Hasil untuk "Japanese language and literature"

Junko Tokuda Simpson

John Diaz-Decaro, E. Myers, Jacek Mucha et al.

Abstract Objective Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can infect individuals at any age, including infants, who may contract it from infected mothers (congenital CMV [cCMV]). Whereas CMV infection is typically asymptomatic or causes mild illness in healthy individuals, infection can result in severe outcomes in immunocompromised individuals and in infants with cCMV. This systematic review aims to characterize the economic impact of CMV and cCMV infections. Methods Medline, Embase, and LILACS databases were searched for publications reporting the economic impact of cCMV and CMV infections across all age groups. Manuscripts published between 2010 and 2020 from Australia, Latin America, Canada, Europe, Israel, Japan, the United States, and global (international, worldwide) studies were included; congress materials were excluded. Outcomes of interest included cCMV- and CMV-attributable direct costs/charges, resource utilization, and indirect/societal costs. Results Of 751 records identified, 518 were excluded based on duplication, population, outcome, study design, or country. Overall, 55 articles were eligible for full-text review; 25 were further excluded due to population, outcome, study design, or congress abstract. Two publications were additionally identified, resulting in economic impact data compiled from 32 publications. Of these, 24 publications reported cost studies of cCMV or CMV, including evaluation of direct costs/charges, healthcare resource utilization, and indirect/societal costs, and 7 publications reported economic evaluations of interventions. The populations, methods and outcomes used across these studies varied widely. Conclusions CMV and cCMV infections impose a considerable economic impact on different countries, populations, and outcomes. There are substantial evidence gaps where further research is warranted. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY A plain language summary of this manuscript can be found here.

E. B. Sakharova

The article describes the main stages and characteristics of Japanese-Korean and Japanese- Chinese relations in the Muromachi era (1333–1573). From an international relations perspective, it is an extremely important period – after six centuries, formal relations with China (Ming) and Korea (Choson) were reestablished (relations with the Korean state of Silla were interrupted in 779; the last Japanese embassy to Tang China was sent in 838), and East Asia in general experienced an explosive growth of international trade. In the early Muromachi period, Japan maintained overseas relations only with Ryukyu. Despite the sincere desire of the Ashikaga shoguns to reestablish formal relations with China (Ming) and Korea (Choson), it happened only at the beginning of the 15th century. The article deals with the main reasons why the restoration process turned out to be so long and complicated. Japan-Ming and Japan- Choson relations had both similarities and their own characteristics. There were also dramatic turns in both Japanese-Chinese and Japanese-Korean relations: breaking of diplomatic relations with Ming China under Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimochi, and even a military invasion of the Tsushima Island by Korean fleet in 1419. In Russian historiography, this topic is almost not developed, and therefore, at this stage, it seems important to characterize the key events and features of the Japanese interaction with the outside world using the example of its main partners, China and Korea. Meanwhile, a number of features of Japan’s interaction with the outside world during the Tokugawa period are rooted in the Muromachi period or inherit common East Asian cultural patterns.

Hiroshi Nara

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T. Babaee, V. Moradi, A. Shariat et al.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and Scheuermann's kyphosis (SK) are the most common types of spinal deformities in adolescents, and both have substantial ramifications on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) parameters. Various questionnaires have been developed to assess HRQoL in age-group populations with spinal deformity. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of consensus across the literature as to which instrument is the most suitable for evaluating the HRQoL of this cohort. Thus, this literature review was conducted to present disease-specific questionnaires for children and adolescents with AIS and SK to provide their psychometric characteristics (validity, reliability, and responsiveness) across different languages. A literature search was performed in the Medline (PubMed), Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases. Studies that outlined the development and application of questionnaires evaluating HRQoL of children and adolescents with spinal deformity were included, and data on their validity and reliability in different translated languages were collected. A total of 10 disease-specific questionnaires were identified. Except for one questionnaire that was a proxy-reported measure, the other questionnaires were self-reported. We determined that selecting the proper questionnaire for clinical and research purposes requires careful consideration of various factors including the type of treatment intervention planned as well as various patient demographic factors. For children with early-onset scoliosis, the ideal questionnaire to evaluate their HRQoL is the Early-Onset Scoliosis Questionnaire-24. For adolescents with AIS and SK who are potential candidates for surgical intervention, the use of Scoliosis Research Society-22, Scoliosis Japanese-27, and Quality of Life Profile Spinal Deformity questionnaires is appropriate. For patients who are under nonsurgical treatment, the Brace Questionnaire and Italian Spine Youth Quality of Life questionnaires can be utilized. Nonetheless, when the specific intent of a study is to evaluate the self-image perception of patients, the use of drawing-based questionnaires may be the optimal choice.

Shihui Liu, Toshihiko Matsuo, C. Matsuo et al.

(1) Background: Japanese Kampo medicine has its origin in ancient Chinese medicine. In 742, a Tang Dynasty monk named Jianzhen (Ganjin) was invited by Japanese clerics to visit Japan and teach commandments in Buddhism. Because of the dangers of the voyage and also other obstacles, he took 11 years to reach Japan on the sixth voyage and he was blind when he arrived in Japan. He was the first person in China to go to Japan to establish the Buddhism commandments, and he was also the first person in Japan to directly teach traditional Chinese medicine. Until now, there have been few reports in English about the details of the Chinese herbal medicines he brought to Japan, including the types of herbal medicines, pharmacological activities, and formulations. In the review, we systematically and comprehensively summarized Jianzhen’s life from the standpoint of his medical and pharmaceutical knowledge and the types and pharmacological activities of Chinese herbal medicines and prescriptions that were brought to Japan by Jianzhen; (2) Methods: A review was made on the relevant literature written by Chinese, Japanese, and English languages regarding the medical and pharmacological knowledge of Jianzhen, the 36 Chinese herbal medicines brought to Japan by Jianzhen, and the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of these 36 herbal medicines, as well as their formulations; (3) Results: The review of the literature proved that Jianzhen’s prescriptions served as a basis for current herbal medicines (Kampo) in Japan. In the process of the literature search, we found a book entitled Jianshangren (Holy Priest Jianzhen)’s Secret Prescription, which recorded the complete prescription of the 36 traditional Chinese medicines Jianzhen brought to Japan; (4) Conclusions: Jianzhen is one of the ancestors of traditional Chinese medicine/Kampo medicine, and he brought traditional Chinese medicine and medical books to Japan for patients. He made important contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine in Japan.

T. Matsuo, Shun Iwamitsu

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the legal conditions under which governments may use green artificial intelligence (AI) in city planning. Although Japan was one of the early countries to release its general AI principles, it has been relatively slow in establishing conditions where administrative agencies may use AI. Granted, there have been some recent scholarship that discusses the usage of AI in general under Japanese administrative law, but the use of green AI in city planning under Japanese law has not yet been discussed. Hence, this paper intends to focus on green AI in city planning and discuss the conditions for usage based on different categories of AI. Design/methodology/approach This paper conducts a legal analysis on the utilization of AI for the purpose of sustainable city planning and administration in Japan. The approach of this paper is to summarize the existing scholarship in Japanese administrative law and analyse the new elements in the new field of green AI in city planning. This paper is not a natural science paper. The social science method of jurisprudence is used. This paper cites only public sources, and no informal literature has been referenced. Findings This paper establishes the conditions where Japanese central and local government may use green AI in city planning from a legal viewpoint based on three categories. The categories are green AI usage in city planning concerning things, green AI usage in city planning concerning people and green AI usage in city planning concerning automated decision-making. Research limitations This research is limited to an analysis of Japanese law, which means that issues other than law are not included in this paper. Further, although general legal issues are discussed, this paper is intended to discuss Japanese law issues only, and foreign laws are not discussed. Therefore, this paper mostly cites Japanese language papers published in domestic journals. Practical implications The intended practical implication of this paper is to allow central and local governments to determine – based on the proposed categories – whether green AI can be used for city planning purposes and under which conditions. The authors hope that this will assist the Japanese government in establishing rules on the usage of AI by governmental agencies and allow for the greater actual usage by Japanese central and local governments of green AI in future city planning. Social implications As the theme of this paper deals with governmental use (and the function of a government is to serve society), the social implications at issue can be said to be equivalent to the practical implication. Originality/value There have been articles discussing Japanese administrative law restrictions on AI in general. However, as of now, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there have been no articles published focusing on green AI used for city planning. The authors note that the green AI used for city planning would have different legal implications from AI’s usage by the government in general, such as the chatbot used by the agencies or lethal autonomous weapons by the military force. Therefore, this paper is original in focusing on green AI used for city planning.

Elizabeth Ika Hesti Aprilia Nindia Rini, Dewi Kusmiati

This paper discusses the translation of Japanese ecological terms into Indonesian. The objective of this research is to describe the technique of translating ecological terms in the source text to the target text and its equivalence. The data in this study was obtained from the collection of short stories Kaze no Matasaburo and Guskobudori no Denki by Miyazawa Kenji as well as its translations in Indonesian by Unpad Press. The data was collected using the literature study method with note-taking techniques. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the padan method with the basic technique of sorting the determining element (PUP) then continued with the hubung banding technique. The results of data analysis are presented by informal methods. Based on the results of the analysis, translation techniques used in this collection of short stories are, (a) borrowing, (b) calque, (c) transposition, (d) modulation, (e) equivalence, (f) adaptation, (g) borrowing and transposition, (h) modulation and equivalence, and (i) borrowing, transposition, and modulation.

Charles Exley

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Meliana Setya Gusti, Ari Artadi, Hari Setiawan

This study aims to analyze the structure, usage, and meaning of Japanese conditional sentences (jouken hyougen) with the patterns of “to”, “tara”, “ba”, “nara” in the Japanese spoken language. By using qualitative methods, this study is collecting conversational data taken from Japanese Animation Dr. Stone. The data in the form of sentences were analyzed based on their structure, usage, and meaning. The results of this study found that Japanese conditional sentences with the patterns of “to”, “tara”, “ba”, and “nara” in Dr. Stone animation have a structure that tends to be attached to verb and noun predicates. In the spoken languages in Japanese Animation Dr. Stone, there were also found that some conditional sentences have different structures and change of predicate structure other than the usual structure mentioned in Japanese textbooks. Further, the conditional sentence “to” in Dr. Stone’s animation tends to be used to express general conditions or knowledge known by speakers, speech partners, and the general public. On the other hand, the conditional sentences “tara”, “ba”, and “nara” in Dr. Stone animation tends to be used to express conditions that may occur or the conditions that are assumed will occur by the speaker. Regarding the meaning of the conditional sentence “to” in Dr. Stone’s animation, “to” has the meaning of naturally occurring phenomena such as chemical reactions and physics, while the conditional sentences “tara”, “ba”, and “nara” in Dr. Stone animation have the meaning of conjecture or assumption, awareness or perception, and suggestion.

A. Yu. Borkina

The article deals with the representation of the problem of memory in contemporary Japanese fiction. Ogawa Yōko’s novel «The Memory Police» and Kawakami Hiromi’s story «To Disappear», chosen for the analysis, demonstrate similar approaches and some parallels in terms of plot structure. In «The Memory Police», there is a young writer in the center of the narration, who lives on an island where things and memories about them disappear, whereas some people are «immune» to forgetting things and are prosecuted. The main character of «To Disappear» lives in a strange world where people go missing, change their shapes, and communicate with the mystical forces. The memories about those who disappeared vanish, and the main character is the only one who keeps the fragments of the past. For these women, the contact with something missing becomes a tool to form so-called «postmemory», recollection of the events they have not witnessed, as well as a device to fight the unfair social system (the Police and the patriarchal community respectively). Disappearance in Ogawa and Kawakami’s works is also connected with the bodies’ deformation and the following loss of self-identity. Finally, the problems of memory and corporeality loss are linked to the women’s question in the works mentioned above. The loss of voice by the main character in «The Memory Police», the history of family disappearance in «To Disappear» – all these plot lines correspond with the main issues represented in contemporary Japanese women fiction. To sum up, these two works represent a new type of world-view and existence, moving away from the usual model of «personal space». Escapism is hyperbolized, disappearance becomes a way of living, and the written narration is the only chance to leave a trace and to connect to memories and one’s own history.

Nana OISHI

The overseas emigration of Japanese citizens has been on the rise in the last three decades, reaching at the level of 1.34 million in 2021 (MOFA 2022). While the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in its downturn, the number of Japanese citizens who obtained permanent residence overseas continued to increase, hitting a record high of 537,662 in 2021 (MOFA 2022). This article examines the factors behind this growing overseas emigration of Japanese citizens, particularly looking at its flows to Australia, which is now the second most popular destination for Japanese permanent residents. Based on the narratives of 62 research participants, this article will present the basic ideal types of Japanese emigrants and examine the themes that appeared prominently in their emigration decision-making, including the acquisition of global experience, work-life balance, gender inequality, aversion of disaster/environmental and long-term economic risks, and political concerns. It will also discuss the ways in which Japanese emigration and the diversifying experiences of Japanese citizens have impacted Japanese literature so far and how the growing presence of ‘global nomads’ moving across multiple borders is likely to enrich the Japanese literature in the future by challenging the existing understanding of “Japaneseness” and the meaning of migration.

Eztha Syafira Yaniar, Yuni Masrokhah

. Foreign words or in Japanese called Gairaigo ( 外来語 ) is words that taken from foreign languages, and adapted to Japanese word formation. The purpose of this research is to get to know about the formation of Gairaigo in Japanese commercial advertisements that appeared in the period 2016 to 2020, the types of Gairago that used in that advertisements, and what kind of gairaigo appears the most in advertisements in that period. This Research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The technique used in this data collection is the literature study technique with the lesap technique and the expansion technique as data analysis. The object of this research is the Japanese commercial advertisements that appeared in the period 2016 to 2020. This research is using Tsujimura, Setiawan and Engman’s theory and the other journal resources. The results of the research of 50 advertisements studied contained four processes of gairaigo formation: Borrowing, Clipping, Compounding, and Affixation, types of gairaigo: Representational, Replacement, Truncated, Altred, and Psuedo Terms. Then, from 50 sources, the type of gairaigo that most often appears is the Representational type with a total of 25 words or as much as 50% of the total data analyzed.

D. El‐Dakhs

Abstract The current study aimed to examine how the use of metadiscourse markers may vary in the writing of language learners due to their language proficiency and learning context. To this end, 180 argumentative essays composed by native speakers of English (NSE), Japanese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) and Hong Kong learners of English as a second language (ESL) were obtained from the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE). The metadiscourse markers in the essays were identified and categorized according to Hyland's (2005) taxonomy of metadiscourse. The results showed a strong influence for the learning context with a number of statistically significant differences in the use of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers across the three groups of participants. A limited influence for language proficiency was noted with learners of lower proficiency using significantly more transitions, frame markers and interactive markers than those of higher proficiency. This effect, however, disappeared when the interaction between language proficiency and learning context was considered. The results are interpreted in light of the existing literature and relevant linguistic, situational and cultural factors. Pedagogical implications and directions for future research are presented.

H. Rose, Anuchaya Montakantiwong

N. Nakagawa

Fabrizio De Donno

This essay explores a number of texts of the exophonic, or non-native literary production, respectively in Italian and German, of translingual authors Jhumpa Lahiri and Yoko Tawada. While the paper looks at how their dominant languages, respectively English and Japanese, continue to play a role in these writers’ non-native production, it focuses on the different approaches the two authors adopt to translingualism and the “linguistic family romance” metaphor, which they equally employ in highly imaginative ways in order to address both their condition of rootlessness and their attitudes to the notion of “mother tongue.” The essay argues that while Lahiri seems to remain a writer that does not contaminate languages (she is a writer in English, a writer in Italian, and a translator of Italian literature into English), Tawada brings German and Japanese together and dwells on the space of contamination between them in her production in German (and Japanese).

Mhd. Pujiono, Budi Agustono, M. Barus

Community service activities 'Basic Japanese Language Conversation Learning (Nihongo no Kaiwa) through active learning for Yayasan Fajar Sejahtera Indonesia (YAFSI) volunteers in Medan' is an appropriate activity in improving the foreign language qualifications of volunteers who are active in the community. YAFSI is a foundation engaged in the field of community empowerment, specifically women's empowerment and child protection in Medan. In this service, the team in collaboration with the YAFSI has held Japanese language conversation training with active learning methods for one month. The active learning method is proven able to facilitate the emergence of life skills. This learning leads to optimizing the intellectual and emotional involvement of students in the learning process, directed to learn students to learn to obtain and process the acquisition of learning through knowledge, skills, attitudes and values. The lecture and Q&A method is also used to provide knowledge and theories about the basics of Japanese. After the training was conducted, the community service team also provided assistance with Japanese learning literature materials. The development of YAFSI volunteers in community service activities is reportedly written and published in the mass media.

Hiroshi Nara

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