Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Olivier Idir

An $ω$-regular language is Eve-positional if, in all games with this language as objective, the existential player can play optimally without keeping any information from the previous moves. This notion plays a crucial role in verification, automata theory and synthesis. Casares and Ohlmann recently gave several characterizations of Eve-positionallity of $ω$-regular languages. For this, they introduce the notion $\varepsilon$-complete parity automaton and show (among other results) that an $ω$-regular language is Eve-positional if and only if it can be recognized by some $\varepsilon$-completion of a deterministic parity automaton. Colcombet and Idir extended on their work, and obtained a more direct semantic characterization of Eve-positionality. We introduce a new formalism that characterizes the Eve-positional languages, consisting in a restriction of non-deterministic Büchi automata. This allows us to complete a missing implication in Casares and Ohlmann's work. We then use this formalism to describe a determinization procedure for non-deterministic Büchi automaton recognizing such languages, with size blow-up at most factorial. We also show that this construction is, in a suitable sense, optimal.

Gregory Morse, Tamás Kozsik

We study when a programming language can emulate programs written in that same language without delegating the guest program back to the host evaluator or compiler. We call this property emulation-completeness. The central observation is that Turing-completeness by itself is not enough: a self-emulator must not only compute the guest program's result, but must also account for the guest-visible state on which realistic programs depend, including control flow, exceptions, callbacks, timing, memory usage, and runtime metadata such as stack traces or line numbers. This paper is a systematization paper. Its contribution is not a new emulator implementation, but a precise vocabulary and a structured taxonomy for reasoning about self-emulation. We distinguish source-level evaluation from compiled-code emulation, define syntactic and compiled-code emulation-completeness, and separate weak from strong emulation-completeness according to how much observable runtime behavior must be preserved. We then organize the requirements into two classes: language-side requirements, which determine whether the guest semantics can be represented explicitly inside the language, and emulator-side requirements, which determine whether the resulting emulator can faithfully mask or reproduce relevant observations. The discussion is grounded by concrete examples, including publicly documented details from Erlang, where argument limits, bitstring pattern matching, and message reception expose subtle mismatches between direct execution and self-emulation. The resulting framework is intended as guidance for language designers, implementers of evaluators and emulators, and researchers interested in secure sandboxing, decompilation, and reflective execution.

Jyoti Prakash, Abhishek Tiwari, Mikkel Baun Kjærgaard

Polyglot programming is gaining popularity as developers integrate multiple programming languages to harness their individual strengths. With the recent popularity of platforms like GraalVM and other multi-language runtimes, creating and managing these systems has become much more feasible. However, current research on analyzing multilingual programs mainly focuses on two languages, leaving out the increasing complexity of systems that use three or more. For example, modern web systems often link JavaScript, WebAssembly, and Rust within the same execution chain. This paper envisions the landscape of software systems with three-language polyglot communication. We identify fundamental challenges in analyzing them and propose a conceptual roadmap to advance static analysis techniques to address them. Our vision aims to stimulate discussion and inspire new research directions toward scalable, language-agnostic analysis frameworks for next-generation polyglot systems.

Ammar Ahmed, Ali Shariq Imran

This systematic literature review examines the role of large language models (LLMs) in UI/UX design, synthesizing findings from 38 peer-reviewed studies published between 2022 and 2025. We identify key LLMs in use, including GPT-4, Gemini, and PaLM, and map their integration across the design lifecycle, from ideation to evaluation. Common practices include prompt engineering, human-in-the-loop workflows, and multimodal input. While LLMs are reshaping design processes, challenges such as hallucination, prompt instability, and limited explainability persist. Our findings highlight LLMs as emerging collaborators in design, and we propose directions for the ethical, inclusive, and effective integration of these technologies.

Muhammad Yousuf, Naseem Khatoon

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">While Western academia embraced ecocriticism in the late 20th century, Urdu literary circles only began engaging with ecological perspectives in the 2010s. This nascent discipline has since flourished, with universities incorporating ecocritical studies, scholars translating Western theories, and researchers producing original Urdu works on environmental literature. Notable contributions include Aurangzaib Naizi's pioneering books </span><em style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Ecocriticism: Theory and Practice</em><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> and </span><em style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Urdu Literature: An Ecological Perspective</em><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">, which established foundational frameworks. Pakistani scholars like Abdullah Naem Rasool (</span><em style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Urdu Poetry: An Ecological Review</em><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">) and Dr. Ashraf Javed Malik (</span><em style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Urdu Nazm: An Ecological Perspective</em><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">) have expanded the discourse through genre-specific analyses. From India, Nasreen Ahsan Fatihi's </span><em style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Ecofeminism and Contemporary Urdu Short Story</em><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> offers a gender-sensitive approach, while Sabeen Ali's journal </span><em style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Deedban</em><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> provides a platform for ongoing ecocritical debates. This rapid institutionalization reflects Urdu academia's responsiveness to global ecological concerns while developing indigenous critical paradigms. The discipline's growth demonstrates how Urdu scholarship is both absorbing international theoretical models and cultivating its own ecocritical traditions to reinterpret literary heritage through an environmental lens. As climate change urgency grows, Urdu ecocriticism promises to yield increasingly sophisticated analyses of nature-culture intersections in South Asian literature.</span></p>

Aleksandra Turek

This article explores the cultural and literary significance of Calligonum polygonoides, locally known as phog, an endemic shrub of Rajasthan’s Thar Desert. The subject of analysis is the poem, Phog ikīsī, by a contemporary Rajasthani poet Girdhardān Ratnū (b. 1970), which serves as a lens to examine the broader cultural landscapes of Rajasthan. The poem bridges tradition and modernity, employing the literary form of Marwari known as Dingal. Through a close reading of this work, the article reveals the enduring connection between people and their environment, highlighting the ecological and cultural consciousness embedded in local literary traditions. Ultimately, the analysis argues that Phog ikīsī expresses a profound sense of Rajasthani identity (Rajasthani-ness) and affirms the value of locality.

Will Crichton, Shriram Krishnamurthi

This paper documents a year-long experiment to "profile" the process of learning a programming language: gathering data to understand what makes a language hard to learn, and using that data to improve the learning process. We added interactive quizzes to The Rust Programming Language, the official textbook for learning Rust. Over 13 months, 62,526 readers answered questions 1,140,202 times. First, we analyze the trajectories of readers. We find that many readers drop-out of the book early when faced with difficult language concepts like Rust's ownership types. Second, we use classical test theory and item response theory to analyze the characteristics of quiz questions. We find that better questions are more conceptual in nature, such as asking why a program does not compile vs. whether a program compiles. Third, we performed 12 interventions into the book to help readers with difficult questions. We find that on average, interventions improved quiz scores on the targeted questions by +20%. Fourth, we show that our technique can likely generalize to languages with smaller user bases by simulating our statistical inferences on small N. These results demonstrate that quizzes are a simple and useful technique for understanding language learning at all scales.

Fernando Gabriela Garcia, Spencer Burns, Harrison Fuller

In this paper, we introduce ChatCite, a novel method leveraging large language models (LLMs) for generating comparative literature summaries. The ability to summarize research papers with a focus on key comparisons between studies is an essential task in academic research. Existing summarization models, while effective at generating concise summaries, fail to provide deep comparative insights. ChatCite addresses this limitation by incorporating a multi-step reasoning mechanism that extracts critical elements from papers, incrementally builds a comparative summary, and refines the output through a reflective memory process. We evaluate ChatCite on a custom dataset, CompLit-LongContext, consisting of 1000 research papers with annotated comparative summaries. Experimental results show that ChatCite outperforms several baseline methods, including GPT-4, BART, T5, and CoT, across various automatic evaluation metrics such as ROUGE and the newly proposed G-Score. Human evaluation further confirms that ChatCite generates more coherent, insightful, and fluent summaries compared to these baseline models. Our method provides a significant advancement in automatic literature review generation, offering researchers a powerful tool for efficiently comparing and synthesizing scientific research.

Amazigh Amrane, Hugo Bazille, Uli Fahrenberg et al.

In this paper we study finite higher-dimensional automata (HDAs) from the logical point of view. Languages of HDAs are sets of finite bounded-width interval pomsets with interfaces (iiPoms<=k) closed under order extension. We prove that languages of HDAs are MSO-definable. For the converse, we show that the order extensions of MSO-definable sets of iiPoms<=k are languages of HDAs. As a consequence, unlike the case of all pomsets, order extension of MSO-definable sets of iiPoms<=k is also MSO-definable.

Shuvendu K. Lahiri

Verification-aware programming languages such as Dafny and F* provide means to formally specify and prove properties of a program. Although the problem of checking an implementation against a specification can be defined mechanically, there is no algorithmic way of ensuring the correctness of the {\it user-intent formalization for programs}, expressed as a formal specification. This is because intent or requirement is expressed {\it informally} in natural language and the specification is a formal artefact. Despite, the advent of large language models (LLMs) has made tremendous strides bridging the gap between informal intent and formal program implementations recently, driven in large parts by benchmarks and automated metrics for evaluation. Recent work has proposed a framework for evaluating the {\it user-intent formalization} problem for mainstream programming languages~\cite{endres-fse24}. However, such an approach does not readily extend to verification-aware languages that support rich specifications (using quantifiers and ghost variables) that cannot be evaluated through dynamic execution. Previous work also required generating program mutants using LLMs to create the benchmark. We advocate an alternate, perhaps simpler approach of {\it symbolically testing specifications} to provide an intuitive metric for evaluating the quality of specifications for verification-aware languages. We demonstrate that our automated metric agrees closely on a human-labeled dataset of Dafny specifications for the popular MBPP code-generation benchmark, yet demonstrates cases where the human labeling is not perfect. We also outline formal verification challenges that need to be addressed to apply the technique more widely. We believe our work provides a stepping stone to enable the establishment of a benchmark and research agenda for the problem of user-intent formalization for programs.

Sevim Hatun Sürücü, Zafer Açar

Cotepeyv bûye têgeheke rêzimanî ku amaje bi dubareyên deng morfem an jî peyvan dike. Cotepeyvên ku weke dubareyan jî tên binavkirin ji bo bihêzkirin, xurtkirin û dewlemendkirina wateyê tên bikaranîn. Di van komepeyvan de; yan heman peyv tê dubarekirin, yan peyvên nêzwate û dijwate ligel hev tên bikaranîn yan jî peyvên hevdeng li dû hevdu tên rêzkirin. Bi van taybetiyên xwe ve cotepeyv di helbest û pexşanê da ji bo xurtkirin û dewlemendkirina wateyê ji aliyê edîb, şair û nivîskaran ve hatine bikaranîn. Ehmedê Xanî yek ji wan edîb û nivîskaran e ku di berhema xwe Mem û Zînê de ev komepeyv firawan bi kar anîne. Xebata me, nusxeyên Mem û Zîna Ehmedê Xanî yên wekî ya Yıldırım (2010), Şemrexî (2011), Doskî (2013) û ya Dost (2020) ve hatine amadekirin da ber hev û cotepeyvên berhemê analîz kirin. Ev xebat ji destpêkek û du beşan pêk tê. Destpêk bi kurtasî çarçoveya têgehî û teorîk tevî rêbaz û materyala xebatê dihewîne. Di beşa yekem de cotepeyv ji aliyê teşeyê ve, ya duyem de ji aliyê zimanê hêmanên wê ve hatine dabeşkirin û ew bi mînakên Mem û Zînê hatine nimûnekirin. Di dawiyê de cotepeyvên ku hatine tesbîtkirin bi alfabetîk hatin rêzkirin û li xebatê hatin zêdekirin. Di encamê de divê em bêjin; me di Mem û Zînê de 826 cotepeyv tesbît kirin ku hinek ji wan dikarin daxilî ji kategoriyekê zêdetir bin.

اسدالله واحد, هادی صادقی, محمد مهدی پور et al.

«احمد یسوی» یکی از مشایخ مشهور و تأثیرگذار در خطّۀ ترکستان در قرن ششم بوده است. حرکت صوفیانه و سلوک عرفانی وی به نام «یسویّه» در جهان اسلام شهرت یافته است که در اسلامی شدن آناتولی نقش مهمی ایفا کرده‌است و با فراز و نشیب‌هایی در آسیای صغیر حیات داشته است. یسویّه به عنوان اولین طریقتی تلقّی می‌شود که در میان ترکان پدید آمد؛ این جریان دینی ابتدا در شهر «یسی» یا «ترکستان» پدیدآمد و سپس آوازۀ آن کل ماوراءالنّهر را درنوردید و در آسیای صغیر نیز گسترش یافت. اهمّیّت اصلی طریقت یسویّه از این منظر است که توانست متناسب با سطح اندیشه، زبان و فرهنگِ ترکمانان، از ترکستان تا آناتولی، عقاید عرفانی و آداب و اصول صوفیانه‌شان را اشاعه و تبلیغ کند و با استفاده از اشعار عامیانۀ آهنگینی که ریشه در روح ملّی و آداب آن قوم داشت، روح بسیط و بی‌آلایش آن‌ها را مجذوب اسلام و تصوّف کند و در نهایت فرهنگ و اجتماع آسیای صغیر را آمادۀ ورود و پذیرش آرای فرقه‌های مختلفی که اغلب آن‌ها اصل خراسانی داشت، گرداند. با توجه به این‌که تاکنون تحقیقی در مورد نقد و بررسی آراء و آدابِ یسویّه و گسترش این طریقت در آسیای صغیر صورت نپذیرفته‌است. نگارندگان این پژوهش برآنند که با استناد به آثار مکتوب و منسوبِ شخصِ احمد یسوی، به شرح و تفسیر عقاید صوفیانه و آداب طریقت یسویّه و تطبیق آن‌ها با تصوّف خراسان بپردازند تا از این طریق ماهیّت عرفانی و تأثیر فرهنگی و فکری این طریقت در آسیای صغیر آشکار و مشخّص شود.

حمید رضا توکلی

نخستین گفت‌وگوی شمس با مولانا پیرامون بایزید بوده است. شمس به این نکته در پایان یک پاره‌گفتار عربی در مقالات تصریح می‌کند. نقد بایزید بارها به شیوه‌ای مشابه در جای‌جای سخنان شمس پدیدار می‌شود. همین نقد دربارة حلاج هم تکرار می‌شود. از این گذشته نکات مرتبط با این ملاحظة نقادانه بارها در مقالات جلوه دارد؛ تاملاتی دربارة متابعت و بدعت، شطح و مستی، هوشیاری پس از مستی، جبر و خاموشی. اما نکتة اصلی آن‌جاست که مولانا آشکارا در این زمینه نگاه و گفتار دیگری دارد. او نه تنها ستایندة بایزید و حلاج است؛ بل با شوری فزون‌مایه از مستی و جبر عاشقانه می‌گوید. در عین حال در ذهن و زبان مولانا روح سخن شمس بدون کاربست آن در نقد امثال بایزید حاضر است. این نوشتار تلاشی است برای بازخوانی پرسش نخستین شمس و طرح جوانب گوناگون دوگانگی نگاه شمس و مولانا در این چشم‌انداز و نیز پیشنهادهایی برای تبیین این تمایز و استقلال منظر

Mohammad Daneshgar, Seyed Ali Ghasemzadeh, Reza Chehreghani

Myth is an element of human culture that narrates a true story with an unusual nature. It discusses the miraculous action in the indeterminate time of beginning, as superhuman experiences and as a mental-imaginative process with the help of works of art. It is recreated and continues to live with the help of this cultural element. Artistic-literary works become broad, deep, and lasting and acquire a global dimension and immortality. Therefore, mythological elements in different periods of Persian poetry have always been recreated with ups and downs. No period sans theme and image creation in the mythological literature and the dynamic spirit of myth has always flowed in the body of Persian poetry. Poets have used this cultural element with different approaches and have recreated it. The present study, using a descriptive­-analytical method, investigates the reproduction of mythological-epic themes and narratives in the contemporary poetry of Afghanistan (from the Constitution to 1380 AD). The results of the present research show that the reproduction of mythological elements in contemporary Afghan poetry is not a pure imitation but a purposeful creation that contemporary poets, using their literary talents most artistically, relate mythological narratives and characters with events and personalities. They have adapted in their times, by linking the present and the past. They have presented their political thoughts and human emotions.  IntroductionThe myth, a cultural image or a symbol with a narrative, has been recreated in different eras of Dari Persian literature. It has reflected the visions of poets and writers on various topics and expressed their ideals and feelings. For this reason, these types of metaphors are considered to be the most important tools of poetry, because they represent imagination in the best way. Contemporary poets of Afghanistan, considering the political-social function, use myth to reflect their human emotions. They have expressed the socio-political situation of their country with the help of mythological symbols.  Materials and Methods In this research, an attempt is made to analyze and reread the recreation of mythological-epic themes and narratives in the contemporary poetry of Afghanistan (from the Constitution to 1380 AH) using a descriptive-analytical approach.  Results and Conclusion Based on the existing examples, contemporary Afghan poetry can be classified into four stages in terms of the regeneration of mythological elements.The first phase covers the poetry of the initial years of Mohammad Zahershah’s reign and before. At this stage, there are examples of myth reproduction for rhetorical and political reasons in the poetry of Mahjuba Heravi, Abdullah Arif Chah Abhi, Bareq Shafi, and Seyed Ismail Balkhi. The mentioned poets while using the rhetorical capacity of mythological elements, use mythological-epic characters and themes; because they have reflected the praise of love, the satire of rulers, defense of the rights of the oppressed, condemnation of the tyranny of absolute monarchy, and the calling of people to fight and stand against political tyranny.The second stage is related to the regeneration of the myth to use its symbolic aspect, with the social context and creating artistic ambiguity. It includes the "Decade of Democracy" until the end of the presidency of Mohammad Daud Khan. Being aware of the symbolic capacity of myth, poets of this stage have reflected their human emotions with the help of the multifaceted, ambiguous, and symbolic language of myth and have expressed the manifestations of their social life. The most prominent examples of the recreation of the myth, due to its symbolism and creating ambiguity, are in the poems of Wasef Bakhtari, Latif Nazimi, Haider Lahib, and others. In these examples, the poets while reproducing mythological-epic stories, and themes such as; the narrators of the country have addressed misdirection of the command, lack of knowledgeable and thoughtful people to guide the people, hope for a better future, condemnation of the ruling political tyranny, a promise of victory against tyranny and the emergence of a savior.The third stage is related to recreating mythological elements for ideological reasons. It includes the poetry of Haft Ardibehesht 1357 AH. Myth-approaching poets of this stage, according to the left and right tendencies, have reproduced mythological narratives and characters with different approaches and revealed their political thoughts with the help of the political function of myth. Asadullah Habib, Baragh Shafi'i, Taghian Sakai, Shabgirpoladian, Qaharaasi, Partunadari, Mohib Barash, Shoja Khorasani, Latif-Pedram, Sami Hamed, Abdul Karim Tamna, Kazem Kazemi and some other poets of this period are mythologists with different approaches. Mythological-epic elements in the reflection of topics such as; praise of the ruling system, the confrontation between the Ahurai and Ahrimanic forces (mujahedeen and the government), the martyrdom of the oppressed and innocent people of Afghanistan in Polcharkhi prison, the mourning of mothers over the loss of their children and husbands, unfortunate consequences of aggression and tyranny, description of the campaign, deadly attacks of the Soviet army and the communist government, martyrdom of the oppressed people of Afghanistan in defense of the land, the overthrow of the human values, expression of the unfortunate situation of Afghan refugees inside and outside the country and Issues like this have been used.The final stage --the stage of quantitative expansion of mythological themes, internal and external poetry includes the period of Mujahideen rule and beyond. At this stage, the best examples of mythological elements in the poetry of Abu Talib Mozafari, Khaleda Forough, Raziq Fani, Abdul Ghafoor Arzu, and some others are available. In these examples, the poets, while reshaping the myth, abstract issues of family love, condemnation of civil wars, fratricide, etc. have been addressed.

Dr Rafya Tahir, Dr Syed Farjood Ailya Rizvi

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;" lang="EN-US">The development of calligraphic art in Pakistan is affected by social and historical factors. Because of the religious connotations attached to this art, its acceptance in the art circles is contentious. This qualitative paper focuses on calligraphic art done in Arabic script which developed in Pakistan after 1947. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Exploratory research design is used for data collection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>A narrative and descriptive approach is adopted for data presentation and analysis This paper explores calligraphic art from a historical perspective and aims to bring into light its existing status in the contemporary art circles of Pakistan.&nbsp; The results show a substantial inclination toward religious attachment in general perception and a reluctance of accepting it as a truly expressive art in artistic circles.</span></em></p>

Muhammad Yousaf, Muhammad Afzal Butt

Rasheed Amjid is an awakened brain fiction writer. Reading his stories, one realizes that he is familiar with every vein of society like a pulse expert. He has told in his stories that Allah has sent man as a noble creature and has imposed responsibilities on him according to his status. But the rapid scientific progress has deprived man of his basic qualities. The spirit of self-sacrifice and service to human beings is disappearing. In this age of mechanization, all the schools are also producing a generation that is a conqueror of speech but has no character. All institutions have become a story of decline. The sighs, sobs and cries of the poor are being heard from all sides. This social decline has licked this seemingly beautiful society like a termite from within.  Rashid Amjid wants to rectify this situation. The lamentations of dead humanity written by Rasheed Amjid are covered in this article.    

Fida Mohammad Radpoor, Mahmood Bashiri, Mahdi Dashti

The most appropriate method for understanding a poet or writer's intellectual, linguistic, and literary aspects is through a style comparison. If this comparison is broad, it is necessary to compare the entire body of work produced by the two poets or writers; if it is concise, it is also possible to compare the stylistic components of the two lyrics. Using a micro-context approach and cognitive style, this article compares two lyrics (Ghazals)—one by Haydari Wujodi, a contemporary poet and mystic, and the other by Mawlawi, a classical poet and great mystic—that are identical in terms of the prosaic weight of both lyrics “Failatun Failatun Failatun Failun” and the word “narrator”. The comparison has been performed based on three stylistic levels: linguistic level, literary level, and intellectual level. The findings of this study show that both lyrics are comparable to one another and share similar language and intellectual characteristics. In addition, the intellectual similarities suggest that Haydari’s mysticism was influenced by Mawlawi’s mysticism.IntroductionSince the start of the study of stylistics up until the present, researchers in this area have offered numerous definitions. Here, dealing with the definitions will be nothing more than repeating them; hence, two brief definitions seems to be sufficient: “Stylistics is a science or system that discusses style” (Shamisa, 2001, p. 13). This definition refers to two points: one is the nature of the style, and the second is the function of style. According to Charles Bally, “the task of stylistics is to see what the types of expression structures are in a certain period and how they express feelings and thoughts” (Ghiashi, 1989, p. 11). Therefore, style, in general, includes three important linguistic, literary, and intellectual elements, from which the style of language, literary, and intellectual type of each writer can be distinguished. These three elements depend on the environmental, cultural, political, and religious conditions that every writer or poet is affected by these conditions. This impressionability appears in their words; for example, Hafez's words seem more ambiguous from a literary point of view. Ferdowsi's language is full of original Persian words and epic and mythological themes, and the dominant element in Mawlawi's intellectual system is mysticism.In fact, Mawlawi's poetry cannot be compared with any other poet in terms of meaning and content. Because he was not only a mystic and a poet, but he was also the greatest scholar of religion. Over the years, dozens of researchers have described and developed his works, and hundreds of poets have been influenced by him, which is proof of the breadth of Mawlawi's knowledge. Ghulam Haider, the son of Maulana Shafiullah, nicknamed Haidari Wujoudi, a contemporary Afghanistan mystic and poet, is among those who are influenced by Mawlawi's thoughts. He was born in 1939 in Panjshir province and died in 2020 due to coronavirus. Although Haidari Wujoudi did not have more than elementary education, due to his study and talent and also his enthusiasm and interest in mysticism, he is the owner of a poetic divan consisting of several thousand verses.In this study, the stylistic analysis of both sonnets has been done with the approach of studying a small context. By examining this type of approach, two pieces of poetry or two stories can be compared. In this stylistic comparison, Ghazal No. 144 by Mawlawi and one Ghazal by Haidari Wujoudi (2019, p. 82) have been selected in a prosody weight and they have been stylistically compared from three linguistic, literary, and intellectual perspectives. Materials and MethodsThis study has been carried out by the analytical-descriptive method and is based on library research. In this research, a six-verse ghazal by Haidari Wujoudi and a seven-verse ghazal by Mawlawi (Kuleyaat Shams Tabrizi) have been selected, both of which are in the same weight (Ramel Mothman Mahzauf), and analyzed with a micro-context approach. In this regard, the stylistic and comparative results of both (differences and similarities) have been reported statistically. Research Findings The overall findings of this research show that Haidari Wujoudi's way of thinking is consistent with Mawlawi's. This harmony is due to mystical vision. Also, the use of mystical themes shows the common features between both lyrics. In terms of language, there are more similarities than differences between both lyrics. But in the literary segment, both in terms of innovative art and the science of expression (simile, metaphor, irony, and permission), the difference seems to be greater. In this sense, the literary level of Haidari's lyrics is higher than Mawlawi's. From this point of view, it can be said that Haidari's existential mysticism in this lyric is theoretical mysticism and Mawlawi's mysticism is of practical mysticism type. Discussion of Results and ConclusionThe collection of Haidari Wujoudi’s work (Divan) is considered one of the most important literary-mystical works in Persian literature. In addition to his surviving printed works, there are about 500 audio tapes of Mawlawi Masnawi’s series, which have not been arranged or edited until now. As mentioned before, Mawlawi's lyrics (Ghazals), known as Shams's ghazals, are at a high level in terms of meaning and mystical content, and it is not easy to compare them with any ghazal or any poet. In this study, two lyrics by Mawlawi and Haidari Wujoudi were chosen not merely for the purpose of stylistic comparison but rather because of the similarities between the two, particularly Haidari Wujoudi's perception of Mawlawi. Mawlawi's lyrics are full of passion and love, and despair and hopelessness are not seen in them. Haidari Wujoudi's poems also have the same characteristics because his mysticism is of the type of romantic mysticism, and the essence of Haidari's lyrics is love, which is the common ground between both lyrics.

Shafique Anjum

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Jameel Noori Nastaleeq&quot;;">Siraj uddin Ali Khan Arzoo was a leading Dehlvi poet and Linguist of 18th Century India. A large number of great poets like Abroo, Sauda, Dard, Mazmoon, Yakrang, Bahar and Mir Taqi Mir were his followers. Arzoo was also an early philologist of Urdu. His famous lexicon <em>'Nawadar ul Alfaz'</em> is considered a milestone in Urdu lexicography. In this article a rare manuscript of another of his lexicon <em>'Chiragh e Hidayet'</em> is introduced. It was published along with <em>'Ghiyas ul Lughaat'</em> in 19th Century. The importance and basic characteristics of these two Texts are also discussed.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Jameel Noori Nastaleeq&quot;;" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></p>

Graham Campbell

There are many open questions surrounding the characterisation of groups with context-sensitive word problem. Only in 2018 was it shown that all finitely generated virtually Abelian groups have multiple context-free word problems, and it is a long-standing open question as to where to place the word problems of hyperbolic groups in the formal language hierarchy. In this paper, we introduce a new language class called the parallel hyperedge replacement string languages, show that it contains all multiple context-free and ET0L languages, and lay down the foundations for future work that may be able to place the word problems of many hyperbolic groups in this class.

Manijeh Ghareche, Bahman Hajipour, Akbar Alamtabriz et al.

Business failure is a very complex process and is influenced by various factors. SME’s are important for every economy but despite their importance, failure and bankruptcy occur among them. The present article presents a more specific approach based on the complementary of theoretical approaches in the field of organization failure and uses three approaches to identify different types of failures in different stages of the organization's life cycle. Criticism and studying the results of systematic review in three stages and trying to link two theoretical foundations of organization life cycle and organization failure studies in order to achieve a better understanding of types of failure in each stage of the life cycle of SMEs by using open and closed Sorting cards to perform data mining, reveals 9 different types of failure. Revealing the types of failures that SME’s may encounter in each stage of their life cycle, compared to the simplistic, single-level view of enterprise failure highlights the appropriate route of policymaking in this area to prevent major damages of these company’s failures.