Metalurgija je daleko najstarija tehnička struka i jedno od znanstvenih polja u području tehničkih znanosti. Na području današnje Republike Hrvatske, prema arheološkim nalazima, metalurška djelatnost datira više od 6000 godina. Razvoj metalurgije na području današnje Republike Hrvatske prošao je mnogobrojne faze. Industrijski razvoj metalurgije u XX. stoljeću u Republici Hrvatskoj započinje obnavljanjem metalurških tvrtki iz XIX. stoljeća, proizvodnjom ferolegura, otvaranjem brojnih ljevaonica (uglavnom obrtničkoga karaktera) te početkom industrijske proizvodnje sirovoga željeza i aluminija pred Drugi svjetski rat. Nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata razvoju metalurgije u Republici Hrvatskoj posvećivala se velika pozornost: otvaranje niza metalurških gospodarskih subjekata pridonijelo je i respektabilnom razvoju metaloprerađivačke industrije do kraja 1980-ih godina. U ovom radu prikazan je povijesni razvoj metalurgije na području današnje Republike Hrvatske, uključujući najznačajnije industrijske metalurške tvrtke iz crne metalurgije, obojene metalurgije i ljevarstva. Osim toga, prikazani su i nastavna, znanstvena, stručna i izdavačka metalurška aktivnost, kao i doprinos strukovnih društava i časopisa razvoju znanstvenoga polja metalurgije. Prije 35 godina metalurška proizvodnja u Republici Hrvatskoj bila je na razini od oko 2,5 Mt metalurških poluproizvoda i gotovih proizvoda. Nažalost, kao posljedica ratnih razaranja, većinski pogrešnoga modela privatizacije, nepostojanja industrijske strategije zadnjih desetljeća te deindustrijalizacije, metalurška proizvodnja u Republici Hrvatskoj u 2024. godini iznosila je samo 376 kt metalurških proizvoda.
Importance. Presented the main results of creating an educational dictionary taking into account modern linguodidactic requirements to the process of designing reference aids. The main content of the research is related to the presentation of the process of creating an electronic training dictionary of phraseologisms related to business and economics. The novelty of the research lies in the rapid development of computer lexicography, which makes it necessary to use training dictionaries in teaching a foreign language for professional purposes.Materials and Methods. The study dictionaries of business English, textbooks on teaching English of business and economics sphere, as well as scientific literature and Internet sources are presented. Theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, the method of solid sampling, modeling and design methods, as well as elements of statistical analysis and pedagogical experiment are used as the main methods.Results and Discussion. During the experiment, the indicators improved more than twice, which suggests that the training dictionary helps students to memorize phraseological units better. Results obtained in the research seem to make a certain contribution to the solution of an important problem of formation of terminological competence of students of economic specialties, to the development of digital educational lexicography.Conclusion. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using the developed lexicographic resource in the process of teaching students English in the sphere of business communication, as well as in the possibility of using the developed approaches to dictionary design in the practical activity of compiling electronic dictionaries of English for special (professional) purposes.
Mengliyev Bakhtiyor, Toirova Guli, Ibragimov Javlon
et al.
The article emphasizes the significance of applying the Pareto principle in education, particularly in distributing knowledge based on its importance. Education fundamentally involves teaching, encompassing the instructor’s activities, influencing students’ learning and studying processes, and the students’ active participation in the learning process. Efficient organization of the educational process facilitates achieving the desired objectives. Consequently, resource allocation in education is of utmost importance. This article demonstrates how Pareto’s law can enhance the quality of language education, specifically mother tongue education. It highlights the Pareto principle as a tool for achieving efficiency in education management, similar to its applications in economics, science, business, time management, and other fields. Additionally, in lexicography, Pareto’s law is employed to categorize language units intended for inclusion in a dictionary based on their relative importance in speech composition.
Gulbagira Ayupova, Zhanar Jambayeva, Zhannat Balmagambetova
et al.
The global equivalence of speech and cultures plays a crucial role in typological linguistics and cross-cultural communication, forming the basis for studying numeral phraseological units from linguistic perspectives. This study analyses numeral idioms within Kazakh and English phraseological units, utilizing generalization, descriptive, and comparative methods. The findings highlight the distinct origins of concepts underlying Kazakh and English numerical phraseological words, leading to diverse classifications and perceptions. Both languages’ phraseological units with numerical elements feature significant morphosyntactic fixation and semantic idiomaticity, conveying global meaning in context. The development of numeral phraseology within equivalence and identity is shaped by culture-dependent mental structures. The cultural fusion in Kazakh and English reflects open and pluralistic affiliations. Despite ethnic strengthening and identity assertion, Turkic languages experience “linguistic extinction,” evident in limited usage of proverbs, expressions, and folk phraseological units. The study offers practical value for linguists, ethno-linguists, and related experts in various fields.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
This paper argues for proximity between the two branches of a jurisprudential–adjudicative genre: manuals for judges or the etiquette for the judgeship. I wish to demonstrate that the proximity, lexicography, ways and tools of argument, etc., are founded upon a meta-legal stratum that contains kalam theology. In this paper, I will elaborate on the genre and its discovery, define some basic principles for the field of discussion, and provide textual examples of the proximities between the two branches of the genre based on pre-legal or meta-halachic demands. I suggest a preliminary result here and lay the groundwork for further research in the future: The criteria for the appointment of the true judge sketch out his idealized personality. He is more than an administrator of the judicial bureaucracy: he is a guide for the legally perplexed peoplehood, both in Judaism and Islam.
Meaning delimitation as a standard procedure in writing, editing, and compiling (bilingual) dictionaries, as well as in translation, is language dependent. Sometimes it refers to the analysis of word formation, but more frequently requires a morphosyntactic analysis of the lexical unit. The introduction gives a short comparison of the two languages, Croatian and English, discussing lexicographic procedures necessary in preparing a bilingual dictionary up to applying a lexicographic decision rule. Chapter 2 discusses specificities of bilingual dictionaries and the methodology of writing dictionary entries, especially in the case of two unrelated languages such as Croatian and English, giving preference to the use of relevant resources such as contexts (especially corpora). Chapter 3 deals with headwords in the Croatian language that require disambiguation, even for native speakers. The examples discussed in separate subchapters are: Croatian adjectives ending in -iv, -jiv, or -ljiv (e.g. jestiv, jediv, and jedljiv); contextual delimitations of neuter gender adjectives and of adverbs (e.g. kazneno pravo, kazneno goniti); present participial adjectives, verbal adverbs and gerunds (e.g. umirući); past participial adjectives and adjectives (e.g. rođen and rođeni); adverbs and prepositions (e.g. poslije); and adverbials and prepositional phrases (e.g. nàgore, nȁgorē and na gore). Further on, cases of polysemy (e.g. zemlja), homophony (e.g. sûd), and homonymy (e.g. prȁvo as a neuter form of an adjective and as an adverb), ways of denoting actions vs. documents, and finally cases of false friends are reviewed. Specificities of the English language, characterised by numerous varieties (primarily BrE and AmE), are dealt with in Chapter 4. Some differences of orthographic nature (e.g. dialogue and dialog), as well as lexical ones (exemplified by legal and road/railway traffic terminology), are pointed out. In addition, the multifunctionality of word forms in English (e.g. drive, as a verb or a noun); syntactic and morphosyntactic features of meanings (articles, singular/plural, e.g. end of a/the/0 day/s/), multiword expressions (e.g. golden parachute), polysemy (e.g. stock), homonyms, homographs and homophones (e.g. bank as an institution or an edge of a watercourse), synonyms (e.g. freedom and liberty), paronyms (e.g. proscribe and prescribe), false friends (e.g. billion compared to Croatian bilijun), culture-based language imprints (e.g. Dear John letter), and verbs expressing negative meanings in English (e.g. ignore) are delineated. For the most part, examples given in the article are provided from dictionaries (Gačić, 2010 and 2019) and corpora. Chapter 5 closes the paper with some concluding remarks, emphasising the necessity of applying of the described procedures of delimitation and disambiguation of meanings in bilingual lexicography and in translation, mainly through texts, corpora, and contrastive analysis.
Valentina Yur'evna Apresjan, Boris Leonidovich Iomdin
Our study tackles Russian interrogative-relative pronouns ( wh -words) as a lexicographic type which requires a unified treatment. Our objective is to give a systematic description and explanation of the numerous collocational and constructional properties of the Russian wh -words using lexicographic and corpus methods. The dataset and statistics were extracted from the Russian National Corpus, at least 100 examples for each of the pronouns were analysed. Methodologically the study is based on the principles of the Moscow School of Semantics (namely, integral description of language and systematic lexicography) which are to a large extent rooted in the “Meaning⇔Text” theory. They include analysis of linguistic items on all levels of language; a focus on their semantic and combinatorial properties; acknowledged validity of dictionary as an instrument of linguistic research. The paper considers semantic, syntactic and co-occurrence properties shared by many Russian interrogative pronouns and analyzes the reasons for their almost entire lack in the pronouns zachem ‘what for’ and pochemu ‘why’. As demonstrated in the study, most of the constructional and co-occurrence properties typical of Russian interrogative pronouns (for example, co-occurrence with particles imenno ‘exactly’ and khot’ ‘at least’, constructions with mnogo ‘many’, malo ‘few’, etc.) are motivated by the semantics of multiplicity and choice, which are incompatible with ‘what for’ and ‘why’. In addition, as the findings show, different interrogative pronouns have different frequencies of occurrence in the described constructions, which is explained not by their general corpus frequencies or by the animacy hierarchy, but by the compatibility of their semantics with the meanings of multiplicity and choice. The obtained results suggest that combinatorial properties of wh -words are motivated by their semantics which, in turn, reflects the meta-linguistic characteristics of the situations to which they refer.
The article deals with the actual task of terminology – the introduction of modern means of
lexicography process computerization, as well as the creation of lexicographic systems of a modern
type. A number of modern online lexicographic sources that record computer terms are analyzed, their
features from the point of view of practical application are noted, and the most current trends related to
modern lexicography processes are highlighted. During the research the most popular online dictionaries
that record IT terms have been selected; the parameters of such online dictionaries are characterized;
their practical functions for application in the IT sphere are highlighted; the main trends affecting the
further study of the features of the lexicography process are identified and outlined. The following
methods were used to solve these problems: a structural and systemic analysis of the most popular online
dictionaries and electronic complexes was carried out; such empirical research methods as observation,
comparison, monitoring of lexicographic sources were used; the extrapolation method was used to
generalize information and spread the conclusions obtained from observation. In this study, we use the
term electronic dictionaries – online dictionaries, placed on the network and accessible in the Internet,
containing a lexicographic database, as well as special search tools. It was established that the analyzed
modern popular online lexicographic sources, which record the terms of the computer terminology,
according to the basic principles of lexicography, have an effective toolkit with a variety of functionality.
The following types of dictionaries are distinguished among them: 4 electronic complexes, 3 explanatory
and translation dictionaries, 1 explanatory dictionary, 3 translation dictionaries, and 1 thesaurus. However,
we note a number of disadvantages: closed access or interruptions in accessibility to the online source;
irregular updating of online dictionary materials; not quite perfectly thought out navigation; inconvenient
placement of register units in the electronic dictionary (only the search bar can be used); information
support and help system only in the language of registration (mainly English); sometimes the texts and
the definitions themselves need linguistic and stylistic editing; in industry dictionaries, the presence of
commonly used terms that are redundant.
Conclusion. Despite the unconditional achievements in the compilation of lexicographic online sources
using the latest technologies, so far no electronic industry dictionary of computer terms has been created
that meets all the needs and requirements of the computer terminology. We note that among the studied
online dictionaries, which record the terms of the IT sphere, only two are specialized. They are useful because
they provide definitions of terms and their translation, but other necessary characteristics of terms have to
be sought in non-specialist online sources. An electronic dictionary of computer terms with the application
of information and computer technologies, in our opinion, should have the following main parameters: to
be a reference of interpretative and translation type for a specific field, to have completed all the terms of
this field; provide comprehensive information about the peculiarities of codified terms: their meaning, main
grammatical characteristics, stylistic properties, contexts of use, fixed expressions and other semantic and
syntactic structures, which include the registered word; have a convenient search system; have a dictionary
user interface that displays the entire paradigm of the searched word; be able to add comments or new words
to the personal dictionary; the system of authorization of access to information controlled by the dictionary
administrator; database protection against unauthorized use; provide visualization of terms. Therefore, in
the future, it is worthwhile, using technology achievements in terminology, to develop the concept of a
modern electronic dictionary of computer terms, combining the efforts of lexicographers, programmers, and
philologists-terminologists, to create a lexicographic complex of this type.
Mícheál J. Ó Meachair, Brian Ó Raghallaigh, Úna Bhreathnach
et al.
Leagtar amach sa pháipéar seo na céimeanna a leanadh le Corpas Foclóireachta na Gaeilge 2020 (CFG2020), corpas aonteangach 77.3 milliún focal, a thiomsú. Mínítear comhthéacs an tionscadail agus na riachtanais a spreag na cinntí a tógadh lena linn. Déantar cur síos ansin ar chéim an tiomsaithe agus ar na céimeanna próiseála. Tugtar spléachadh ar inneachar an chorpais, ar an acmhainn a cruthaíodh lena chuardach, agus ar an gcineál anailíse agus taighde a cumasaíodh leis seo. Tiomsaíodh CFG2020 ar an tuiscint gur réamhchéim é ar thionscadal níos leithne corpais, is ar an gcúis sin a dhéantar moltaí i dtaca lena fheabhsú agus lena mhéadú.
[This paper sets out the steps followed in the compilation of Corpas Foclóireachta na Gaeilge 2020 (CFG2020), a monolingual 77.3 million word Irish-language corpus. The context and circumstances of the project are explained, along with the motivation for various decisions made. The compilation and processing stages are described in detail. The contents of the corpus are outlined and the resource created to query CFG2020 is presented, along with reference to the kinds of analysis and research which it enables. CFG2020 was created as a first step towards a proposed larger corpus project, and suggestions for improvement and expansion are therefore proposed.]
Irina V. Erofeeva, Valery D. Solovyev, Venera R. Bajrasheva
The recently created RuWordNet thesaurus reflects hierarchical, primarily synonymous, relations in
the vocabulary so that it is built from a set of synsets. In this paper, we applied the method of a comparative analysis:
we compared the data of classical dictionaries of Russian language synonyms, RuWordNet thesaurus and the results
of a students’ poll. The students represent two areas of specialization: linguistic and nonliguistic. As a result of the
psychosemantic experiment, we specified the criteria for the distribution of lexical units among synsets. We referred to
them cognitive, semantic, stylistic and quantitative criteria. The quantitative method made it possible to determine the
fixation frequency of synonyms for the stimulus word in the respondents’ minds. The results of the experiment
showed that the most adequate principle, implemented in verbal and cogitative activity by the identifying of the
synonymic chains, is a pragmatic one. It reveals itself in the possibility of the interchange of similar in meaning words
in different contexts. The research results contain recommendations on the systematization of linguistic information
in the RuWordNet thesaurus, aimed at improving the principles of synsets’ building. The performed research is aimed
at verifying the reflected in RuWordNet data from the point of view of their correspondence to the real idea of native
speakers of the synonymic, hyponymic and other system-based relationship in the vocabulary.
We interpret the problem of updating beliefs as a choice problem (selecting a posterior from a set of admissible posteriors) with a reference point (prior). We use AGM belief revision to define the support of admissible posteriors after arrival of information, which applies also to zero probability events. We study two classes of updating rules for probabilities: 1) “lexicographic” updating rules where posteriors are given by a lexicographic probability system 2) “minimum distance” updating rules which select the posterior closest to the prior by some metric. We show that an updating rule is lexicographic if and only if it is Bayesian, AGM-consistent and satisfies a weak form of path independence. While not all lexicographic updating rules have a minimum distance representation, we study a sub-class of lexicographic rules, which we call “support-dependent” rules, which admit a minimum distance representation. Finally, we apply our approach to the problem of updating preferences.
We show that every lexicographic choice function is acceptant and path independent. Furthermore, there exists an acceptant and path independent choice function that is not lexicographic.
One approach to voting on several interrelated issues consists in using a language for compact preference representation, from which the voters' preferences are elicited and aggregated. Such a language can usually be seen as a domain restriction. We consider a well-known restriction, namely, conditionally lexicographic preferences , where both the relative importance between issues and the preference between the values of an issue may depend on the values taken by more important issues. The naturally associated language consists in describing conditional importance and conditional preference by trees together with conditional preference tables. In this paper, we study the aggregation of conditionally lexicographic preferences for several common voting rules and several classes of lexicographic preferences. We address the computation of the winning alternative for some important rules, both by identifying the computational complexity of the relevant problems and by showing that for several of them, computing the winner reduces in a very natural way to a maxsat problem
In industrial scheduling, an initial planning phase may solve the nominal problem and a subsequent recovery phase may intervene to repair inefficiencies and infeasibilities, e.g. due to machine failures and job processing time variations. This work investigates the minimum makespan scheduling problem with job and machine perturbations and shows that the recovery problem is strongly NP-hard, at least as hard as solving the problem with full input knowledge. We explore recovery strategies with respect to the (i) planning decisions and (ii) permitted deviations from the original schedule. The resulting performance guarantees are parameterized by the degree of uncertainty. The analysis derives from the optimal substructure imposed by lexicographic optimality, so lexicographic optimization enables more efficient reoptimization. We revisit state-of-the-art exact lexicographic optimization methods and propose a novel lexicographic optimization approach based on branch-and-bound. Numerical analysis using standard commercial solvers substantiates the method.
A (capacity-constrained) choice problem consists of a set of alternatives and a capacity. A (capacity-constrained) choice rule, at each choice problem, chooses from the alternatives without exceeding the capacity. A choice rule is lexicographic if there exists a list of priority orderings over potential alternatives such that at each choice problem, the set of chosen alternatives is obtainable by choosing the highest ranked alternative according to the fi rst priority ordering, then choosing the highest ranked alternative among the remaining alternatives according to the second priority ordering, and proceeding similarly until the capacity is full or no alternative is left. Lexicographic choice rules have been useful in designing allocation mechanisms for school choice to achieve diversity. We provide a characterization of lexicographic choice rules. We discuss some implications for the Boston school choice system. We also provide a characterization of deferred acceptance mechanisms that operate based on a lexicographic choice structure.