La canzone Nuns ne poroit de mavaise raison (RS 1887, L 265.1222) è considerata un testo enigmatico a causa della difficoltà di identificarne con verosimiglianza l’autore, per cui sono state avanzate diverse ipotesi, anche se secondo la vulgata disporremmo di notizie precise circa la sua composizione. Essa costituisce un invito pressante, pronunciato con una franchezza rimarchevole, ai limiti della rudezza, dall’anonimo nei confronti del re Luigi IX affinché non abbandoni la Terra Santa dopo la disfatta di Fariskur del 6 aprile dello stesso anno, in seguito alla quale il re e gran parte del suo esercito furono imprigionati dai musulmani d’Egitto. Un’analisi accurata del contenuto del testo e della sua struttura, non condizionata dalla definizione di Gaston Paris risalente al 1893 il quale la etichettò da allora senza alcun dubbio come «la chanson composée à Acre en juin 1250», consente ora di avanzare una nuova ipotesi di attribuzione al grande troviere Thibaut de Champagne.
Pavel Vladimirovich Kuzenkov, Yury Mironovich Mogarichev
This article discusses the chronology of the appearance of the toponym Mangup and its variants in written sources. Mangup (Mankop, Mankup) is the name of the town of Theodoro in Turkish, Russian and Moldavian sources from the 1470s on. By all appearance, this late Tatar name came through the Crimean Khanate to the Moscow State and Moldavia. The given research analyses the accounts on the khan (prince) of “Mankop” who was defeated, with two other khans, on the Don by the Lithuanians ca 1396. The scholarship usually unites this event with the account of the battle of the Grand Duke Olgerd of Lithuania with three Tatar “princes” at Sinie Vody in 1362, sometimes associating the khan of “Mankop” with the prince bearing the Christian name Dmitrii. The analysis undertaken shows that the account on the Lithuanian army sent by Vytautas victory on the Don over three Tatar khans originates from the sixteenth-century Polish historian Maciej Stryjkowski. In earlier chronicles and historical works there is only a contamination of the victories over the Tatars of Olgerd and his nephew Vytautas. It is obvious that Maciej Stryjkowski twice described the same Lithuanian-Tatar battle, on the Sinie Vody of Olgerd with three princes called Kutlubach soltan, Kaczybejkierej, and Dimejter soltan, and on the Don of “Olgerd, a lord of Lithuania,” sent by Vytautas, with three “brother-princes, of Krym, Kirkiel, and Mankop.” The titles of the princes are possibly invented by Maciej Stryjkowski, who, trying to give a learned interpretation to his phantom duplicate of Olgerd’s victory, correlated the possessions of the three defeated Tatar leaders with three urban centers in Crimea known to him: Krym (Solkhat), Kyrk-Er (Chufut-Kale) and Mangup. In this way the complex of texts about the fourteenth-century Lithuanian-Tatar battles should be excluded from the number of sources directly related to the history of Mangup.
The article shows the history of the life and activities of the organisers and members of the literary studio «Brama», which was founded in Kyiv in 1963 and was created to unite creative youth who did not accept Soviet rule and ideology, around the problems of creative development, preservation of national culture and opposition to the ruling regime. The biographies of the poets of the sixties such as Viktor Mohylnyi, Hryhorii Tymenko, Vasyl Solovia, artist and fashion designer Liubov Panchenko, public and political figure Oles Shevchenko, dissident and teacher Yurii Murashov and others are considered. The study should fill the gap in studies of the history of the Ukrainian dissident movement and cultural organizations, which exists due to the absence in modern Ukrainian historical science of separate works devoted to the history of the studio “Brama” and biographies of personalities who were its members. The life story of the members of the literary studio “Brama” is a direct reflection of the entire spectrum of problems and life circumstances that the Ukrainian creative intelligentsia and opposition to the Soviet totalitarian regime faced. The biographies of the individuals who made up the personal group of the studio “Brama” indicate a high level of their involvement in the socio-political and national-cultural life of Ukraine of their time, their significant contribution to the development of culture, the preservation of national identity and the fight against communist-Russian colonial rule. Thus, the biographies of the members of the studio “Brama” can be exemplary in considering the history of the dissident movement in Ukraine and the development of cultural and national life during the Soviet occupation in the second half of the twentieth century.
Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing role of North-East Asia as one of the world and political centers, as well as the growth of various challenges and threats in the region, affecting safe and stable development of the world community as a whole. The study of the problem of regional security in Northeast Asia and the participation of Mongolia in its ensuring is important for the formation of theoretical and practical conclusions and assessments regarding its international status. Since the 1980s Mongolia has been consistently pursuing the policy of creating a mechanism for dialogue in Northeastern Asia. The result of these efforts was the Ulaanbaatar Northeast Asia Security Dialogue initiative. Mongolia's active foreign policy and the will to fully participate in regional cooperation in Northeastern Asia and in as many international and multilateral organizations as possible is one of the hallmarks of the phenomenon of modern Mongolia. The purpose of the study is to review the “Ulaanbaatar Dialogue on Security in Northeast Asia” and analyze its role in creating conditions for the interaction of all stakeholders in the interests of maintaining peace in Northeastern Asia. Results. This study presents a brief history of the formation and development of the Ulaanbaatar Dialogue, identifies advantages over similar discussion platforms in the region, and shows the importance of this event in increasing the international status of Mongolia. It is concluded that in the nearest future Mongolia may become an analogue of Asian Switzerland, the main platform for negotiations between countries in Northeast Asia due to the fact that Ulaanbaatar pursues an open, multifaceted foreign policy, and the adherence of this country to the “third neighbor” doctrine makes Mongolia a neutral state that does not participate in military-political blocks.
History of Asia, Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
Background Accurate triage of the undifferentiated patient is a critical task in prehospital emergency care. However, there is a paucity of literature synthesizing currently available prehospital triage tools. This scoping review aims to identify published tools used for prehospital triage globally and describe their performance characteristics. Methods A comprehensive search was performed of primary literature in English-language journals from 2009 to 2019. Papers included focused on emergency medical services (EMS) triage of single patients. Two blinded reviewers and a third adjudicator performed independent title and abstract screening and subsequent full-text reviews. Results Of 1521 unique articles, 55 (3.6%) were included in the final synthesis. The majority of prehospital triage tools focused on stroke (n = 19; 35%), trauma (19; 35%), and general undifferentiated patients (15; 27%). All studies were performed in high income countries, with the majority in North America (23, 42%) and Europe (22, 40%). 4 (7%) articles focused on the pediatric population. General triage tools aggregate prehospital vital signs, mental status assessments, history, exam, and anticipated resource need, to categorize patients by level of acuity. Studies assessed the tools’ ability to accurately predict emergency department triage assignment, hospitalization and short-term mortality. Stroke triage tools promote rapid identification of patients with acute large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke to trigger timely transport to diagnostically- and therapeutically-capable hospitals. Studies evaluated tools’ diagnostic performance, impact on tissue plasminogen activator administration rates, and correlation with in-hospital stroke scales. Trauma triage tools identify patients that require immediate transport to trauma centers with emergency surgery capability. Studies evaluated tools’ prediction of trauma center need, under-triage and over-triage rates for major trauma, and survival to discharge. Conclusions The published literature on prehospital triage tools predominantly derive from high-income health systems and mostly focus on adult stroke and trauma populations. Most studies sought to further simplify existing triage tools without sacrificing triage accuracy, or assessed the predictive capability of the triage tool. There was no clear ‘gold-standard’ singular prehospital triage tool for acute undifferentiated patients. Trial registration Not applicable.
The article deals with significant changes in the educational process of a modern university, focuses on the change in motivation and value orientations of teachers of an innovative university in connection with globalization. Attention is drawn to the characteristics of modern education as a new social industry, due to the digital economy and the new generation of students. The article notes that digital learning (such a concept was introduced in the thesaurus of professional pedagogy) sets new lines in pedagogical activity, meeting resistance of some teachers who are not ready to use electronic tools and perform new professional functions, for example, monitoring learning outcomes. An increase in the teaching load causes teachers to distrust the reforms carried out in education, and sometimes professional deformation.
It is proved that the quality of education is determined not only by digital technologies, but also by the quality of educational conditions, professional and pedagogical competence of the teacher. At the same time, methodological support of experienced teachers is required to adapt to innovations and beginners in order to compensate for the lack of knowledge, skills and abilities when performing innovative tasks. The article provides a link to the experience of organizing advanced training for teachers at Samara University, the essence of which is that the results of research on relevant pedagogical problems by its teachers become the basis for determining the content of programs in the system of further education.
Q fever is a disease of humans, caused by Coxiella burnetii, and a large range of animals can be infected. This paper presents a review of the epidemiology of Q fever in humans and farm animals between 1982 and 2010, using case studies from four European countries (Bulgaria, France, Germany and the Netherlands). The Netherlands had a large outbreak between 2007 and 2010, and the other countries a history of Q fever and Q fever research. Within all four countries, the serological prevalence of C. burnetii infection and reported incidence of Q fever varies broadly in both farm animals and humans. Proximity to farm animals and contact with infected animals or their birth products have been identified as the most important risk factors for human disease. Intrinsic farm factors, such as production systems and management, influence the number of outbreaks in an area. A number of disease control options have been used in these four countries, including measures to increase diagnostic accuracy and general awareness, and actions to reduce spillover (of infection from farm animals to humans) and human exposure. This study highlights gaps in knowledge, and future research needs.
El dominio de la matemática y la geometría por parte de la aristocracia guerrera al servicio de la monarquía hispánica, nos conduce a figuras cuyos nombres pasaron a la historia ligados a la construcción de algunas de las más grandes obras defensivas en sus fronteras. Las palabras que abren el título se refieren a la ciudadela de Pamplona y llevan a abordar la figura de Vespasiano Gonzaga en un contexto en el que tratamos también a otros nobles expertos en fortificaciones cuya memoria se construyó cimentada en su intervención en los proyectos de famosas obras de arquitectura militar.
History (General) and history of Europe, Modern history, 1453-