∴ Introduction ∴ Interpretation, as explored in both legal and religious scholarship, is an intricate process of uncovering and clarifying intended meanings embedded within language. Broadly, interpretation seeks to bridge the gap between the literal expression and the intent of the speaker or legislator. In Islamic jurisprudence, particularly within Uṣūl al-Fiqh (Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence), interpretation is viewed as an act of unveiling meanings when ambiguity exists. Here, the act is not merely reading words but understanding the intentions behind them, especially when these intentions may not align with the apparent meaning of the text. In cases where the text’s meaning aligns with a clear, apparent interpretation, some scholars do not categorize this as interpretation in the technical sense, as no unveiling is necessary. Within the legal field, interpretation similarly seeks to ascertain the intent behind legislative language, especially when the wording is ambiguous, capable of multiple interpretations, or may appear contradictory when viewed in a broader legislative framework. In both Islamic and legal interpretative traditions, the challenge lies in balancing apparent textual meaning with underlying intent, especially when dealing with terms with specific, restrictive applications or general, unrestricted meanings. The study presented here is motivated by a central question: Can an objective, singular interpretation of a text be determined based solely on its apparent meaning, or does each individual inevitably interpret texts subjectively based on personal knowledge, context, and cognitive framework? The exploration of this question is critical for both legal and theological discourse, as it touches upon whether interpretation is an act that can yield consistent meanings or if it is inherently subjective, shaped by individual perspectives and backgrounds. ∴ Research Question ∴ The primary question guiding this study is: Is it possible to derive an objective interpretation from a text based solely on its apparent, literal meaning, or is interpretation an inherently subjective process influenced by personal knowledge and cognitive frameworks? This inquiry has significant implications, especially within legal and religious contexts where an objective, standardized interpretation may impact the uniformity and consistency of judgments and beliefs. The study aims to investigate whether objective interpretation — based on the apparent textual meaning — can be definitively distinguished from subjective interpretation, which relies on speculative clues and individual perception. ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ The hypothesis underpinning this research is that the meaning implied by a term is stable and does not vary significantly across individual interpreters, provided that they apply a methodologically sound approach. This implies that interpretation, when grounded in objective, apparent meaning, can yield a consistent result, not subject to the individual interpreter’s biases or contextual influences. However, while recognizing that alternative interpretations can exist, the hypothesis asserts that reasonable individuals in a shared linguistic and cognitive context will generally converge on a common understanding of a text’s meaning, thereby upholding the purpose of language as a medium for reliable communication. ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ This research employs a doctrinal approach, analyzing classical and contemporary interpretations in Islamic jurisprudence, and legal philosophy. By examining the works of scholars who have shaped the foundational principles of Islamic law and interpretation, as well as those who have contributed to modern legal philosophy, the study identifies established interpretive methods and their implications on objective versus subjective interpretation. Textual sources are scrutinized to understand how scholars have historically balanced apparent meanings with speculative or contextual clues, especially when textual ambiguity arises. The framework of this study integrates linguistic theory, hermeneutics, and principles from Islamic jurisprudence to analyze interpretative acts in a structured manner. Linguistic theory aids in understanding how language inherently conveys meaning and how terms serve as the primary vehicles for communication. Hermeneutics provides a lens through which the process of interpretation, especially in legal contexts, is examined as an act that must reconcile both literal and contextual meanings. ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ This study reveals a strong preference among Uṣūl al-Fiqh scholars for relying on the apparent meaning of words [ẓuhūr al-lafẓ] as the foundation for interpreting a speaker’s intent. The primary results indicate that defining ẓuhūr based on the structural composition of words provides an objective standard, enabling consistent interpretation across different audiences. The structural approach, grounded in linguistic conventions, posits that words have intrinsic meanings tied to their form, offering a universal interpretive framework that minimizes individual biases or subjective inferences. Scholars favoring this approach argue that words, as vessels of meaning, establish a communicative contract between speaker and audience; hence, the apparent meaning should be prioritized to maintain the communicative purpose of language. The results further highlight a divergence in scholarly views regarding the alternative approach that defines ẓuhūr based on the cognitive state it induces in the audience. This subjective approach accounts for extratextual factors and personal cognitive responses, suggesting that interpretation could vary among audiences based on their individual knowledge, experiences, and perceptions. While this method embraces a holistic understanding of communication, it also introduces challenges related to consistency and reliability. Relying on the cognitive state can lead to subjective interpretations, where each individual may arrive at different meanings influenced by personal context, thus potentially undermining the objective function of language as a tool for shared understanding. The discussion focuses on the advantages and limitations of each approach. The structural approach has the advantage of being objective and universally applicable, which promotes a standardized understanding of the speaker’s intent. However, it may fall short in scenarios where additional contextual factors are crucial for understanding nuanced meanings or culturally specific references. On the other hand, the cognitive state approach allows for a nuanced interpretation by incorporating context and intention beyond the apparent meaning, but its reliance on individual perspectives creates variability, making it challenging to establish a consistent interpretative outcome across different audiences. This approach can obscure the original communicative intent by allowing the interpreter’s context to overshadow the primary meaning embedded within the text. Furthermore, the study discusses the implications of each approach in legal and theological contexts. In legal interpretation, an objective approach based on the structure of language is generally favored, as it upholds the principle of fairness by providing a clear, uniform basis for understanding laws. This method enables courts to apply the law consistently, avoiding arbitrary judgments influenced by individual perspectives. In theological interpretation, particularly within Quranic studies, the structural approach also aligns with the goal of transmitting God’s intended message as accurately as possible. However, the cognitive approach remains relevant in cases requiring a more comprehensive understanding of complex or ambiguous texts, where contextual clues may provide insights beyond the apparent meaning. ∴ Conclusion ∴ This study supports the argument that the apparent meaning of a word, grounded in its structural composition, provides a reliable foundation for interpreting a speaker's intent. This conclusion aligns with the view in Uṣūl al-Fiqh that the objective nature of word structure allows for a consistent transmission of meaning across different audiences, fulfilling the communicative purpose of language. The structural approach, or the concept of ẓuhūr based on linguistic form, is thus seen as superior to the cognitive state approach, which relies on subjective interpretation influenced by personal context and experience. This research highlights the limitations of relying on cognitive state as the basis for ẓuhūr, noting that it introduces unnecessary subjectivity that can obscure the original intent behind the text. By emphasizing the objectivity of word structure and its inherent meaning, the study suggests that apparent meanings are inherently aligned with the speaker’s intended meaning, as long as no explicit indication exists to contradict this. The structural approach promotes an objective standard that avoids the variability introduced by personal interpretation, ensuring that language functions effectively as a medium for conveying shared meaning.
This article provides an in-depth overview of the relationship between philosophy and sources of business law in establishing ethical and fair business practices, with an emphasis on Islamic principles. Using a normative approach through library research, the article highlights various elements that form the foundation of business law, including legal theories, regulations, and existing legal practices, while also incorporating Islamic perspectives on justice, fairness, and ethics in business. Additionally, it explains how sources of law such as written law (statutes), customary law, jurisprudence, doctrines, and Islamic legal principles (fiqh) play a crucial role in creating a strong legal framework.Keywords: Business Law, Islamic Law, Islamic Business Ethics, Business and Law, Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)
The foundation of Kautlya, sometimes Chanakya, a figment of a lawyer and political philosopher whose writing commenced in the fourth century BC, is significant in legal and political philosophy. Arthashastra, his foundational works, set the primary notions regarding laws, government, and justice in ancient India. Some of them still exist in the contemporary Indian legal system; his jurisprudence underscored Dandaniti (Rule of Law), Rajadharma (Dues of the King), and Vyavahara (Judicial Procedures). Under Kautilya, Arthashastra' s theories on judicial hierarchy, legal codification, rule of law, and anti-corruption policies are aligned with the Indian Constitution, Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (Crpc), and Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. Specifically, it studies how these ideas help develop modern Indian law concerning constitutional law, administrative law, and human rights. This paper analyzes carefully the various court rulings and legislative actions that can bring forth how the notions of Kautilya are assimilated into the Indian legal theory for a robust and fair legal system. This study argues that by infusing Kautilya's principles, the present-day legal systems in India become more valid and effective; it further suggests other prospects for using these principles in tackling issues of contemporary law. Addendum: There is a reference in some court judgments to Arthashastra by the Indian legal system, thus underlining its historical and cultural importance. However, much of the modern legal approach, especially concerning the individual rights-based approach, cries against Kautlya's tenets. Modern legal systems stress social justice and equality as defined in the Indian Constitution and several international human rights treaties.
Purpose. Currently, information technologies are widely used in various scientific and legal research. This article attempts to determine the goals and forms of such use. Methodology: The material for the study was the works of domestic and foreign researchers in the field of computer science, information support of law, as well as philosophy and theory of law. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and specific scientific methods, such as the dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, doctrinal, comparative legal and historical-legal methods, a systems approach. Conclusions. This article examines the importance of modern information technologies in scientific and legal research. For legal scholars, such technologies are of interest: (1) as an object of research, or more precisely, the object of research is the relations associated with them and requiring legal regulation; (2) as an instrumental basis for such research. In the latter capacity, modern information technologies should be considered in the following contexts: (1) means of scientific knowledge; (2) means of scientific communication; (3) means of verification of the results of scientific and legal research. It should be emphasized that information technology has attracted the attention of legal scholars since its inception. Domestic and foreign jurisprudence has extensive experience in this area. The first studies in it appeared in the United States at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s. Domestic legal scholars turned to this issue in the 1960s. Scientific and practical significance. The functions of information technology in scientific and legal research presented in the article can be implemented in research activities and the educational process in the preparation of master’s and postgraduate students.
Background: Analytical Philosophy, especially the theory of Ludwig Wittgenstein in its first phase, has influenced the framing of Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law. The analysis of this study is concentrated on the impact of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus on the conception of Kelsen's juspositivism, emphasizing how the pursuit of a precise and logical language in the legal field has shaped the Theory of Law in the 20th Century.Objective: This study aims to understand how Wittgenstein's contribution was fundamental for Kelsen in providing a theoretical framework that allowed him to establish a sharp distinction between what belongs to the field of Law and what should be relegated to other fields, such as morality or politics. Thus, Wittgenstein's philosophy provided Kelsen with a solid foundation for the scientificity of Law, through proposing a language that would limit itself to the world of facts, thereby lending a neutral and autonomous approach to legal discourse.Method: The method adopted for this study consists of a theoretical and conceptual analysis, involving a bibliographical review of the works of Wittgenstein and Kelsen, with a specific focus on the principles of Analytical Philosophy and their application to legal thought. Results: The relevance of this research lies in understanding the philosophical foundations that support the Pure Theory of Law, one of the cornerstones of contemporary juspositivism. By exploring the influence of Wittgenstein's Analytical Philosophy on Kelsen's work, the study has contributed to a deeper understanding of the theoretical pillars that uphold the study of law as a science. This is particularly significant for current debates on the autonomy of law, the neutrality of legal norms and the relationship between language, logic and jurisprudence.
Legal positivism is often subject to simplistic criticism as an “outdated” approach, reduced to J. Austin’s formula (“law is the command of the sovereign, backed by sanction”). This approach ignores the conceptual distance between classical positivism and its contemporary variants. Insufficient attention to the evolution of positivism in Anglo-American jurisprudence leads to its perception in Ukraine exclusively as a “classical” stage, limited to the period up to the mid-20th century. This article proposes the author’s periodization of the stages of formation of Anglo-American legal positivism. In particular: “pre-classical” (T. Hobbes, J. Bentham), “classical” (J. Austin – “command theory”), “modern” (H. Hart, J. Raz), and “ultra-modern” (S. Shapiro, K. Himma) stages. The “pre-classical” stage of legal positivism has a philosophical basis, primarily in J. Bentham’s utilitarianism, while the “classical” stage is characterized by J. Austin’s well-known formula mentioned above. The “modern” stage, initiated by H. Hart in the 1960s, refers to the analytical philosophy prevailing in Oxford, which is transferred to the philosophy of law, criticizing J. Austin and introducing a division into primary and secondary rules (including the rule of recognition). Its foundations are based on key theses: social fact and separation theses. J. Raz, a representative of exclusive positivism, shifted the emphasis to the authority of law as its effectiveness in society through the existence of “the authority of law” rather than coercion. The “ultra-modern” stage offers qualitatively new concepts: K. Himma’s asserts the conceptual necessity of coercion for the functioning of law, not limited to physical coercion, while S. Shapiro considers law as a “planning theory” – an instrument of impersonal social planning for achieving the goals of social life. The author of the article offers a clear periodization and classification of Anglo-American legal positivism, which makes it possible to discuss the ideas of these authors in scientific discourse, including authors of the “ultra-modern” period.
João Gabriel Guimarães Almeida, Paulo Henrique Guilman Tanizawa
O sistema jurídico brasileiro possui configuração histórica conforme ao civil law, forma onde a principal fonte de direito é a legislação escrita. Com isso, a segurança jurídica e previsibilidade seriam garantidas pela norma decorrente de lei. Com as transformações trazidas pelo constitucionalismo do direito e o uso de cláusulas gerais na legislação, a interpretação e o modo de direito se abriram, vez que não mais se baseiam os magistrados apenas na lei para decidirem, mas também se utilizam de princípios, costumes e outras decisões judiciais relacionadas para chegarem a uma conclusão decisória. Com isso, o sistema jurídico brasileiro, que não possuía regulação expressa quanto às decisões judiciais e seu uso como fonte de direito e eventual efeito vinculante, teve sua previsibilidade diminuída, gerando insegurança jurídica. Ponto desenvolvido pelo legislador para auxiliar na retomada de previsibilidade, é o sistema de precedentes previsto ao art. 927 do Código de Processo Civil. Por meio de análise comparativa e uso do método dedutivo, foi possível concluir que inobstante não sejam tais precedentes conformes à realidade do common law, onde se originaram, o modelo brasileiro possui potencial para auxiliar na retomada da previsibilidade, vez que, por sua vinculação obrigatória advinda de suas teses, tem-se uma organização do uso de decisões judiciais como fontes de direito vinculantes em certas caracterizações, trazendo assim maior previsibilidade e, então, segurança jurídica ao sistema normativo brasileiro.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Вопрос о взаимодействии государства и экономики постоянно актуален для общей теории государства. Он возникает каждый раз при кардинальных изменениях типа государственной организациив новых экономических условиях. Решение проблем взаимоотношений между государством и экономикой происходит на двух уровнях: общетеоретическом и прикладном. Изучение взаимоотношений государства и экономики на общетеоретическом уровне предполагает разъяснение и формулирование общих закономерностей их развития, взаимодействия, независимо от их типов, определениеприоритетов в социальном развитии общества. В научной юридической литературе на теоретическом уровне соотношение между государством и экономикой рассматривается с различных позиций:или экономика определяет развитие государства и политики, или государство определяет направления экономического развития, или находятся в паритетном состоянии.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Reflecting on Federico Picinali’s arguments in «Evidential Reasoning, Testimonial Injustice and the Fairness of the Criminal Trial», this paper aims to further understanding of the scope and implications of epistemic injustice in criminal trials, and the problem of biased evidential reasoning more generally. It demonstrates how legal rules can result in dismissal or oversight of the defendant’s stock of knowledge; offers support for Picinali’s contention that testimonial injustice to defendants interferes with the right to a fair trial, while questioning whether the same can be said of testimonial injustice to complainants; and considers who can cause, and be a victim of, testimonial injustice. The paper goes on to evaluate Picinali’s proposed measures to prevent testimonial injustice in evidential reasoning, while advocating for law reform to restrict the admissibility of rap music as evidence in criminal trials.
Gerald Cohen ha marcado una impronta genuinamente igualitaria en los debates sobre la justicia, que exige ser analizado para comprender de manera adecuada los desafíos a los que se enfrenta la justicia social en el mundo. Desde su agudeza crítica y el marco del marxismo analítico que le han convertido en uno de los más brillantes filósofos contemporáneos, ha defendido un particular igualitarismo de la suerte que blinda la exigencia de compensar los impactos de la suerte bruta y refuerza los argumentos sobre la reconsideración de la responsabilidad y la posibilidad de escoger que definen la suerte opcional –en principio no compensable–, a la luz de los condicionamientos de las desigualdades en las que las personas desarrollan sus vidas y realizan sus opciones vitales y en cómo éstas impactan en lo libres y responsables (o no) que resultan ser. Cohen ofrece su propuesta de igualdad en el acceso a las ventajas sociales desde un entramado
teórico analítico complejo sobre los incentivos, los condicionamientos del mercado, la consideración de los gustos caros, el impacto de las desigualdades, y las exigencias de la igualdad de oportunidades; advirtiendo que la pobreza implica, desde su crítica aguda al sistema político y económico contemporáneo, privaciones a la manera en que ejercemos nuestras libertades.
The article examines the problems of defining the subject of municipal law as a branch of Ukrainian law. The phenomenology of municipal law is studied in the context of its genesis, development and understanding of the subject of municipal legal regulation. It is proved that the subject of municipal law as a branch of national law should be considered social relations that arise in the process of recognition, formation, organization and exercise of municipal power, as well as the realization and protection of municipal human rights. The article provides a doctrinal analysis of approaches to interpreting the content of relevant social relations. The issue of the principles and forms of implementation of municipal law was raised. It is stated that the urgent task of the modern municipal legal doctrine is the search for the main characteristics of the subject of municipal legal regulation, that is, the generalized criterion that allows to attribute the social relationship to the number of proper municipal legal relations. Municipalism and community organization at the municipal level - the municipal system - should act as such a characteristic. For the first time, it was proposed to introduce the category «municipal system» into scientific circulation. According to the author, the municipal system is a system of social relations and principles related to the exercise by territorial communities of their functions and powers as the primary subject of local self-government, as well as the implementation of historical, socioeconomic, spiritual-cultural, ethno-national and other features and traditions of their municipal life, which are recognized and protected by the Constitution and other acts of positive law. It is a kind of system-conglomerate structure, a synergistic combination of the principles of local self-government and heterogeneous elements and processes of municipal life (human rights, freedom, democracy, power, territory, property, etc.). It is claimed that the municipal system is one of the basic criteria for the formation of the subject of modern municipal law.
Con este análisis de la película Ladybird, ladybird, del director británico Ken Loach, se busca rendir un homenaje a la extensa y reconocida trayectoria académica del profesor Javier de Lucas Martín, entre cuyas líneas de investigación y docencia se encuentra la de “Cine y Derecho”. En este artículo se abordan muchas de las cuestiones que son objeto del estudio de Javier de Lucas tanto en su búsqueda por ampliar y profundizar en el análisis crítico del derecho y del mundo globalizado en el que vivimos, como en su preocupación y esfuerzo constante por denunciar la marginalidad en la que viven en nuestras sociedades “los sin derechos”.
El texto examina las luces y las sombras de la nueva normativa española sobre el empleo en el hogar en el contexto de la llamada «crisis de los cuidados». Para ello se examinan dos tipos de condicionantes que han influido en la reforma de 2022: los jurídico-internacionales y los político-sociales, donde destaca la autoorganización de las trabajadoras del sector. El estudio fija su atención en sus demandas, en diálogo con especialistas e instituciones, a fin de identificar con precisión los problemas a los que se enfrenta la reforma.
El texto examina las luces y las sombras de la nueva normativa española sobre el empleo en el hogar en el contexto de la llamada «crisis de los cuidados». Para ello se examinan dos tipos de condicionantes que han influido en la reforma de 2022: los jurídico-internacionales y los político-sociales, donde destaca la autoorganización de las trabajadoras del sector. El estudio fija su atención en sus demandas, en diálogo con especialistas e instituciones, a fin de identificar con precisión los problemas a los que se enfrenta la reforma.
The article deals with the question of the philosophical foundations of the theory of utilitarianism and its influence on the development of analytical jurisprudence. The author notes that the theory of utility was first fully formulated in the views of Jeremy Bentham, and lies in the fact that the powerful subject in the formation of a mandatory regulatory system must create real effective models of behaviour and grounds for the actions of subjects, useful for society as a whole. In many respects, this thesis in the current onto-epistemological conditions became a positive response to the emerging theories of natural law and significantly influenced the development of British legal positivism. At the same time, the question of the content of useful and effective law at the stages of formation and development of analytical positivism was perceived in different contexts. The classical theories of John Austin and Hans Kelsen emphasised the formal legal aspect of law, associated with the construction of an optimal enforcement system. Subsequently, in the theory of H. L. A. Hart, who revolutionised the British legal philosophy tremendously, the rational-utilitarian aspect was perceived and integrated into the concept of law. The author concludes that the theory of utility has become, in fact, in Western legal positivism, an alternative to natural law axiology, focusing on rational arguments for the conscious adoption of the normative system if it is effective.
Annisa Hafizhah, M. Ekaputra, Muhammad Asla
et al.
This paper delves into the multifaceted dimensions of capital punishment within Islamic criminal law, examining its application and underlying objectives. The study revolves around two primary objects: the application of capital punishment and the objectives of implementing the death penalty. By exploring these dimensions, this paper seeks to elucidate the intricate interplay between justice, societal well-being, and legal philosophy within Islamic jurisprudence. The first object addresses the legal framework and ethical considerations surrounding the practice of capital punishment. Drawing from both retributive and consequentialist theories, the analysis illuminates the dual nature of Islamic jurisprudence in its pursuit of fairness and societal harmony. The second object investigates the objectives underpinning the death penalty's application. Rooted in the concepts of benefits (maslahah) and justice, Islamic legal thought underscores the balanced amalgamation of individual rights and collective welfare. In conclusion, this paper underscores the significance of collaborative efforts among legal scholars, policymakers, and communities to ensure a just and nuanced application of capital punishment. Through comprehensive engagement, Islamic societies can advance a holistic approach to punishment that aligns with the ethos of justice and societal well-being.
AbstractDemocratic theory tends to proceed on the assumption that law requires democratic legitimation because it is coercive. However, the claim that law requires democratic legitimation is distinct from claims about the nature of law. This paper takes issue with the notion that law is coercive by an exploration of three distinct understandings of the nature of law: the state-based conception of law, law as the rules of institutionalized normative systems, and law as social norms. Drawing on insights from legal and democratic theory, the paper defends the view that the ‘law’ to which democratic claims apply are the rules of conduct of institutionalized normative systems. Since rules that belong to such systems are found in associations beyond or below the level of the state, the scope of democratic participation is significantly wider than is usually recognized.
Коммерческий характер многих областей физической культуры и спорта обусловливает необходимость заключения гражданско-правовых договоров. В спортивных отношениях, где почтивсе находится в зависимости от индивидуальных особенностей спортсмена, от физиологическихи психологических качеств его организма, а также от уникальности и специфики того или иноговида спорта, договор выступает необходимым и действенным средством индивидуального регулирования, позволяющим учесть своеобразные интересы любого участника спортивных отношений.В результате анализа гражданского законодательства и теоретических аспектов института защиты прав авторами сформулирован вывод о том, что защита прав и интересов сторон договорногообязательства в любой сфере гражданского оборота, в том числе и в сфере физической культурыи спорта, осуществляется целой системой мер, направленных на обеспечение интересов сторонна всех стадиях возникновения и исполнения обязательства. Данная система не ограничиваетсятолько мерами гражданско-правовой ответственности, а состоит также из комплекса дополнительных способов побуждения должника к надлежащему исполнению обязанностей и служат гарантией обеспечения интересов кредитора.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
El plagio significa, de acuerdo con la RAE, “copiar en lo sustancial obras ajenas, dándolas como propias” (2022), y es una definición clara y concisa, que implica aspectos que por lógica y ética deben ser aplicables a cualquier producto intelectual de nuestra autoría, ya que lo éticamente correcto es dar el crédito al autor original de esas ideas u obras. Por otro lado, existe el fenómeno del autoplagio, es decir, autores (as) que se plagian a sí mismos, y esto se da cuando se “re-utiliza material propio que ya fue publicado, sin indicar la referencia al trabajo anterior” (Spinak, 2013a), como editores de esta revista, nos hemos percatado de los siguientes supuestos: 1) autores(as) que han tomado partes o capítulos de una obra de su autoría, ya publicada en modalidad de tesis de grado, y nos la han enviado como propuesta de publicación para la revista,[1] 2) autores(as) nos han enviado trabajos en los que un 85 a 99 % del texto forma parte de una obra ya publicada en algún otro sitio, como artículo, y 3) autores(as) que han postulado sus trabajos a esta revista y simultáneamente a otra, por lo que no se sabe en cuál revista (en caso de aceptarse) se publicará primero.