The breakdown of SFR Yugoslavia and the independence of Macedonia brought the state and the Macedonian people to a period of transitional changes. Namely, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, for the needs of the new time, declared independence at the referendum of September 8, 1991. The Macedonian citizens were asked to answer the question: “Are you for a sovereign and independent state of Macedonia, with a right to enter into any future alliance with the sovereign states of Yugoslavia?”. 75.75% of the citizens with the right to vote went to the polls, and 95.1% of the voters voted “for”. Thus, an independent sovereign Republic of Macedonia was created. From the moment of its independence, the Republic of Macedonia faced numerous temptations, both internally (within the existing until then federal state) and internationally, on the way to achieving its international establishment. For Macedonians, the transition meant the moving from a peaceful and calm everyday life, accompanied by secure jobs and wages, to a temperamental life marked by a daily struggle for survival and earnings. What was and remains the biggest flaw of the transition in Macedonia is that all the processes that started have remained somewhere in the middle. The author of the article analyzed almost three decades of the political existence of the Macedonian state, making a synthetic assessment of international regional policy and its impact on the shaping of Macedonia’s state entity in the international arena.
History of Central Europe, History of Balkan Peninsula
The paper offers an analysis of Lilla Bulyovszky’s Norwegian travelogue, published in 1866. An important context for the interpretation is the socio-historical connections of the author’s biography, particularly her conflicts concerning gender and nationality. Lilla Bulyovszky’s subversive career led to a deprivation of her social roles in two senses: the contemporary press responded to both her “anti-national” and “unfeminine” behaviour with discursive exclusion. The second part of the paper tries to identify the cultural and literary historical traditions that enabled Lilla Bulyovszky to write Norvégiából: Úti emlékek in a way that bears virtually no marks of her conflicts concerning social roles. The comparative investigation ends with the conclusion that the travelogues produced by classical authors of European literature (especially Dante), and female writers (above all, Mary Wollstonecraft and Polixéna Wesselényi) provided a tradition to build on and to continue for Lilla Bulyovszky. The confidential conversational tone of her travelogue was the result of a conscious connection to available traditions.
History of Central Europe, Language and Literature
The ‘liberal world order’ can be considered as an historic exception in the history of ‘realist anarchy’ of international relations. This exception is the result of many factors and it has been significantly influenced by the power of the United States. Thus, the agenda of the world order can be analysed in the context of American foreign policy. The place of Central Europe – and in the Visegrad countries – can be analysed in this frame. This approach elaborates the basis for further inquiries also of the Central European-American relations but here the goal is to understand the place of the Visegrad countries in the context of the American led liberal world order. The goal of this study is to theorise the world order, and to identify the role of the United States and the place of the Visegrad countries in it. Furthermore, the study tries to draw theoretic conclusions in the light of the ‘Biden doctrine’ – which is theoretically coherent with the liberal characteristic of the order – to the Visegrad-US relations.
With the evolution of pre-trained language models, current open-domain dialogue systems have achieved great progress in conducting one-session conversations. In contrast, Multi-Session Conversation (MSC), which consists of multiple sessions over a long term with the same user, is under-investigated. In this paper, we propose History-Aware Hierarchical Transformer (HAHT) for multi-session open-domain dialogue. HAHT maintains a long-term memory of history conversations and utilizes history information to understand current conversation context and generate well-informed and context-relevant responses. Specifically, HAHT first encodes history conversation sessions hierarchically into a history memory. Then, HAHT leverages historical information to facilitate the understanding of the current conversation context by encoding the history memory together with the current context with attention-based mechanisms. Finally, to explicitly utilize historical information, HAHT uses a history-aware response generator that switches between a generic vocabulary and a history-aware vocabulary. Experimental results on a large-scale MSC dataset suggest that the proposed HAHT model consistently outperforms baseline models. Human evaluation results support that HAHT generates more human-like, context-relevant and history-relevant responses than baseline models.
Danielle de Brito Silva, Paula Jofré, Patricia B. Tissera
et al.
Phylogenetic methods have long been used in biology, and more recently have been extended to other fields - for example, linguistics and technology - to study evolutionary histories. Galaxies also have an evolutionary history, and fall within this broad phylogenetic framework. Under the hypothesis that chemical abundances can be used as a proxy for interstellar medium's DNA, phylogenetic methods allow us to reconstruct hierarchical similarities and differences among stars - essentially a tree of evolutionary relationships and thus history. In this work, we apply phylogenetic methods to a simulated disc galaxy obtained with a chemo-dynamical code to test the approach. We found that at least 100 stellar particles are required to reliably portray the evolutionary history of a selected stellar population in this simulation, and that the overall evolutionary history is reliably preserved when the typical uncertainties in the chemical abundances are smaller than 0.08 dex. The results show that the shape of the trees are strongly affected by the age-metallicity relation, as well as the star formation history of the galaxy. We found that regions with low star formation rates produce shorter trees than regions with high star formation rates. Our analysis demonstrates that phylogenetic methods can shed light on the process of galaxy evolution.
The analysis of dissent, or the mobilization of scientific claims to challenge existing political arrangements, has a long history in STS and was central to the formation of the field of STS itself and its current contours. Based on a conference that sought to bring together analysts and activists from around the world and from varied disciplines, this collection illuminates new temporal, geographic, and epistemological lenses through which scientists and other people have creatively challenged relationships of power. First, by attending to long-past practices and to the long-term development of styles and forms of dissent and resistance in Latin America, South Asia, Africa, Europe, and the USA, contributors show how geography and situated forms of politics are mobilized in scientific dissent. Second, contributors also examine how political arrangements shape the ways that the movement of bodies, as well as their sensory qualities, is central to many forms of technoscientific dissent. A third focus, on epistemic politics, demonstrates how building parallel or alternative structures and systems of knowledge pose challenges to power arrangements, even when those systems are not mobilized to make formal legal or administrative challenges.
Rastislav Korený, Michal Vopálenský, Ivana Kumpová
et al.
Předmětem výzkumu je pár náramků z Nového Knína, okr. Příbram, z nichž první se objevil v roce 1965, druhý v roce 2014. První náramek byl v minulosti charakterizován jako stříbrný, s analogiemi v skandinávském kruhovém šperku 10.–11. století. V roce 2008 byl podroben prvkové analýze RFA. Ukázalo se, že je složen ze slitiny mosazi s příměsí stříbra. Po překvapivém objevu druhého náramku byla realizována série přírodovědných a archeologicko-kulturně antropologických analýz, které v souhrnu přinesly chronologické a materiálové přehodnocení dosud publikovaných údajů, včetně jejich „nálezových“ okolností. Z výsledků analýz plyne, že oba šperky jsou téměř identické. Analýzy dále přinesly zjištění, že je nelze považovat za raně středověké, nýbrž za novověké až recentní výrobky patrně mimoevropského původu (Afrika?), nejspíš turistické suvenýry.
Vishal Sunder, Samuel Thomas, Hong-Kwang J. Kuo
et al.
Dialog history plays an important role in spoken language understanding (SLU) performance in a dialog system. For end-to-end (E2E) SLU, previous work has used dialog history in text form, which makes the model dependent on a cascaded automatic speech recognizer (ASR). This rescinds the benefits of an E2E system which is intended to be compact and robust to ASR errors. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical conversation model that is capable of directly using dialog history in speech form, making it fully E2E. We also distill semantic knowledge from the available gold conversation transcripts by jointly training a similar text-based conversation model with an explicit tying of acoustic and semantic embeddings. We also propose a novel technique that we call DropFrame to deal with the long training time incurred by adding dialog history in an E2E manner. On the HarperValleyBank dialog dataset, our E2E history integration outperforms a history independent baseline by 7.7% absolute F1 score on the task of dialog action recognition. Our model performs competitively with the state-of-the-art history based cascaded baseline, but uses 48% fewer parameters. In the absence of gold transcripts to fine-tune an ASR model, our model outperforms this baseline by a significant margin of 10% absolute F1 score.
BACKGROUND Walnut allergy is common across the globe, but data on the involvement of individual walnut components is scarce. OBJECTIVES To identify geographical differences in walnut component sensitization across Europe, explore co-sensitization and cross-reactivity, and assess associations of clinical and serological determinants with severity of walnut allergy. METHODS As part of the EuroPrevall outpatient surveys in 12 European cities, standardized clinical evaluation was conducted in 531 individuals reporting symptoms to walnut, with sensitization to all known walnut components assessed in 202 subjects. Multivariable Lasso regression was applied to investigate predictors for walnut allergy severity. RESULTS Birch-pollen related walnut sensitization (Jug r 5) dominated in Northern and Central Europe; LTP sensitization (Jug r 3) in Southern Europe. Profilin sensitization (Jug r 7) was prominent throughout Europe. Sensitization to storage proteins (Jug r 1, 2, 4 and 6) was detected in up to 10% of subjects. The walnut components that showed strong correlations with pollen and other foods differed between centres. The combination of determinants best predicting walnut allergy severity were: symptoms upon skin contact with walnut, atopic dermatitis (ever), family history of atopic disease, mugwort pollen allergy, sensitization to cat/dog, positive SPT to walnut, and IgE to Jug r 1, 5, 7 or carbohydrate determinants (AUC = 0.81 [95%-CI 0.73-0.89]). CONCLUSIONS Walnut allergic subjects across Europe show clear geographical differences in walnut component sensitization and co-sensitization patterns. A predictive model combining results from component-based serology testing with results from extract-based testing and information on clinical background, allows for good discrimination between mild-to-moderate and severe walnut allergy.
The roots of the Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein reach back to the late Middle Ages. In 1342, the County of Vaduz came into being, and in 1379 its owners were granted important privileges of jurisdiction (freedom from foreign judges). From 1396 to 1719, imperial immediacy was confirmed more than 25 times by the emperors. From 1500, the sovereigns were recognized as imperial estates. Over some 300 years the dynasties changed five times. With the exception of the Princes of Liechtenstein, all of them were economically too weak to ensure continuity over a longer period of time. This was only possible for the Princes of Liechtenstein, who bought the domain of Schellenberg in 1699 and the County of Vaduz in 1712. Greater continuity and thus the centuries-long existence of the small but immediate county was made possible by the Holy Roman Empire, its laws and its institutions.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
No-go theorems have played an important role in the development and assessment of scientific theories. They have stopped whole research programs and have given rise to strong ontological commitments. Given the importance they obviously have had in physics and philosophy of physics and the huge amount of literature on the consequences of specific no-go theorems, there has been relatively little attention to the more abstract assessment of no-go theorems as a tool in theory development. We will here provide this abstract assessment of no-go theorems and conclude that the methodological implications one may draw from no-go theorems are in disagreement with the implications that have often been drawn from them in the history of science.
Making a Modern Central Bank examines a revolution in monetary and economic policy. This authoritative guide explores how the Bank of England shifted its traditional mechanisms to accommodate a newly internationalized financial and economic system. The Bank's transformation into a modern inflation-targeting independent central bank allowed it to focus on a precisely defined task of monetary management, ensuring price stability. The reframing of the task of central banks, however, left them increasingly vulnerable to financial crisis. James vividly outlines and discusses significant historical developments in UK monetary policy, and his knowledge of modern European history adds rich context to archival research on the Bank of England's internal documents. A worthy continuation of the previous official histories of the Bank of England, this book also reckons with contemporary issues, shedding light on the origins of growing backlash against globalization and the European Union.