Propose: A healthy lifestyle is essential for optimal body composition in non-adults. Physical activity (PA) and nutrition are two fundamental pillars of this lifestyle. However, certain dietary patterns may either mimic or counteract the benefits of PA, regardless of its intensity. This study aimed to determine whether adipose tissue accumulation is solely influenced by diet in physically active children/adolescents following a Westernised diet.
Methods: Thirty-three participants (boys/girls; 8–17-year-old) from Virginia (US) were assessed anthropometrically and evaluated for PA levels. Regional fat mass (LEGFM%, ARMFM%, and TRUNKFM%) was measured using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. PA was recorded over 7-days with a triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph), measuring moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA min/day), considering only ≥4 valid days (≥10 hours/day). Dietary intake was monitored for three days (2 weekdays, 1 weekend day) within the seven days. Protein (PRO% and PROg), fat (FAT% and FATg), carbohydrates (CHO% and CHOg), and total energy intake (EI; kcal/day) were calculated using NDSR software. Resting metabolic rate was measured, and total energy expenditure (TEE; kcal/day) was estimated by adding activity energy expenditure from ActiGraph. Energy balance (EB) was calculated by subtracting EI from TEE.
Stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the influence of age, body mass (BM), height (H), sex, and MVPA on each fat mass distribution, and the residuals from each analysis were correlated with PRO%, PROg, FAT%, FATg, CHO%, CHOg, EI, and EB.
Results: Our sample exhibited high PA levels (145 MVPA min/day). Macronutrient intake averaged 36.18 FAT%, 48.64 CHO%, and 14.83 PRO%. BM, H, and MVPA min/day (p < 0.01) accounted for 66.58% and 60.29% of the variability only in LEGFM% and ARMFM%. Residual LEGFM% was significantly correlated with CHOg (Adj. R2 = 58.52; p = 0.0014). This relationship was observed only in girls, where lower CHOg intake was linked to higher FATg, with no significant findings in boys.
Conclusion: Regardless of other factors – including high PA – lower CHO intake relative to FAT in girls is linked to increased LEGFM%. Absent in boys, this pattern suggests a female-specific predisposition. From an evolutionary and reproductive ecology perspective, this could represent an adaptive mechanism to store energy in a riskless area, preparing for future reproductive demands.
Abstract
The paper aims to outline some relevant aspects of Franco Gnoli’s methodology and lines of interest with regard to the historical emersion and legal definition of the crimen expilatae hereditatis. Particular attention is devoted to the identification of the notion of this crime and its area of application.
Due to the expiration of a number of previously classified materials related to the activities of the Soviet special services during the Second World War, and also due to the especially high public interest in the “case of Richard Sorge” in the last 5 years, a military historian and Doctor of Historical Sciences Mikhail A. Alekseyev introduced into scientific discourse a large number of previously unknown Russian-language documents on this case. These documents are of paramount interest to researchers. For example, it is the first publication of the materials that definitively answer the questions of whether Sorge was a double agent and of what the real reason for the failure of the network of Soviet military intelligence in Japan in 1941 was, as well as of many other pieces of important documentary evidence of the activities of the Soviet secret services in that country.Soon after that, the authors of this article for the first time made a complete translation of the memoirs of Ishii Hanako, Sorge’s Japanese wife, which were analyzed in detail and commented on by the authors of the book Another Sorge. The Story of Ishii Hanako. The memoirs of Ishii Hanako give a chance to take a fresh look at Richard Sorge’s personality, his goals in studying Japan and his approaches to this issue, to form a more personal and, at the same time, objective picture of his character. Together with the case of the “Special Folder” of the Central Committee of the CPSU on perpetuating the memory of Richard Sorge, declassified in 2020, for the first time in history, these materials allow us to fully evaluate Ishii Hanako’s effort to preserve the memory of Sorge in Japan during the period from 1945 to 1964. By comparing the memoirs, the documents of the Soviet side, and by carrying out the research and analytical work, the authors have reached a new level of understanding of the “case of Richard Sorge.”In 2017–2022, a number of new materials devoted to the same case were published in Japan. They reveal the level of awareness of not only Japan’s government and law enforcement agencies, but also of the emperor himself, as well as the division of powers of the special services in the liquidation of Sorge’s intelligence network.
The article examines the process of functioning of the party-state nomenclature of the Soviet administrative apparatus during the modernization of the national economy. In this paper, based on the decisions of party congresses and the activities of the central committee of the CPSU (b), the process of forming the legislative framework for the successful industrialization of the national economy of the USSR is analyzed. Based on the study of party documents in the period under study, we observe the confrontation of the general policy of the CPSU (b) with the opposition at all levels of the party-state administrative apparatus, both in the center and on the ground. On the basis of archival documents, mechanisms and tools for the implementation of industrial modernization of the North Caucasus Region by the party-state nomenclature are presented. The North Caucasus region was an integral part of a large Soviet state and all the processes that took place in the country were reflected in the South of the country. However, the North Caucasus Region had a number of specific features connected with the modernization of the region. As a rule, these areas were predominantly agrarian, with poorly developed industry, a small working class, and a low cultural level of the population.The specifics of the functioning of the local party-state administrative apparatus are revealed. The system of training the administrative apparatus within the framework of the Soviet political system has been studied, where the control bodies of the cc and RC (control commission and Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection) purged the state apparatus of anti-Soviet elements, but the party congress indicates the participation of RC bodies in regulating the issue of promotion - the task of selecting employees in the party-state management system. Since it is the representatives of the party-state apparatus who will implement the decisions of the central government on the ground, therefore, the personnel issue had one of the highest priority values. It was precisely such tools for the selection of managerial personnel as appointment and promotion that allowed the Soviet political system to attract fresh personnel forces from the grassroots and form the party-state nomenclature on the ground. It was the personnel policy of the CPSU (b) on the formation of a new party-state asset and the activities of the partystate nomenclature that became the key to the successful industrialization of the North Caucasus Region.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
W artykule przedstawiono proces generała Stanisława Małka jako modelowy proces odbywający się na podstawie dekretu o odpowiedzialności za klęskę wrześniową i faszyzację życia państwowego. Wykorzystano w nim materiały archiwalne z Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Warszawie. Krytyczna analiza tych materiałów oraz innych źródeł i literatury pozwoliła na odtworzenie przebiegu procesu oraz umiejscowienie go w ówczesnych realiach historycznoprawnych. W efekcie wykazano, że proces generała Małka był modelowym procesem represyjnym, którego celem było zakwestionowanie dorobku przedwojennego państwa polskiego oraz złamanie dawnego bohaterskiego żołnierza przez obciążenie go fałszywymi zarzutami. Znamienne jednak, że generał Małek został zrehabilitowany jeszcze w PRL w 1984 r.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
The Hanbalite school, well-known as a traditional school of Islamic law, played important role in theological disscourses in Islamic history. The fact, however, fails to be paid enough attention because of prevalent knowledge among Islamic society that the Hanbalite is only and a school of Islamic law. The Hanbalite theology is frequently abandoned in Islamic scholarship, although several researches have tried to reveal them. This article is aimed to extend previous researche of the Hanbalite theology through the description of its creeds and the elaboration of theological polemics between the Hanbalites and their adversaries. This article employs the history of idea by analyzing references written by Hanbalite scholars and other related sources. The references are collected and categorized according to the need of topics and then interpreted to provide readers with overall picture of the Hanbalite theology and their polemics along history. The Hanbalites creeds are based on textual understanding on Quranic texts and prophetic traditions. The creeds are underpinned by the idea that the Quran is not created and Quranic verses on God’s attributes should be understood textually. The idea led Hanbalite scholars to do a debate with other theologians. The article provides a more vivid description on Hanbalite creeds and analyzes the creeds in the light polemics launched by the Hanbalite scholars against their rivals. The article, however, does not elaborate detailly on each Hanbalite scholar’s contribution in forming sophisticated Hanbalite theology.
An examination of the history would reveal that almost every religion or belief system possesses a form of pilgrimage with its own unique rituals and requirements. The hajj in Islam, on the other hand, is an act of fard worship that Muslims with the necessary conditions and qualifications are obliged to perform. The hajj is a form of worship that offers both individuals and Islamic societies wisdom and many beauties. It is an annual Muslim/Islamic gathering that includes religious, social, cultural, political and economic activities. On the other hand, as the hajj is performed at certain times and in limited locations, it stands out as a form of worship that naturally contains all kinds of challenges, particularly due to temporally and spatially oriented tasks and restrictions. This is because it requires a journey, a certain time frame and being in a limited place and involves its own difficulties, no matter how much the conditions have been improved over time and no matter what the opportunities are.
The time of spending the night at Minā coincides with the Tarwiyah day before Arafat and the nights of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th days of the Eid after the Muzdalifa. The fukaha agree that it is sunnah to stay overnight at Minā on the day of Tarwiyah (8th day of Dhu al-Hijjah). On the other hand, the fuqaha have different views on the ruling of staying overnight at Minā, during the nights of Tashriq days. It should be noted that although the famous Islamic law schools’ rulings on pilgrimage differ, they commonly think that it is sunnah, mustahabb or wādjib to spend the night at Minā on the days of tashriq.
Globally considered, worship is taabbudi in its nature, yet this does not imply that one should ignore the quest for achieving its purposeful gains. To confine worship to only certain norms and places, far from its intended goals, is in sharp contrast with the rationale for Islam’s ordering worship and the objectives it wants to achieve. Identifying and eliminating the issues that cannot be considered within the scope of the hajj, which includes many symbolic pilgrimage rituals, not only could contribute to the establishment of a healthy basis for worship but also could help eliminate the possible challenges, risks and dangers. Therefore, the Qur’anic verses related to the hajj and the normative practices and words of the Prophet (PBUH) play a major role in the performance of the pilgrimage. A belief or action that is not based on this does not qualify as worship. However, not every word and action of the Prophet can be considered as an authoritative religious order. It is hardly appropriate to infer a religious provision out of what the Prophet did, where he went or rested or the route he took during his expedition, unless he clearly stated or defined a particular action of his as a component of worship. Thus, we can evaluate the Prophet's (PBUH) overnight stay at Minā on the night of the Tarwiyah day before the day of Arafat and on the days of tashriq after Arafat from a religious perspective.
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Islam. Bahai Faith. Theosophy, etc.
Relying on legal doctrine and current positive law of Russia as well as several foreign countries, the author explores legal capacity of persons under eighteen years of age in connection with their participation in civil and law relations on the Internet.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Il contributo intende analizzare il primo intervento dello Stato italiano, nella contrattazione privata e nella pratica dei rapporti tra datori di lavoro ed operai, posto in essere con la l. n. 3657 dell’11 febbraio 1886 a tutela del lavoro e dello sfruttamento minorile.
Raggiunta da poco l'unificazione nazionale, la struttura economica del nostro Paese appariva, rispetto ad altre nazioni europee, ancora di tipo pre-industriale, e caratterizzata da pochi tentativi di passaggio dall'artigianato all'industria in determinati settori e solo nelle regioni del settentrione.
Le condizioni dell'arretratezza dell'industria italiana, certamente poco sensibile alle esigenze di aggiornamento tecnico, hanno obbligato i datori di lavoro, costretti ad operare in un mercato fortemente concorrenziale e non garantito contro le merci straniere, verso le quali non era prevista alcuna forma di protezione, a sfruttare oltre ogni limite le condizioni più semplici, o per essere più precisi il basso costo del lavoro e l'assenza di protezione legale. Da qui un elevato quantitativo di forza lavoro infantile inserito (accanto a quella femminile: c.d. mezze forze) nel processo produttivo e utilizzato in lavori gravosi, nocivi e antigienici, con effetti praticamente deleteri dal punto di vista sanitario per le loro già tanto deboli condizioni fisiche, tra l'indifferenza dei datori di lavoro spinti prevalentemente dai loro interessi capitalistici a sfruttarli senza alcun vincolo legale, e la necessità sempre più impellente di tutelare questa manodopera.
List of Maps and Tables Preface Acknowledgments Note on Foreign Terms and Transliteration Introduction PART ONE: Similarities: Common Heritage of the Maghrib 1. State Formation in Kin-Based Societies 2. Islam and Family Law: An Unorthodox View 3. Women Ally with the Devil: Gender, Unity, and Division 4. Men Work with Angels: Power of the Tribe PART TWO: Historical Differences 5. The Precolonial Polity: National Variations 6. Colonial Rule: French Strategies PART THREE Three Paths to Nation-State and Family Law 7. Palace, Tribe, and Preservation of Islamic Law: Morocco 8. Elite Divisions and the Law in Gridlock: Algeria 9. State Autonomy from Tribe and the Transformation of Family Law: Tunisia Conclusion. State-Building, Family Law, and Women's Rights History, Strategy, and Policy Some Theoretical Implications Glossary Notes Bibliography Index
The issues raised in the article concern the development of education law in England from the enactment of the School Sites Act of 1841 to the enactment of the Education Act of 1944 which was the first comprehensive education act in England. Firstly, the article presents the reasons behind the rapid development of English education in the second half of the 19th century. Furthermore, the paper delineates the influence of the economy and of the industrialization on the systematic dissemination of education. Particular attention was paid to the spread of education to the masses at the primary level and to the education of
the poorest people. The article presents the successively enacted legislative acts and legislative work conducted on them in various types of committees (royal committees, government committees). Also, the results of the work of these committees is discussed, i.e. the reports prepared by the said committees which later were the basis of legislative acts.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
The 18th century is the opening to cognitive progress (epistemology) which becomes the core of historical progress. They were defined more precisely by Robert Turgot (1727-1781). Turgot’s lecture entitled Discours sur l´histoire universalle of 1750 significantly contributed to the notion of “progress”. The lecture presented a broad programme of historical studies whose object was humanity striving for perfection. Turgot’s programme was implemented by his friend Jean Antoine de Condorcet (1743-1794). He contained the interpretation of his programme of historical progress in Esquisse d´un tableau historique des progrés de l´esprit humain (A sketch of the picture of progress of human spirit through the ages). It was 1794 and in that year Condorcet was imprisoned. Jean Antoine de Condorcet proposed a secular mechanism of progress which was to take place through development of knowledge and science. In his outline of the development of humanity, Condorcet emphasised that the progress of humanity occurs because of efforts of people without interference of divine factors. Man is able to improve due to his own mind. The history of humanity is presented in his philosophy as a linear, continuous process taking place along a rising line, whereas the description of progress includes both past times and the future. In this way, Condorcet showed the perspective of further development of humanity in the direction of a system consistent with the law of nature and the complete elimination of suffering. This view of Condorcet motivated August Comte (1798-1857) when he built the “first philosophy”, and Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715-1771) and Paul Henry d´Holbach (1723-1789).
Implementation of tax planning through tax lawdengan exploiting loopholes in tax regulations one of which is exempted from the tax object is the payment of zakat on the amil zakat or amil zakat institutions established or endorsed by the government. Zakat is part of the pillar of Islam is the third pillar. For the Islamic ummah zakat law it must be done.Manajemen company has done tax planning in minimizing the tax burden.How that has been used by companies through depreciation of assets and financing the procurement of goods using leasing or leasing services.Namun companies have never applied zakat payments As a tax savings. The purpose of this study to know the tax planning through the implementation of zakat as an effort to minimize the agency tax burden.
Types of data used in this study are qualitative and quantitative data.Data in this study are taken directly in the form of data about corporate organizational structure, employee data, company history and tax planning system that has been applied company. The data analysis technique used in this research is qualitative descriptive by analyzing fiscal reconciliation in order to calculate the Corporate Income Tax by applying the company before applying the tax planning through the payment of zakat, calculating the amount of zakat, calculating the Income Tax after applying the tax planning through zakat payment, Comparing the Income Taxes owed before After applying the tax planning through the payment of zakat.
From the research result, it is concluded that the income tax burden payable by the company in 2016 before doing the implementation of tax planning through the payment of zakat amounting to Rp 282.355.625, - while after implementing the zakat of Rp 275.449.750, - the difference of Rp 6.905.875, - And tax payable prior to the fiscal reconciliation of Rp 275,096,375,-. There is a difference of Rp 353,375, - so the researcher recommends to apply zakat payment to amil zalcat or amil zalcat institution which has been legalized by the government because it has been legalized by taxation and paying zakat besides being able to clean the property is also a mandatory command of Allah SWT We carry out according to His word in the Al-Qur'an.