Hasil untuk "Evolution"

Tosio Kato

T. Kirkwood, R. Holliday

J. Bockris, T. Otagawa

D. Irwin, T. Kocher, A. Wilson

Y. Iwasa, A. Pomiankowski, S. Nee

M. Kirkpatrick, R. Lande

C. Chicone, Y. Latushkin

M. Nowak, M. Boerlijst, J. Cooke et al.

M. Lehman

A. Rzhetsky, M. Nei

Manosi Roy, Jose F. Castaneda, Sharonda J. LeBlanc et al.

Resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE) is a versatile technique for depositing hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) and has previously been used to deposit two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional HOIPs. This study investigates the growth mechanisms of 2D phenethylammonium lead iodide [(PEA)2PbI4] thin films deposited by RIR-MAPLE, focusing on their early nucleation and film formation processes. By varying deposition times and substrate surface properties, the evolution of the crystal structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of (PEA)2PbI4 films was characterized. Standard characterization techniques provided critical insights but lacked sensitivity to capture early stage nucleation and excited-state dynamics. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy addressed this gap, revealing three distinct excited-state processes and their spatial distribution during film growth. These findings connect how the underlying surface properties and the RIR-MAPLE deposition method affect the resulting pure 2D (PEA)2PbI4 film morphology and spatially resolved excited-state relaxation dynamics.

Yukun Zheng, Yachao Zhao, Xuanbo Liu et al.

High-strength oriented PET products were prepared via the confined drawing process. The aggregation structure changes and orientation behavior of PET with different initial crystallinities (before and after drawing) were investigated by TMDSC, WAXD, and SAXS. Combined with the three-phase structure model, the generation and evolution process of highly-ordered rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) were further confirmed. Meanwhile, the effect of drawing temperature on the structure and properties of oriented PET was systematically explored. Consequently, below the cold crystallization temperature, limited mobility of crystalline regions results in two key evolutionary behaviors of PET during drawing: the transformation of the amorphous phase into highly-ordered RAF, and stress-induced crystallization under tensile force. Additionally, the annealing temperature is another key factor influencing the microstructural evolution of semi-crystalline PET. The temperature at which the crystalline phase forms, it directly determines the mobility of the crystalline regions. The characterization results from TMDSC and X-ray techniques quantitatively analyzed the composition and variation law of the aggregation structure, providing guidance for the structure-property regulation of high-strength oriented PET.

A. Feduccia

R. Bürger, M. Lynch

J. D. de Visser, J. Hermisson, G. Wagner et al.

Jarmo Ilonen, J. Kämäräinen, J. Lampinen

Marika Lamendola, Giacomo Fiore, Piotr Gulczynski et al.

The use of biostimulants and corroborants is increasing worldwide. Laboratory and field assays show their effectiveness in improving the vegetative performance of plants and their tolerance to abiotic stresses. This study aims to evaluate the <i>in vitro</i> activity of a biostimulant, based on pine bark extract, against some fungal phytopathogens. This research was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Pathology (SAAF Department, University of Palermo, Italy), employing the poison food technique. Artificial agar media (Potato Dextrose Agar, PDA), simple or added with different concentrations of the biostimulant, were used to evaluate the differences in diametral growth of the fungi <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Aspergillus tubingensis</i>, <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, <i>Coriolopsis gallica</i>, <i>Fomitiporia mediterranea</i>, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, <i>Pleurostoma richardsiae</i> and <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>. The biostimulant was shown to contain the growth of most of the tested fungi, with the greatest effectiveness on <i>A. tubingensis</i>, <i>C. gallica</i>, <i>F. mediterranea</i> and <i>P. richardsiae</i> at the highest concentration, moderate effects on <i>A. niger</i>, <i>F. oxysporum</i> and <i>P. ostreatus</i> and no effect on <i>B. cinerea</i>. The observed fungistatic effects suggest that this biostimulant could contribute to integrated disease management while supporting more sustainable crop protection practices. In vivo tests aimed at evaluating the efficacy of these products on the evolution of different diseases in the field are ongoing, and preliminary results are promising but they are part of future work.

CHEN Ziquan 1 , HE Chuan 1, YU Bingxin 1, LI Zheng 1, 2, ZHANG Hang 2, LIU Maoyi 2

The long-term structural safety issues of water-rich tunnels under complex hydrogeological conditions during operation period and their mutual interaction mechanism with groundwater environment are receiving increasing attention. To study the evolution process of seepage and stress field of urban tunnels with small interval and propose reasonable waterproof-drainage methods, the model tests and numerical studies on seepage are carried out based on the Kexuecheng Tunnel in Chongqing City. The evolution process of water and earth pressure on the lining structures is revealed. Subsequently, a proactive control technology for groundwater environmental protection based on the collaborative regulation of drainage and structural safety is proposed. The results indicate that the precipitation funnels formed by the left and right holes of urba tunnels with a small interval partially overlap and affect each other in space. The water pressure exhibits a W-shaped distribution in the horizontal direction, gradually evolving into a concave arc shape as the burial depth increases or decreases. The horizontal influence range of the seepage field and stress field exceeds 80 meters. The reduction effects of grouting circle on water pressure and surrounding rock pressure decrease with the increase of water head height. When the water head height is 30~50 m, the reduction ratio of grouting circle to the total load is about 18.6%~40%. The distribution of earth and water pressure of tunnels with small interval shows significant asymmetry. Under heavy rainfall conditions, the evolution process of the total load on the lining can be divided into three stages: slow growth, rapid growth and gradual stability phase. The secondary lining cracking and water inrush disasters caused by high water pressure are mainly concentrated at the haunch, arch foot and bottom of tunnel. For high water pressure sections of urban tunnels with small interval, it is recommended to add drainage blind pipes at the inverted arch. In ecologically sensitive areas, the active regulation technology should be adopted for groundwater discharge in tunnels to protect the ecological balance of groundwater environment.

Ichrak Riahi, Wafa Battikh, Hanen Khanchel

Abstract The increasing adoption of digital technologies necessitates understanding factors impacting student engagement, trust, and satisfaction with smart learning technology (SLT) in Tunisian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The objective of this study was to examine these relationships among Tunisian undergraduate students at four HEIs and gather data on their level of engagement with SLT, level of trust with respect to e-learning Mentor (ELM), satisfaction with ELMs, and ethical considerations. This study provides a sample of students from a wide variety of academic disciplines using SLT, and is relevant in that the students sampled are point-of-use students of that technology in a HEI context. The online survey was administered between March and May 2024 to ensure the data collected was contemporaneous with their experiences with integration of SLT. Through a structural equation modeling approach, the results showed that students’ engagement was influenced by perceived usefulness (β = .42), e-trust (β = .84), perceived ease of use (β = .35), and satisfaction (β = .38). It also found that ethical perception moderated some relationships as it strengthened the effect of e-trust on engagement (β = .0918, p = .045); and it magnified the effect of satisfaction on engagement (β = .1091, p = .021). These moderating effects demonstrate that students' ethical perceptions are critical to informing their engagement processes with SLT. The study findings highlight the important angle that both technological benefits and ethical perceptions of students need to be considered for the responsible implementation of SLT to support student engagement and academic achievement. In addition, it provides an integrated framework for educators and policymakers to consider the evolution of education evolves.

Larissa Leão F. de Sousa, Mariana Dias Guilardi, Junior Olimpio Martins et al.

Abstract Background Rabies, a lethal viral zoonotic disease, remains a significant global public health concern. In northeastern Brazil, in particular, its epidemiology is complex and dynamic, characterized by the presence of several reservoirs associated with human rabies infection. Methods This study, conducted from June 2022 to July 2023, was part of a passive epidemiological surveillance initiative under Brazil’s National Rabies Surveillance Program. It investigated the presence of Rhabdovirus (RhabV) in 356 postmortem chiropteran brain samples using three diagnostic techniques for rabies and conducted an evolutionary study on both pan-RhabV- and pan-LYSSAV-positive PCR samples. The samples were collected from 20 bat species and different locations in the State of Ceará, an endemic region for the rabies virus (RABV). Rabies-positive samples were further explored through Bayesian, genetic distance mapping and recombination analyses. Results From a total of 356 samples collected, 43 (12.07%) were positive for direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and 40 (11.23%) for mouse intracerebral inoculation (MIT) tests. Among the positive results, 40 samples were confirmed by both DIF and MIT, while 13 (3.65%) had inconclusive results for one or both techniques. Molecular assays identified 38 rabies-positive samples (10.67%). Members of the Molossidae and Phyllostomidae families had the highest prevalence, highlighting the role of insectivorous and frugivorous bats in the cycle and dynamics of rabies transmission. Phylogenetic reconstructions revealed three distinct and well-supported clusters and clades, indicating the cocirculation of different RABV lineages in the region and shedding light on both intra- and interhost diversity. We also demonstrated genetic distance among the RABV clusters and inferred that their common ancestor originated in Europe, later diversifying across continents. No recombination breakpoints were identified. Conclusions This study highlights the dynamic nature of RABV evolution within individual bat hosts, contributing to the understanding of the genetic diversity of RABV variants found in several bat species in northeastern Brazil. This study provides crucial insights into viral transmission dynamics within and between different host species and is essential for designing effective rabies control and prevention strategies tailored to endemic regions.