória recente da economia brasileira e analisamos o seu desempenho industrial com os decorrentes impactos territoriais. Concluímos avaliando a economia paulista em face dos desafios contemporâneos, salientando o papel do Estado nacional na implementação de políticas regionais capazes de estimular um desenvolvimento mais equilibrado no conjunto do território do País.

Maggie Kirkman, Kate Young, Susan Evans et al.

Abstract Background The Victorian Prostate Cancer Registry (Australia) revealed poorer rates of survival for men diagnosed with prostate cancer in one Victorian regional area than for men in metropolitan Melbourne. We sought to explore the perceptions and experiences of prostate cancer diagnosis, treatment, and care of men diagnosed with prostate cancer who lived in regional or metropolitan areas and of men who had not been so diagnosed. Our goal was to contribute to the evidence from which can be built continuing improvements in prostate health care. Methods Using the qualitative method of in-depth interviews to gain access to explanation and meaning, we interviewed 21 men: 10 recruited through the Prostate Cancer Outcome Registry-Victoria and 11 from the community. Transcripts were analysed thematically. Results We identified four main themes within which men discussed prostate cancer: Case-finding, Diagnosis, Treatment and Care, and Spreading the Word. Contrasts revealed between regional and metropolitan areas related mostly to the more limited supportive care in regional areas. Conclusions It is evident from the perspectives of these men that every aspect of prostate cancer care would benefit from attention: publicising the need to check prostate health, treatment, and supporting men in the years after treatment. Continuing to work on systemic improvements is an important goal for all those committed to men’s health.

Victor A. Convertino, Brent A. Parquette, David A. Wampler et al.

Abstract Background Intrathoracic pressure regulation (IPR) therapy has been shown to increase blood pressure in hypotensive patients. The potential value of this therapy in patients with hypotension secondary to trauma with bleeding is not well understood. We hypothesized that IPR would non-invasively and safely enhance blood pressure in spontaneously breathing patients with trauma-induced hypotension. Methods This prospective observational cohort study assessed vital signs from hypotensive patients with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≤90 mmHg secondary to trauma treated with IPR (ResQGARD™, ZOLL Medical) by pre-hospital emergency medical personnel in three large US metropolitan areas. Upon determination of hypotension, facemask-based IPR was initiated as long as bleeding was controlled. Vital signs were recorded before, during, and after IPR. An increased SBP with IPR use was the primary study endpoint. Device tolerance and ease of use were also reported. Results A total of 54 patients with hypotension secondary to trauma were treated from 2009 to 2016. The mean ± SD SBP increased from 80.9 ± 12.2 mmHg to 106.6 ± 19.2 mmHg with IPR (p < 0.001) and mean arterial pressures (MAP) increased from 62.2 ± 10.5 mmHg to 81.9 ± 16.6 mmHg (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in mean heart rate or oxygen saturation. Approximately 75% of patients reported moderate to easy tolerance of the device. There were no safety concerns or reported adverse events. Conclusions These findings support the use of IPR to treat trauma-induced hypotension as long as bleeding has been controlled.

D. Segal

W. Clark

J. Freeman, Chris Styles, M. Lawley

K. Tajima

Sean F. Reardon, Chad R. Farrell, S. Matthews et al.

S. Havard, S. Deguen, J. Bodin et al.

W. Clark

Stephen T. Marston