The burgeoning capacity of artificial intelligence (AI) to generate artworks has ignited substantial interdisciplinary interest. However, the absence of a shared conceptual framework has hitherto impeded effective communication and collaboration among cognitive science, computer science, and art theory. This study addresses this lacuna through a comprehensive literature review by developing a transdisciplinary definition of an AI-generated artwork. It is proposed that an AI-generated artwork constitutes the confluence of three essential elements: (1) an autonomous AI-production of a new and surprising idea or artifact, (2) which passes an internal evaluation mechanism embedded in the very same AI, and (3) is considered a candidate of appreciation by a human audience. This definition provides a unified conceptual foundation to facilitate interdisciplinary research and deepen understanding of the nature of AI-generated art. Subsequent research should explore the applicability of this definition to diverse forms of AI-generated artworks and evaluate its implications for artistic practices.
Este artículo muestra el análisis multimodal de 156 carteles preventivos de salud creados por el Ministerio de Salud, la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social y el Instituto sobre Alcoholismo y Farmacodependencia entre 2014 y 2018 en Costa Rica. La evaluación se realizó con MAXQDA 2020 y consta de la recolección, el análisis del corpus y el procesamiento de los resultados. Los modelos de análisis utilizados fueron las funciones comunicativas presentes en cada cartel, las relaciones entre palabras e imágenes según la propuesta de relaciones lógico-semánticas y estatus del Modelo Análisis de Géneros Multimodales (MAGEM, s.f.), y los procesos narrativos y conceptuales con sus participantes (Kress y van Leeuwen, 2006). El presente estudio permite observar el protagonismo del modo verbal en contraste con el visual en la mayoría de los carteles. Esto se comprueba, primero, con las relaciones entre palabras e imágenes, la mayoría de desigualdad; también con las relaciones lógico-semánticas, siendo las más sobresalientes en las que predomina lo verbal sobre lo visual. En segundo lugar, se comprueba por medio de los procesos dominantes: los narrativos verbales junto con sus participantes. En referencia a funciones comunicativas, la mayoría presenta acciones preventivas ante una enfermedad.
I will study the concept of solidarity by looking at patterns of practical reasoning leading to behaviour that can be taken to exemplify solidarity. By studying which kinds of premisses are necessary for taking the motivation to display solidarity, in contrast to altruistic or moral motivation, I try to find necessary conditions for solidarity. I will argue that practical reasoning leading to solidary behaviour is a form of we-reasoning in which some of the premisses are in first person plural form and attribute actions or attitudes to a collective. If this is correct, solidarity is a group concept, and intentional solidary behaviour presupposes identification with a group where others have shared goals or interests. This distinguishes solidary motivation and behaviour from altruistic or moral motivation and behaviour.
Comment s'affirmer comme un souverain légitime quand on arrive au pouvoir par la force ? Telle est la question qui se pose aux souverains afghans, safavides et afsharides qui règnent en Iran entre 1722 et 1750. Art et architecture sont des médiums essentiels de propagande : inscriptions monumentales, palais, tentes, mausolées, mais aussi joaillerie et peinture mettent en valeur la personne royale, l'inscrivent dans l'espace et lui offrent l'image d'un juste roi.
در تاریخ زندگی بشر اقوام و ملل به دلایلی در باورهای دینی و مذهبی برای عناصر طبیعی از جمله گیاهان جایگاه مقدس و اساطیری قائل شدهاند. از اینرو گیاهان مقدس در فرهنگ و هنر مردم راه یافته، چنانکه در نقوش و تزئینات ایرانی از دیرباز گل، میوه و درختانی نمادین حضور داشتهاند که در هنر دوران اسلامی نیز تداوم یافتهاند. در ایران باستان که خاستگاه بسیاری از گیاهان بوده، بلوط به عنوان میراثی کهن با زندگی مادی و معنوی زاگرسنشینان از جمله مردمان کهگیلویه و بویر احمد به نحوی آمیخته که به نماد سرزمینشان تبدیل شده است. از اینرو پژوهش حاضر تلاش دارد تا با نگاهی به اندیشه و باورهای ایرانیان در تصویرگری نقش بلوط بهویژه در هنر دوران ساسانی بپردازد، و در تداوم آن به تحلیل این نقشمایه، مفهوم و اهمیت جایگاه بلوط از گذشته تاکنون اشاره میکند. روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی و گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق اسناد و منابع کتابخانهای و گزارشات میدانی انجام شده است. یافتهها بیانگر آن است که استفاده از نقشمایة بلوط ورای جنبة تزئینی، از کاربردی نمادین و اعتقادی برخوردار بوده و با فرهنگ زاگرسنشینان به گونهای عجین شده است که زندگی، طبیعت، معاش، آدابورسوم و ادبیات شفاهی آنان را نیز تحت تأثیر قرار داده و به عبارتی ریشه در باورهای اسطورهای- آیینی این سرزمین دارد. نمادهایی که با تناوری، راستقامتی، پایداری و پیروزی در ارتباط است.
Clara Bratt Lauridsen, Theis Brock-Nannestad, Kim Pilkjær Simonsen
Abstract Due to the coating materials used, historic raincoats are vulnerable to degradation and rarely survive long periods of time. The investigated raincoat dating from 1943 is no exception—the coating is unusually stiff and flaking off in areas around folds and cracks. Study into its material composition can contribute to important knowledge of the availability of materials for waterproof clothing during the time of the German occupation of Denmark (1940–1945) when the usual materials for raincoats, cotton fabric and rubber, were in short supply. Optical microscopy and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) identified the fabric to consist of rayon staple fibres and paper yarn, and the coating to be based on cellulose nitrate (CN) lacquer and an unknown plasticiser. Though the results are atypical for a raincoat, they are in good accordance with the raw materials available in Denmark in 1943. Analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), identified the plasticiser as poly(1,3-butylene) adipate. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) moreover identified the pigment as titanium white of the anatase form. By historical discussion, this study argues that IG Farben is the likely producer of poly(1,3-butylene) adipate, even though the first known marketing of the plasticiser is from 1986 where the Swiss firm Ciba-Geigy introduced poly(1,3-butylene) adipate as a plasticiser for PVC cling films under the tradename Reoplex® 346. The results give an interesting insight into the use of substitution products during WWII and provide new information on polymer science of the time.
W artykule omówiono tryb powoływania, kompetencje i uposażenie urzędników centralnych/dworskich Księstwa Szczecińskiego w XVI i w pierwszych dekadach XVII w. Zwrócono uwagę na urząd marszałka nadwornego i jego zastępcy — podmarszałka. Do lat siedemdziesiątych XVI w. kompetencje zbliżone do marszałkowskich miał ochmistrz dworu, którego rolę z czasem sprowadzono do opieki nad fraucymerem
księżnej. Kontrolę nad kancelarią książęcą sprawował kanclerz. Ostatnim z centralnych urzędników Księstwa Szczecińskiego był rentmistrz krajowy, prowadzący nadzór nad prywatną szkatułą władcy.
Archaeology, History (General) and history of Europe
El presente artículo indaga entorno a los procesos artísticos y su incidencia en la formación de la creatividad, y surge como parte del proyecto Escuela y Creatividad: Estrategias y Fomento de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y Humanidades de la Fundación Universitaria Juan de Castellanos de Tunja, Boyacá. En este estudio se revisaron algunas relaciones entre el arte y la creatividad, partiendo de la observación e interpretación de las intervenciones pictóricas de los niños. Lo que conllevó al siguiente interrogante: ¿Qué tipo de procesos artísticos se desarrollan en la infancia y cómo se articulan con los procesos creativos? Esta investigación se orientó a partir del estudio de casos y tiene por objetivo determinar prácticas artísticas que se desarrollan en la infancia y su articulación en el desarrollo de procesos creativos en niños y niñas. De igual forma se realizó un reconocimiento inicial de la concepción de las artes y la plástica frente a la creatividad, y de la capacidad creadora y artística en la infancia.
Urban open spaces and green areas, particularly urban parks, are the most critical areas for meeting people's physical and psychological needs, as well as improving the users' quality of life in urban areas by creating places for people to escape from the artificially built environment. The user density is defined by the activity opportunities that are served by urban parks and the location and accessibility of the parks. Moreover, these factors are also effective for defining the level of user satisfaction. Within the scope of the present study Kuğulu Park, which caters to different social groups and is well known to urban inhabitants, is studied. This park is an important example for the city, considering it is used densely yearlong despite limited activity opportunities owing to its limited area. While querying user satisfaction, the constraints and user expectations are introduced in this study. The findings indicate that user satisfaction is more related to the quality and density of green areas, the quality of the provided services, and the cleanness and maintenance level of the park in comparison to the size of the park and activities provided. Thus, the results support the importance of small, high-quality, functional green urban spaces at remote locations compared to easy-to-access, large-scale leisure areas downtown.
O artigo consta de uma exploração - teórica, metodológica e empírica - sobre a utilização da caminhada como método de estudo em arquitetura e no urbanismo. Elabora-se com esse objetivo um método de avaliar a qualidade de situações espaciais a partir daquilo que é visto e sentido por quem percorre aquela arquitetura, tanto na escala do edifício quanto na escala da cidade. Denominaremos o conjunto de procedimentos daí decorrente como o método do observador. O artigo apresenta na primeira parte uma revisão de literatura trazendo os principais autores contribuintes no tópico. Na segunda parte apresenta, tendo em conta a palavra de autores revisados, o conjunto de procedimentos constituintes do método propriamente dito. Em uma terceira parte o trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso onde o método do observador é exercitado. A proposição de uma visão da arquitetura desde o ponto de vista do caminhante é particularmente relevante no atual momento da disciplina; por um lado pela expansão desenfreada do espaço dedicado ao automóvel trazendo, na mesma leva, a hostilidade espacial ao pedestre e, por outro lado, pelo processo de espetacularização verificado de um modo geral na arquitetura contemporânea, tornando frequentemente o papel do usuário do espaço irrelevante na equação da espacialidade.
PALAVRAS CHAVE: caminhada, passeio arquitetônico, qualidade especial, funcionalidade, legibilidade .
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying
In 1912 Josef Strzygowski founded the ‘Section for East Asian Art History’ at the University of Vienna, which attracted many students who would continue their careers in museums and at universities and thus established East Asian art history as an academic field. This paper examines these early art historical engagements with East Asian art: First, I discuss the role of East Asian art in Strzygowski’s agenda of broadening art history’s geographical scope beyond Europe and in his argument about the dominance of ‘Nordic’ artistic traditions in Europe and in Asia. Secondly, I introduce the work of two early students at the ‘Section for East Asian Art History’ in Vienna, Karl With and Alfred Salmony. Their respective approaches to East Asian art exemplify a range of methodological concerns of their time, from stylistic narratives, the concept of ars una, comparative frameworks, to ideas about cultural or national ‘purity’ in the arts, and an interest in cross-cultural adaption and transformation of motifs and symbolism.
La normativa europea y la reglamentación española establecen una serie de criterios de conformidad y aceptación para el hormigón, así como para la identificación del producto servido. La eficacia de los primeros ha sido suficientemente estudiada mediante el análisis de las Curvas Operativas de Control, que proporcionan la probabilidad de aceptación o rechazo de hormigones conformes. Sin embargo no es posible encontrar en la bibliografía trabajos similares sobre la eficacia de los criterios de identificación, a pesar de la importancia que tienen en la toma de decisiones para el fabricante, el legislador y el consumidor. En este trabajo los autores, empleando la simulación de Monte Carlo, han investigado la eficacia de los criterios de identificación europeos y españoles trazando las curvas de probabilidad de identificación de un hormigón no conforme con lo solicitado, y de la probabilidad de rechazo de un hormigón conforme al aplicar estos criterios.
Sandra Regina Ramalho Oliveira, Airton Jordani Jardim Filho
In this text, I return to the research’s problem of my doctoral thesis defended in the nineties, which is about the access to aesthetic goods, to from it to reflect on the opportunity of its presence in contemporary discussions about art education, where concepts as access, inclusion and routine are repeatedly running. To try to cope with that problem, I dedicated myself to an image reading proposal, an educational development of Ana Claudia de Oliveira’s semiotic studies and her predecessors of the École de Paris. After twenty years, I seek to clarify fundamental concepts such as aesthetic in relation to the artistic and even the notion of image. I note the progress of the renewed development of post-Greimasian discursive semiotics, but I do not renounce the didactic syntheses that the semiotic thought offers.
O artigo explora o posicionamento ambivalente de Artigas no debate político-cultural da Guerra Fria, durante a década de 1950, em que se opunham dois movimentos artísticos principais. Por um lado, o realismo socialista, tendência que tomou força na Rússia pós-revolucionária, sobretudo a partir da ascensão de Stalin, ao se colocar como a nova arte das massas proletárias, nas diretrizes da política cultural comum aos diversos partidos comunistas. Por outro lado, o concretismo, já então visto como uma nova vanguarda moderna de abstração geométrica, mas que era atacado pelos militantes comunistas, por seus supostos vínculos “imperialistas”. Para tal, mapeamos o tratamento que o arquiteto deu a cada vertente, em duas fontes simultâneas. Uma se refere aos textos e aulas de Artigas, que permitiram perceber as transformações que as acepções de cada movimento sofreram ao longo de sua carreira. A outra é a de seus projetos, em que estudamos duas casas paradigmáticas: a Olga Baeta, de 1956, e a Rubens de Mendonça, de 1958. Embora a primeira seja normalmente vista como “realista socialista”, e a segunda, como “concretista”, a análise dos desenhos não permite uma vinculação estrita a nenhuma delas. Ambas as posições estão mescladas nas duas casas e são desenvolvidas de modo inconcluso, o que revelaria o impasse cultural em que Artigas se encontrava. Impasse presente nas obras e nos textos,referente não só ao desenvolvimento formal que cada frente lhe abria, como também por suas vinculações a projetos políticos e nacionais de longo alcance.
Architecture, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
This article presents and discusses approaches for exploring higher education in Art and Crafts. The concepts exploring versus research and the different foci in an insider perspective versus an outsider perspective introduces the theme. An insider perspective is said to be a useful starting point for inquiry, referring to Frayling’s trichotomy research into, research on and research through from 1993. The field of higher education in Art and Crafts education is shortly presented as comprising two main areas of knowledge: knowledge of education, and knowledge about the different subject areas within Art and Crafts. Both theory and practice are a part of these areas of knowledge. As higher education in Art and Crafts is a making profession, the most prominent challenge when exploring this today is thus said to be to develop research based knowledge on Education in Art and Crafts as a making discipline. Two keywords are deemed to be useful in approaching this theme: Mode 2 knowledge production and transdisciplinarity. The article concludes with describing specific ways of doing this today from within the context of application. Two examples of large research projects in Scandinavia are presented as examples of such projects.
At the beginning of the book VII of the Aeneid the Trojans sail at night by Circeii, the Circe's dwelling place on the Italic shores. Circe lives there in her magnificent palace, sourrounded by the men whom she once turned into savage beasts. Unlike the animals described by Homer in the Odyssey's episode, these formae ferarum appear to be rebellious against the goddess' power: they rage, chafe at their bonds, furiously howling and rattling at their cages. The virgilian framing of the scene may reflect the Roman acquaintance with the wild beasts carried to the town for the venationes and kept in cages or chains before the performance in the arena. In this respect virgilian Circe recalls a circus' domitrix more than the Potnia theron of the Greek tradition.