Hasil untuk "Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology"

Godfrey Maringira

Scholarship on post-independence Zimbabwean soldiers ascertains that the military functions as perpetrators of political violence against unarmed civilians, with less emphasis on soldiers’ own dissatisfaction and disgruntlement with barrack lives and the politicization that took place within army barracks. This article examines the ways in which Zimbabwe soldiers were ‘made,’ later victimized in army barracks, deserted and lived their post army lives in exile in South Africa. Interviews with army deserters reveal that they faced violence and punishment in the barracks for not supporting the prolonged rule of the late President Robert Mugabe. The army desertion serves as a lens through which to understand the victimization of soldiers within the social structures of the barracks, where they are trained to live and serve. By detailing the deserters’ experiences both inside and outside the barracks, the article suggests that the act of desertion reinforces, rather than undermines, their soldier identity. This article presents an ethnographic account of life in the barracks, enriched by life story interviews with Zimbabwean army deserters now living in South Africa.

Małgorzata Wrotek, Iulia Marginean, Zofia Boni et al.

Abstract Background Increasing temperatures across the globe, including in Europe, pose one of the biggest threats to human health and wellbeing. Different kinds of inequalities, determined by age, sex/gender, isolation, socio-economic status, occupation, living in the city, and health situation, create vulnerability factors influencing people’s heat-related mortality risk and their daily experiences during summer. Methods Our study uses an interdisciplinary approach to research how intersecting inequalities generate vulnerabilities to heat stress among older adults (65+) in two European cities: Warsaw and Madrid. We combine three methodological approaches juxtaposing quantitative and qualitative data: (1) epidemiological analysis that uses daily mortality data in Warsaw and Madrid coupled with meteorological station temperature data from HadISD; (2) the OLS regression based on the survey conducted in Warsaw and Madrid in 2022; and (3) the focus group interviews conducted in Warsaw in 2021. Results Our data confirms that good health and financial situation protect people both from mortality risk and negative heat experiences. Interestingly, both air conditioning (A/C) usage and being physically active increase the negative heat experiences people reported. Finally, we identified two vulnerability paradoxes understood as situations when a person or a group might be more at risk but not experience or perceive negative impacts of heat. These paradoxes affect the oldest adults (80+) and older people living alone in both cities. Conclusions Studies on vulnerability and adaptation need to incorporate both large scale top-down data sets and bottom-up, localized data based on individual experience. Combining various methods and disciplinary approaches enables identification of inequality factors and vulnerability paradoxes that remain unnoticed or underestimated while increasing people’s vulnerability to heat stress.

Virginia González García

El objetivo de este artículo es determinar los valores del vocativo con nombre propio en la conversación conflictiva de parejas sentimentales. Se parte de la concepción de que los intercambios comunicativos conflictivos en la pareja son un reflejo lingüístico de sus dinámicas relacionales. Para realizar la asignación de valores del vocativo se ha utilizado un corpus de conversaciones espontáneas de cinco parejas. Los resultados de esta investigación demuestran el carácter contextual del vocativo. En disputas de pareja, el vocativo funciona como elemento regulador de la interacción, así como indicio del posicionamiento epistémico de los hablantes.

Klaudia Kosicińska

This paper explores the specifics of post-conflict neighborhood relations in the Azerbaijani and Armenian communities in Kvemo Kartli, one of the most ethnically mixed regions in Georgia. The diverse ethnic composition of the region and its historical and political background demonstrate that the non-homogenous, multiethnic local communities coexist, coping with post-conflict experiences. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted between 2020 and 2022, including interviews and field observations, this paper presents how the outbreak of the Nagorno-Karabakh war influenced contemporary Azerbaijani-Armenian relations in Georgia. The results of author's  research indicate that local communities developed contrasting approaches and strategies while still maintaining neighborly relations involving antagonistic tolerance. The article poses the question of whether relations in the community are based on the komshuluk system, or whether it is rather the case of antagonistic tolerance. It also reveals in what situations conflicts occur and in what situations good neighborly relations are nurtured. Therefore, the research results also fill a gap in the studies on interethnic relations in Georgia after the Nagorno-Karabakh war. This is also the first study that uses the aforementioned theoretical framework to analyze this particular area in Georgia.

Siti Nazla Raihana, Muhsan Syarafuddin

The development of fandoms is very rapid; all artists have their fandoms. Almost everyone joins a fandom for leisure, and it is very accessible. These fandom activities certainly impact the fan's life and relationship with the family. This study explores fandom culture's impact on family harmony and Islamic views of fandom. Fandom is an activity that describes the closeness between fans and their idols based on cultural products. This study used a qualitative case study approach with a purposive sampling of thirty informants. The result shows that fandom has five negative impacts on family harmony, namely: (1) neglecting family members from their obligations; (2) causing addiction, jealousy, and wastefulness; (3) children disobeying parental orders; (4) parents having difficulty taking care of children; and (5) poor communication between family members. Furthermore, fandom activities contradict Islamic teachings for five reasons, namely: (1) music and singing; (2) lousy consumerism; (3) wasting time; (4) the wrong community; and (5) bad lifestyle. Family members should advise each other so that no member joins the fandom, thereby endangering the harmony of the family.   Perkembangan fandom sangat pesat, semua artis memiliki fandom masing-masing. Hampir semua orang bergabung dengan fandom untuk mengisi waktu luang, dan itu sangat aksesibel. Kegiatan fandom ini tentunya punya dampak untuk kehidupan sang penggemar dan hubungannya dengan keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi dampak budaya fandom terhadap keharmonisan keluarga dan pandangan Islam terhadap fandom. Fandom merupakan aktivitas yang menggambarkan kedekatan antara penggemar dan idolanya yang didasari oleh produk budaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif bersifat studi kasus dengan pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling dari tiga puluh informan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil bahwa fandom memiliki lima dampak negatif terhadap keharmonisan keluarga yaitu: (1) melalaikan anggota keluarga dari kewajibannya; (2) menimbulkan kecanduan, iri hati, dan keborosan;(3) anak tidak mematuhi perintah orang tua; (4) orang tua kesulitan untuk mengurus anak-anak; (5) komunikasi yang tidak baik antar anggota keluarga. Selanjutnya, kegiatan fandom menyelisihi ajaran agama Islam dengan lima alasan yaitu: (1) musik dan nyanyian; (2) konsumerisme yang buruk; (3) membuang waktu; (4) komunitas yang buruk; (5) gaya hidup yang tidak baik. Hendaknya anggota keluarga saling menasehati satu sama lain agar tidak ada anggota yang bergabung dengan fandom, sehingga membahayakan keharmonisan keluarga tersebut.

Pedro de Niemeyer Cesarino, Heloisa Buarque de Almeida

O número 65(3)-2022 da Revista de Antropologia reúne um conjunto importante de artigos dedicados ao rendimento dos sonhos para povos ameríndios, que integram o dossiê “Novas perspectivas sobre os sonhos ameríndios: uma apresentação”, organizado por Karen Shiratori, Majoí Fávero Gongora, Renato Sztutman e Roberto Romero Ribeiro Júnior (2022). Os artigos pretendem reavaliar o papel que os sonhos exercem na antropologia, tendo em vista o seu caráter secundário e frequentemente relegado à esfera da individualidade e da psicologia. Com foco nos povos indígenas das terras baixas da América do Sul, os artigos partem de etnografias detalhadas que evidenciam a relação entre sonhos e cosmopolíticas ameríndias, tendo em vista o fato de que, entre povos indígenas, a dimensão onírica não se compreende bem a partir da invenção ocidental da psique e se projeta, antes, para a exterioridade.

María Agustina Vaccaroni

In this paper we present a scarcely explored documental type, the filiations made on soldiers, corporals and police guards by the urban and rural commissioners in Buenos Aires during the 1820s. We pursue a double objective: firstly, to give account of the existence, conservation and the main characteristics of this type of written sources; secondly, to analyze the reasons why Police Department agents, installed since 1821 in Buenos Aires, used this written record. In order to do so, and after an introduction, we dedicate an article´s section to describe a series of filiations contained in the Police collection of Sala X of the Nation’s General Archive (Argentina). In the next section, we address its production context, marked by the organization of Buenos Aires as an autonomous entity, and we trace, based on three affiliations and a note presenting them (made by commissioner Juan Bautista Perichon and sent to the Police Department) which we transcribe as an annex, the recruitment problems that police experienced towards the middle of the 1820s. The final reflections serve as a bridge to open possibilities and future exploration paths.

Wiktoria Kudela-Świątek

Wiktor Swiatełyk (Віктор Андрійович Святелик) – ukraiński rusycysta, krajoznawca, autor licznych naukowych i popularnonaukowych prac o dziejach rodu Potockich w Tulczynie. Władał kilkoma językami obcymi, w tym polskim, angielskim, niemieckim, francuskim, słowackim, czeskim, węgierskim i rosyjskim. Uchodził za najlepszego przewodnika po pałacu Potockich w Tulczynie. Był znanym i cenionym na Ukrainie badaczem dziejów regionu1. Zasiadał w zarządzie stowarzyszenia regionalnego „Podole” („Поділля”). Jego zainteresowania naukowe, wynikające z pracy zawodowej, koncentrowały się wokół związków dekabrystów z Tulczynem, twórczości Mykoły Łeontowycza oraz literackich inspiracji Aleksandra Puszkina. Fascynowały go ponadto dzieje pałacu Potockich w Tulczynie oraz polskich mieszkańców miasta. Wiele energii poświęcił też na zbadanie legendy powstania poematu Aleksandra Puszkina Fontanna Bachczysarajska. Dzieje tzw. „fontanny łez” w bakczysarajskim pałacu chanów na Krymie były związane z legendą nie tylko niespełnionej miłości wielkiego rosyjskiego romantyka, lecz także z niejaką Marią Potocką, która miała zostać porwana w XVIII w. do chańskiego haremu. Jako Diljara Bikecz została uznana przez chana Krym Gireja za najukochańszą żonę. To właśnie po jej śmierci wybudowano słynną fontannę, będącą również inspiracją dla wielu polskich poetów, w tym Adama Mickiewicza. Pod koniec życia Swiatełyk zainteresował się losami znakomitego artysty i doskonałego fałszerza pieniędzy Ignacego Ceyzika (1779-1857)5. Nurtował go zwłaszcza podolski epizod w życiorysie artysty, mało znany biografom tej postaci.

Jharkhand Jangal Bachao Andolan

M. Motsamayi

The paper examines the state of ethnological collections in two post-apartheid South African museums and is based on, inter alia, an appraisal of anthropological discourses that informed the collections. It focuses on the cataloguing of indigenous objects, which is generally inadequate and, in many cases, absent. This not only hampers the proper functioning of museums, but threatens the preservation of ancient, culturally significant items. In this context, a discussion of the artefacts’ background would be of importance to establish their origins, the motives for their presence in collections, and their current state. Presently, however, such information is difficult to obtain, since persons who have knowledge regarding the makers, donors and collectors of artefacts are no longer part of the museums’ establishment. Besides, many ethnological collections result from fieldwork trips by anthropologists and persons with an interest in ethnology but, sadly, many of their contributions lack identification and other pertinent information. Anthropologists, museum workers, and donors who have contributed to the presence – and, hence, survival – of artefacts in social history and cultural history museums have failed to provide them with tangible records. With only patchy information available, it is evident that present curators face a huge challenge in cataloguing such materials so that they can be better preserved and further researched. Using postcolonial theory to provide a critical analysis of the current situation, based on available archival records and unstructured interviews with museum officials and researchers, I contend that the lacklustre manner of assessing items of indigenous material culture in museums of ethnography, and the accompanying decontextualization, are irreconcilable with their original socio-cultural and environmental significance, their meanings and technological trends. The question is how to reverse this neglect of collections of rare indigenous material culture so as to arouse the warranted interest of local and wider audiences and restore the connection with indigenous histories that in the colonial and apartheid era have been ignored and deemed irrelevant to the ‘grand march of Western historicism’ (McClintock 1994: 292).

G. E. Shalagina

The necessity of anthropological and ethnological expertise of innovative creative industries (ethnic tourism, folk crafts, art and design, confectionery and cookery, restaurant business, fashion technology, jewelry, etc.) is substantiated. The policy of liberalizing the economy, expressed in the Federal Law «On the experiment to establish a special tax regime» Professional income tax» in a federal city of Moscow, in Moscow and Kaluga regions, as well as in the Republic of Tatarstan (Ta-tarstan)», support for the educational segment of the secondary professional education, which is expressed in the organization and conduct in Russia (Kazan) of the World Championship on professional skills «Worldskills Kazan 2019» August 22–27, 2019, digitalization, features of creative industries, the special role of tourism, as well as emerging trends in anthropological, ethnological and humanitar-ian education constitute a new social and economic aspect of the stated problem. The relevance of the problem posed is due to the emerging risk of fakelorization of authentic historical and cultural heritage in the context of liberalization and digitalization of a significant segment of the post-industrial econo-my – ethnic tourism. The term fakelorization is used in the meaning of the strategy of conscious (in pursuit of profit) or spontaneous (due to dilettantism) distortion of the authentic historical and cultural heritage. The ideology of archaeoavant-garde, which is the basis for a correct understanding of the concept of sustainable development, is considered as a possible alternative to the risk of fakelorization.

Juncheng Lv

Alexander Meckelburg

Dissertation abstract

Karolina Czopek

The paper describes changes in everyday life of female members of the University of the Third Age (U3A) and Singles’ Club in Sokółka. In the past they used to have a high position in the town thanks to their professions. After retiring they were striving to maintain it, yet their prestige was derived from other activities. As pensioners they renounced the category of work and differentiated their daily activities into “doing” and “sitting”. “Doing” refers to pleasant and voluntary activities which can occur in both public (U3A, traveling) and private sphere (involvement in the lives of adult children, making new friends). “Sitting” encompasses activities commonly associated with old age. They tried to fill the day with similar amount of work as before retirement, but they minimized the number of obligatory or boring tasks. Finally, in order to maintain their elitist status, they preferred company of people with similar cultural capital and tried to distinguish their circle of friends from the rest of the town’s pensioners.

Eugenio Zito

In the article I present, according to a cultural studies approach that includes the use of literary sources and images, a mythographical profile, although necessarily brief and not exhaustive, about the island of Capri in the bay of Naples, prodigy of natural beauty out of time, as a result of a singular combination of stone, sky, sea and light. This profile, giving back some features of its historical and cultural identity and the complex relationships that have crossed its land over time, by producing diverse and unique representations and narrations, lets discuss this Mediterranean island as anthropological place in the meaning that Marc Augé gives it. Finally, it is highlighted its recent transformation, coinciding with pervasive processes of globalization of the economy and culture of the past three decades, towards a possible nonplace.

Changgan Fang

Performance, including art performance and social performance, is a way of expression and behavior, is the external expression of performance subject and inner thought, is a process. Performance has become a keyword in the field of tourism research. Articles on the performance theory, puts forward the connotation of tourism performance, build the hosts and visitors the role of interaction and transformation model, through to the tourism performance authenticity, performing and scene analysis, finally points out that the performance study of the phase of the research direction of future, offers a new perspective for tourism research. Tourism as a cultural experience and performance of tourists, is a cultural and spiritual activities. It covers all aspects of social life, is a complex and diverse social phenomenon, from a single point of view of its interpretation, is a difficult thing. Therefore, the research on the tourism activities and the phenomenon of tourism has the characteristics of multi subjects and cross disciplinary integration and reference. The relevant theories of related disciplines of classical theory is applied to tourism research, whether it is the social exchange theory, stakeholder theory and actor network theory, or grounded theory, tourism Hermitage theory and niche theory; or is the symbolic interaction theory, tourism gaze theory, or ritual theory and tourism field domain theory, sociology, anthropology, geography, ecology, ethnology, economics and management science disciplines to promote the development of tourism research, the research on the tourism activities and phenomena present multi view, multiple theories and dimensions of our research.

Belén Soguero Mambrilla

Li Li

Jairo Tocancipá-Falla

Reseña: TAUSSIG, Michael, 2015. <em>Belleza y Violencia: una relación por entender</em>, Popayán: Editorial Universidad del Cauca.

M. Narváez