Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Emília M. da Rocha Oliveira

Sem resumo disponível.

Solal Rapaport, Laurent Pautet, Samuel Tardieu et al.

Version Control Systems (VCS) like Git allow developers to locally rewrite recorded history, e.g., to reorder and suppress commits or specific data in them. These alterations have legitimate use cases, but become problematic when performed on public branches that have downstream users: they break push/pull workflows, challenge the integrity and reproducibility of repositories, and create opportunities for supply chain attackers to sneak into them nefarious changes. We conduct the first large-scale investigation of Git history alterations in public code repositories. We analyze 111 M (millions) repositories archived by Software Heritage, which preserves VCS histories even across alterations. We find history alterations in 1.22 M repositories, for a total of 8.7 M rewritten histories. We categorize changes by where they happen (which repositories, which branches) and what is changed in them (files or commit metadata). Conducting two targeted case studies we show that altered histories recurrently change licenses retroactively, or are used to remove ''secrets'' (e.g., private keys) committed by mistake. As these behaviors correspond to bad practices-in terms of project governance or security management, respectively-that software recipients might want to avoid, we introduce GitHistorian, an automated tool, that developers can use to spot and describe history alterations in public Git repositories.

Galli, Leonardo

The article aims to explore the relationship between Lucretius and Callimachus by analysing two passages from De rerum natura 6. In the first one (l. 716), Lucretius condemns an etymology supported by Callimachus (ἐτησίαι from αἰτέω) to oblivion, by suggesting the derivation of the same name, etesiae, from ἔτος/annus. In the second one (ll. 749‑55), he alludes to a passage from the Hecale through an Alexandrian footnote inspired by an expression used by Callimachus in his Fifth Hymn.

Elżbieta Olechowska

The outstanding contribution to classical scholarship made by Tadeusz Zieliński and his unusual Polish, Russian, and German cultural background warrant a new discussion eighty years after his death. This brilliant philologist and pioneer of classical reception inspired great admiration in his time. How­ever, his philosophical beliefs and private life caused public controversies that need reassessing today on the basis of a review of Zieliński’s life and career within their historical and cultural context.

Marie-Pierre Noël

The Panathenaicus is full of multiple reader figures, which are found in all parts of the work. In this paper, we shall examine how these external and internal readers and the two reading episodes that open and close the speech exemplify Isocrates' pedagogy and provide us with a way of reading the work that accounts for its complexity and unity. The Panathenaicus thus appears as a thorough reflection on the reception of Isocrates’ work and on the sustainability of his political action after his death.

Paulo Eduardo de Barros Veiga

Apresentam-se duas traduções variacionais do episódio da matrona de Éfeso, extraído do livro Satíricon, de Petrônio (século I d.C.). Ambas as traduções, que partem do texto original latino, expressam-se mediante variantes linguísticas brasileiras e propõem equivalentes cômicos da obra romana. Especificamente, a primeira tradução procura representar uma variante da região do interior paulista como expressão materna. A segunda, de teor mais experimental, vale-se da imitatio do falar interiorano para provocar efeito de caipira, a partir dos descritores linguísticos que demarcam a variante. Dessa forma, procura-se demonstrar ser possível verter um texto antigo para uma variante sem incidir em possíveis preconceitos. Mais importante, deseja-se reavivar, em português caipira, a maestria cômica do arbiter elegantiae.

Shizhe Chen, Pierre-Louis Guhur, Cordelia Schmid et al.

Vision-and-language navigation (VLN) aims to build autonomous visual agents that follow instructions and navigate in real scenes. To remember previously visited locations and actions taken, most approaches to VLN implement memory using recurrent states. Instead, we introduce a History Aware Multimodal Transformer (HAMT) to incorporate a long-horizon history into multimodal decision making. HAMT efficiently encodes all the past panoramic observations via a hierarchical vision transformer (ViT), which first encodes individual images with ViT, then models spatial relation between images in a panoramic observation and finally takes into account temporal relation between panoramas in the history. It, then, jointly combines text, history and current observation to predict the next action. We first train HAMT end-to-end using several proxy tasks including single step action prediction and spatial relation prediction, and then use reinforcement learning to further improve the navigation policy. HAMT achieves new state of the art on a broad range of VLN tasks, including VLN with fine-grained instructions (R2R, RxR), high-level instructions (R2R-Last, REVERIE), dialogs (CVDN) as well as long-horizon VLN (R4R, R2R-Back). We demonstrate HAMT to be particularly effective for navigation tasks with longer trajectories.

Geza Kovacs

Users' detailed browsing activity - such as what sites they are spending time on and for how long, and what tabs they have open and which one is focused at any given time - is useful for a number of research and practical applications. Gathering such data, however, requires that users install and use a monitoring tool over long periods of time. In contrast, browser extensions can gain instantaneous access months of browser history data. However, the browser history is incomplete: it records only navigation events, missing important information such as time spent or tab focused. In this work, we aim to reconstruct time spent on sites with only users' browsing histories. We gathered three months of browsing history and two weeks of ground-truth detailed browsing activity from 185 participants. We developed a machine learning algorithm that predicts whether the browser window is focused and active at one second-level granularity with an F1-score of 0.84. During periods when the browser is active, the algorithm can predict which the domain the user was looking at with 76.2% accuracy. We can use these results to reconstruct the total time spent online for each user with an R^2 value of 0.96, and the total time each user spent on each domain with an R^2 value of 0.92.

Daniele Gianolio

Il presente contributo si propone di esaminare le caratteristiche della ricezione testuale degli scritti e del pensiero dello storiografo latino Cornelio Tacito da parte degli anti-tacitisti spagnoli del tardo Rinascimento e del Barocco che, per motivi prevalentemente fideistici, espressero programmaticamente la propria avversità nei confronti della sua figura e della sua opera. Tale operazione è condotta attraverso la comparazione contenutistica, testuale e contestuale tra il pensiero tacitiano rapportato alla propria epoca e le rielaborazioni compiute dai suoi detrattori di età moderna.   This paper aims to examine the characteristics of the textual reception of Cornelius Tacitus' thought and works by those Spanish anti-Tacitists of the Late Renaissance and Baroque who, compelled by chiefly religious reasons, programmatically expressed their hostility against him. The task has been performed through careful content, textual and contextual comparison between the Roman historian's thought, integrated in the social and cultural environment of his time, and the modifications to which it was subjected by his Early-Modern detractors.

Ana Iriarte

Until the mid-eighties the named "École de Paris" had not made a real mark in the Spanish university sphere, which, due to its rigid structure, hinders the interdisciplinary approach that the anthropologic investigation of the Greek world requires. As for Nicole Loraux, distinguished member of this group of scholars, her influence begins with the translation, in 1989, of Façons tragiques de tuer une femme (Maneras trágicas de matar a una mujer) in Visor's collection Literatura y Debate. This edition, widely distributed, is key to explain the reception of our historian’s work, more in the Classical Philology specialty than in the Ancient History field, and – not without reluctance – in the heterogeneous historiography of a feminist approach.

Hasan Padamsee

Radio frequency (RF) superconductivity has become a key technology for many modern particle accelerators. One of its most salient features of this technology is the ability of superconducting RF cavities to deliver high accelerating gradients in continuous-wave and long-pulse modes of operation. However, reaching the current state of the technology was not an easy fit. Over many years scientists and engineers had to overcome several serous performance limitations. In this paper, I attempt to the best of my knowledge to trace the history of accelerating gradients evolution in the field of superconducting radio frequency. I will restrict the scope to primary innovations along with some of the ensuing developments in developing cavities made of bulk niobium. But I will not cover all the many applications and findings over the subsequent decades of progress that were based on the primary discoveries and inventions. I will also not cover a number of other important topics in the history of cavity developments, such as the drive for higher Q values, or the push for lower cavity costs via Nb/Cu cavities or large grain Nb cavities.

Steve Roskams

This article critically evaluates how far the interpretation of archaeological evidence has been aided by the recent ‘materialist turn’ in social theory. This perspective, linked to the work of Bruno Latour, argues that we should give agency to not only humans but also to cultural objects and environmental processes. It thus increasingly influences archaeological interpretation. By considering how water supply has been theorised in the Roman World, then setting such theories against evidence for two wells from a landscape near York, I argue that we should retain a distinction between human agents and natural processes. The implication is that Latour’s stance, by failing to provide a social context for interaction between culture and nature, is problematic for archaeological understanding. In contrast, I suggest, Marxist analytical tools provide a more vibrant way forward in explaining both past developments and present climate crises.

A. Savino, T. J. L. de Boer, M. Salaris et al.

We present a new method that incorporates the horizontal branch morphology into synthetic colour-magnitude diagram based star formation history determinations. This method, we call MORGOTH, self-consistently takes into account all the stellar evolution phases up to the early asymptothic giant branch, flexibly modelling red giant branch mass loss. We test MORGOTH on a range of synthetic populations, and find that the inclusion of the horizontal branch significantly increases the precision of the resulting star formation histories. When the main sequence turn-off is detected, MORGOTH can fit the star formation history and the red giant branch mass loss at the same time, efficiently breaking this degeneracy. As part of testing MORGOTH, we also model the observed colour-magnitude diagram of the well studied Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy. We recover a new more detailed star formation history for this galaxy. Both the new star formation history and the red giant branch mass loss we determined for Sculptor with MORGOTH are in good agreement with previous analyses, thus demonstrating the power of this new approach.

S. Ganga Prasath, Vishal Vasan, Rama Govindarajan

The Maxey-Riley equation has been extensively used by the fluid dynamics community to study the dynamics of small inertial particles in fluid flow. However, most often, the Basset history force in this equation is neglected. Including the Basset force in numerical solutions of particulate flows involves storage requirements which rapidly increase in time. Thus the significance of the Basset history force in the dynamics has not been understood. In this paper, we show that the Maxey-Riley equation in its entirety can be exactly mapped as a forced, time-dependent Robin boundary condition of the one-dimensional heat equation, and solved using the Unified Transform Method. We obtain the exact solution for a general homogeneous time-dependent flow field, and apply it to a range of physically relevant situations. In a particle coming to a halt in a quiescent environment, the Basset history force speeds up the decay as stretched-exponential at short time while slowing it down to a power-law relaxation, $\sim t^{-3/2}$, at long time. A particle settling under gravity is shown to relax even more slowly to its terminal velocity ($\sim t^{-1/2}$), whereas this relaxation would be expected to take place exponentially fast if the history term were to be neglected. For a general flow, our approach makes possible a numerical scheme for arbitrary but smooth flows without increasing memory demands and with spectral accuracy. We use our numerical scheme to solve an example spatially varying flow of inertial particles in the vicinity of a point vortex. We show that the critical radius for caustics formation shrinks slightly due to history effects. Our scheme opens up a method for future studies to include the Basset history term in their calculations to spectral accuracy, without astronomical storage costs. Moreover our results indicate that the Basset history can affect dynamics significantly.

Hsin-Yuan Huang, Eunsol Choi, Wen-tau Yih

Conversational machine comprehension requires the understanding of the conversation history, such as previous question/answer pairs, the document context, and the current question. To enable traditional, single-turn models to encode the history comprehensively, we introduce Flow, a mechanism that can incorporate intermediate representations generated during the process of answering previous questions, through an alternating parallel processing structure. Compared to approaches that concatenate previous questions/answers as input, Flow integrates the latent semantics of the conversation history more deeply. Our model, FlowQA, shows superior performance on two recently proposed conversational challenges (+7.2% F1 on CoQA and +4.0% on QuAC). The effectiveness of Flow also shows in other tasks. By reducing sequential instruction understanding to conversational machine comprehension, FlowQA outperforms the best models on all three domains in SCONE, with +1.8% to +4.4% improvement in accuracy.

Ghazaleh Beigi, Ruocheng Guo, Alexander Nou et al.

The overturning of the Internet Privacy Rules by the Federal Communications Commissions (FCC) in late March 2017 allows Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to collect, share and sell their customers' Web browsing data without their consent. With third-party trackers embedded on Web pages, this new rule has put user privacy under more risk. The need arises for users on their own to protect their Web browsing history from any potential adversaries. Although some available solutions such as Tor, VPN, and HTTPS can help users conceal their online activities, their use can also significantly hamper personalized online services, i.e., degraded utility. In this paper, we design an effective Web browsing history anonymization scheme, PBooster, aiming to protect users' privacy while retaining the utility of their Web browsing history. The proposed model pollutes users' Web browsing history by automatically inferring how many and what links should be added to the history while addressing the utility-privacy trade-off challenge. We conduct experiments to validate the quality of the manipulated Web browsing history and examine the robustness of the proposed approach for user privacy protection.

Dhiraj Kumar Hazra, George F. Smoot

We constrain the history of reionization using the data from Planck 2015 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature and polarization anisotropy observations. We also use prior constraints on the reionization history at redshifts $\sim7-8$ obtained from Lyman-$α$ emission observations. Using the free electron fractions at different redshifts as free parameters, we construct the complete reionization history using polynomials. Our construction provides an extremely flexible framework to search for the history of reionization as a function of redshifts. We present a conservative and an optimistic constraint on reionization that are categorized by the flexibilities of the models and datasets used to constrain them, and we report that CMB data marginally favors extended reionization histories. In both the cases, we find the mean values of optical depth to be larger ($\approx0.09$ and $0.1$) than what we find in standard steplike reionization histories ($0.079\pm0.017$). At the same time we also find that the maximum free electron fraction allowed by the data for redshifts more than 15 is $\sim0.25$ at 95.4\% confidence limit in the case of optimistic constraint.

Zhaopeng Tu, Yang Liu, Shuming Shi et al.

Existing neural machine translation (NMT) models generally translate sentences in isolation, missing the opportunity to take advantage of document-level information. In this work, we propose to augment NMT models with a very light-weight cache-like memory network, which stores recent hidden representations as translation history. The probability distribution over generated words is updated online depending on the translation history retrieved from the memory, endowing NMT models with the capability to dynamically adapt over time. Experiments on multiple domains with different topics and styles show the effectiveness of the proposed approach with negligible impact on the computational cost.

J. Brian Pitts

Recent work on the history of General Relativity by Renn, Sauer, Janssen et al. shows that Einstein found his field equations partly by a physical strategy including the Newtonian limit, the electromagnetic analogy, and energy conservation. Such themes are similar to those later used by particle physicists. How do Einstein's physical strategy and the particle physics derivations compare? What energy-momentum complex(es) did he use and why? Did Einstein tie conservation to symmetries, and if so, to which? Einstein used an identity from his assumed linear coordinate covariance x'= Mx to relate it to the canonical tensor. Usually he avoided using matter Euler-Lagrange equations and so was not well positioned to use or reinvent the Herglotz-Mie-Born understanding that the canonical tensor was conserved due to translation symmetries, a result with roots in Lagrange, Hamilton and Jacobi. Whereas Mie and Born were concerned about the canonical tensor's asymmetry, Einstein did not need to worry because his Entwurf Lagrangian is modeled not so much on Maxwell's theory as on a scalar theory. As a result, it also has 3 ghosts, failing a 1920s-30s a priori particle physics stability test with antecedents in Lagrange's and Dirichlet's stability work. This critique of the Entwurf theory can be compared with Einstein's 1915 critique of his Entwurf theory for not admitting rotating coordinates and not getting Mercury's perihelion right. Particle physics also can be useful in the historiography of gravity and space-time. This topic can be a useful case study in the history of science on recently reconsidered questions of presentism, whiggism and the like.

Melania Cazzulo

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