Hasil untuk "Judaism"

Simon Gathercole

This article adds a further, early example of the 'I have come' + purpose formula, as used frequently in early Jewish literature by angelic visitors to earth. This case and other instances already known are relevant to the question of whether pre-existence christology is implied in the parallel statements of Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels.

Michael J. Harris

This article examines approaches to the problem of evil in historical and contemporary Jewish theology. The material is structured conceptually rather than as a chronological survey. The introduction contrasts classical Jewish formulations of the problem of evil with the standard formulations of the problem in Christian and Western philosophical thought. The former tend to focus on evil’s distribution rather than its existence, while the latter ask how evil can exist in the world God created if God possesses the traditional attributes of omnipotence, omniscience, and moral perfection. The Introduction then turns to Jewish conceptions of attributes of God which are particularly germane to the problem of evil and notes the important distinction between natural and moral evil. The second section turns to theodicies and defences, mainly utilizing categories familiar from contemporary philosophical discussion of the problem of evil, and analysing relevant Jewish theological material under these headings. The discussion includes Talmudic theodicies and theodicies considered by medieval Jewish thinkers such as Saadia Gaon, Maimonides, Joseph Albo, and others. The final two subsections deal with theodical approaches in Kabbalah and with the post-Holocaust theodicies of Eliezer Berkovits and Ignaz Maybaum. The third section introduces the approach to the problem of evil termed in the contemporary philosophical literature ‘sceptical theism’. Classical Jewish texts that appear to anticipate sceptical theism are noted in this context. The fourth section focuses on antitheodicy and its treatment in the thought of Jewish theologians such as Richard Rubenstein, Emil Fackenheim, Joseph Soloveitchik, Emmanuel Levinas, and Irving Greenberg. The Jewish theological significance of treatments of the Holocaust in literature, for example in the work of Primo Levi and Elie Wiesel, is briefly considered. The fifth section explores, from a Jewish theological perspective, some strengths and weaknesses of the different general approaches to the problem of evil that have been discussed in this article – theodicy/defence, sceptical theism, and antitheodicy. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the great variety of approaches to the problem of evil in the history of Jewish theology and argues that Jewish theological approaches to the problem can often both enrich and be enriched by contemporary debates in the philosophy of religion.

Fanny Granhagen Gottfridsson

N/A

Blessing Nyahuma (PhD Candidate), Dr. Joachim Kügler

The article has three parts. Firstly, we give an overview on how the Greek-Hellenistic imperialism provoked apocalypticism as a way of resistance to colonization (e.g. Egypt and Judah). Secondly, we show how the early African apocalypticism is very similar to that of the Ancient Near East. In many African countries, colonization was perceived as an apocalyptic phenomenon. Within this mind-set, apocalypticism became an information system that speculated about the true nature of time, space and being. This information system also gave solutions to how the coming destruction could be ameliorated by human ingenuity and actions. This ideology informed liberation movements like the Chimurenga and others. Thirdly, we analyse how the anti-imperial apocalypticism was calmed by an imperially formatted Christianity. Elements like the belief in heaven created a naïve world-denying attitude: ‘this world is not my home I am just passing through.’ Within the African apocalyptic mind-set, COVID-19 is an ambivalent phenomenon. Initially, it was perceived as God's judgment on the ungodly West, but perceptions quickly changed as it later ravaged Africa. Many government officials voiced that COVID-19 is a well-promoted hoax by fake news of prominent western media houses. Some dismissed the existence of the pandemic while others declared that the vaccine is the dreaded 666 mark of ‘the beast’ or the protective masks were blamed the masks of ‘the beast’. COVID-19 apocalypticism thus can be understood as an anti-modern, xenophobic way of constructing identity.

Moria Bar-Maoz

This article offers, for the first time, a theoretical model of religion’s influence on the formulation and execution of national security policies. To build this model, it analyses the influence of religion on Israel’s national security policymaking—before and after Israel’s security environment went through a process of religionization beginning in the 1970s. The article proposes that religion’s effect on national security policymaking is comprised of three tiers that follow one another in the decision making sequence and, yet, are independent from one another: (1) operational beliefs embedded in the state’s security thinking on the relations between religion and security; (2) opportunities and constraints on the state’s freedom of action, due to the role religion plays in global, regional and domestic politics as well as bilateral relations; and (3) governmental utilization of religion to realize national security goals. At its conclusion, the article demonstrates that the model is applicable to other countries as well, using the case of France’s policies in the 21st century.

Yunus KAYMAZ

1881’de Litvanya’da dünyaya gelen Mordecai M. Kaplan ailesi henüz o çocukken Amerika’ya göç ettiğinden eğitimini büyük oranda burada tamamlamıştır. Zaman zaman Amerika’daki Ortodoks Yahudi mezhebine bağlı bazı cemaatlerde bulunmuşsa da büyük oranda Muhafazakâr cemaat içerisinde yetişmiş ve uzun yıllar bu cemaate bağlı kurumlarda eğiticilik yapmıştır. Kaplan’ın, Yahudiliği, geleneksel tanımdan farklı olarak her çağda yeniden yorumlanması gereken bir medeniyet biçiminde tasvir etmesi onun düşüncelerinin temel çekirdeğini oluşturmuştur. Bu temel ön kabul, Kaplan’ın Yahudi kimliğinden Tanrı düşüncesine, Halaka’dan Torah hakkındaki fikirlerine kadar birçok düşüncesini şekillendirmiştir. Kaplan’ın Yahudi kimliğini medeniyet olgusu ile ilişkilendirmesi onun modern İsrail Devleti’ne karşı müspet tavrını belirlediği gibi, Rabbani Yahudiliğin aşkın Tanrı anlayışının aksine Tanrıyı kurtuluşu temin eden ve ancak etkileriyle anlaşılabilen bir güç biçiminde düşünmesine de sebep olmuştur. Yahudi mirası, medeniyetin hafızası olduğu için çok değerli olsa da bu miras mevcut döneme göre yeniden inşa edilmeli ve o çağın insanına anlamlı kılınmalıdır. Biz bu araştırmamızda Kaplan’ın bu düşüncelerini irdeleyecek ardından bu radikal fikirlerin, Yeniden Yapılanmacılık adındaki mezhebe nasıl dönüştüğü hususuna bakacağız.

Israel Bartal

This article presents some of the personal observations of a veteran Israeli scholar whose long-years' encounters with the 'real' as well as the 'imagined' eastern Europe have shaped his historical research. As an Israeli-born historian of Polish-Ukrainian origin, (the so-called 'second generation') he claims to share an ambivalent attitude towards his countries of origin with other fellow- historians. Jewish emigrants from eastern Europe have been until very late in the modern era members of an old ethno-religious group. One ethnos out of many in a diverse multi-ethnic environment, whose demographic core survived and flourished for centuries in the old places. Several decades of social, economic, and political upheavals exposed the Jewish population to drastic changes. These changes lead several intellectuals who left their home countries to look back at what have happened as both involved actors, and distant observers. Israeli historians of east European origin found themselves confronted with a crucial question: in what way the past in the Old Country connected (if at all) to the history of Israel. Following some 40 years of academic career in the field of eastern European Jewish history, it is claimed that until the collapse of the Soviet Union, the image of eastern Europe that runs through the Israeli historical research has been shaped in large part by members of the different generations of emigrants, outside of eastern Europe. The renewed direct contact after 1989 caused a dramatic change: within a few years, Israeli historians were examining archives and libraries throughout eastern Europe. After seven decades of isolation between the Israeli historian and the primary sources necessary to his/her research in the archives, the new wave of documents was celebrated in Israeli Universities. Yet far more influential was the revolution prompted in 1989 on the historical perspective from which Israeli historians could now examine the Jewish past. What happened in 1989 has seemed, to some Israeli historians, a breaking point marking the end of the eastern European period in the course of Jewish history. The article concludes with some thoughts on a new historical (Israeli) perspective. A one that fits a time when hundreds of thousands of immigrants from what was the largest eastern-European Jewish collective in the world inhabit a remote Middle Eastern nation-state.

F. Mirguet

This article reviews recent research on emotions in the field of early Judaism, mostly in literature. The article starts with an example from the biblical story of Joseph, to illustrate the need for a culturally sensitive understanding of emotions. Various approaches to emotions are then examined: philology and the history of the self, the construction of identity, structures of power (including gender), experiences with the divine, and emotions as adaptive practices. Each section starts with a brief outline of the scholarship conducted in other fields and serving as a background for research on early Judaism. The conclusion considers several facets of emotions, as they are highlighted by various disciplines; cultural manipulations of emotions often harness the tensions that may result from these multiple facets. The article closes with a brief assessment of the contribution of emotion research to the broader study of early Judaism and with perspectives for further research.

Marta Tomczok

In the article the author tackles the bodily aspects of two recent books by Szczepan Twardoch: Wieloryby i ćmy. Dzienniki (Whales and Moths. Diaries) and Król (The King) in the context of sports, transhumanism and rape culture. The main thesis is that as a pulp novel Król not only depicts a popular image of pre-war Poland (and in particular its Polish-Jewish relations) but also represents a specific yet often ignored ideological approach. The core aim is to fill this critical gap by identifying and analyzing this approach.

Romina Yalonetzky

The article explores the situation of Jewish Studies about Peru and from Peru. An overview of the available inventory of academic and non-academic writings on Jewish Peru is presented after having reviewed the library catalogues of six of the most prestigious universities in the country and the catalogue of Peru’s National Library. Based on the type of work, that is, topics addressed, type of document, editing, context of publication, and based on her own experience as a researcher of Jewishness in Peru, the author offers a reflection on the conditions for research on Peruvian-Jewishness.

Alexander Maune

The Talmud is without doubt the most prominent text of rabbinic Judaism`s traditional literature which is replete with precepts that deal with corporate citizenship. Thus the Talmud can be used as a starting point for those who are interested in establishing financially successful companies. This article is based on a literature review of related journal articles and the Talmud. Some of the issues discussed in this article include: Talmud and ecology, caring for the environment, corporate charity, employer-employee relationship, honest weights and measures, community prosperity, buyer-seller relationship, transparency, honesty in business, fraud and theft, and corporate citizenship in the contemporary world. The author concludes that sustainable financial success is guaranteed through corporate citizenship. This article is of benefit to the academia, corporate citizenship advocates and the business community at large

Vasilios N. Makrides

This contribution offers a review of: Christine Caldwell Ames: Medieval Heresies. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. 368 pages, GBP 19.99/US$29.99, ISBN (paperback) 9781107607019.

Patrick Lumbroso, Kirill Fayn, Niko Tiliopoulos et al.

The Katz-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Judaism was developed initially to extend among the Hebrew-speaking Jewish community in Israel a growing body of international research concerned to map the correlates, antecedents and consequences of individual differences in attitude toward religion as assessed by the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity. The present paper explored the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the English translation of the Katz-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Judaism among 101 Australian Jews. On the basis of these data, this instrument is commended for application in further research.

S. Seth

Meir Hatina

J. Rüpke

Maya Soifer Irish

Estudio de las relaciones económicas entre judíos y cristianos a comienzos del siglo xiv en el Norte de Castilla, especialmente en relación al préstamo de dinero efectuado por judíos. Tratándose de transacciones económicas entre individuos de distinta confesión religiosa, los interesados recurrían a los procedimientos establecidos en el derecho consuetudinario, y hacían uso de la negociación con el objetivo de resolver conflictos y generar el mayor consenso posible entre las distintas comunidades. A medida que los prestatarios cristianos iban incumpliendo la devolución de préstamos, tales negociaciones fracasaron debido a una combinación de factores internos y externos. En Belorado y en Miranda de Ebro, la colaboración de los oficiales reales en la colección de las deudas suscitó protestas de los concejos, que acusaban a los prestadores judíos de violar los privilegios locales y de empobrecer a los deudores. Las tensiones entre los cristianos y los judíos de estas villas fueron en aumento cuando los mecanismos de resolución de conflictos quedaron trastocados y la ejecución de los pagos de las deudas quedó sustraída al control local.

Alfredo Schechtman

Cultivo

Stephen D. Edwards

Breath psychotherapy is an approach that makes direct use of the breath in healing. There are many forms of breath based healing: basic breathing and relaxation methods, with or without the practice of psychological skills such as imagery, centring and concentration; expressive physical and emotional techniques; advanced meditation, prayer and other spiritual exercises. Such an approach has been extolled for millennia in the form of various spiritual, wisdom and healing traditions, including ancestor reverence, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, and Islam which have holistically equated breath, consciousness, energy and spirit, as well as viewing breath as the vital link between body and mind. This approach distils into a perennial psychology, which recognizes a pre-reflective unity underlying and interlinking the various traditions and forms of breath-based healing and therapy. Accordingly, breath psychotherapy is based on an understanding and healing of the total psyche in the original, holistic meaning of this term. The present article is an appreciative inquiry into more recent forms of breath psychotherapy as promoted and used by modern authors and practitioners.

Gedaliahu A. G. Stroumsa, Susan Emanuel