Hasil untuk "Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering"

J. Aalbers, K. Abe, V. Aerne et al.

The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for weakly interacting massive particles, while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector.

Xinhang Zhang, Zhenhua Ma, Yaru Zhang et al.

The recognition of oracle bone script is of significant importance for understanding the evolution of Chinese characters, their morphological features, and semantic changes. However, traditional methods and some deep learning models have limited ability to capture the complex forms and fine details of oracle bone script, which makes it difficult to fully detect subtle differences between characters. Additionally, models trained on such data tend to struggle with recognizing rare or unseen characters, often leading to recognition errors. Therefore, improving the robustness of these models is essential. This paper presents a novel recognition algorithm based on YOLOv5, incorporating BiFPN-SDI, C3-DAttention, and Detect_Efficient to significantly enhance detection performance. BiFPN-SDI enables more precise feature fusion and attention mechanisms, improving the detection of small targets. C3-DAttention combines channel and spatial attention mechanisms to enhance feature extraction in deep convolutional neural networks. Detect_Efficient further improves the model’s detection and recognition capabilities. Experimental results show that the proposed improvements lead to a 0.7% increase in precision, a 1.1% increase in recall, and a 0.3% improvement in MAP@50. Furthermore, the model’s parameter count is reduced to 1,009,668, and its processing speed is increased to 90 fps, significantly improving the ability to extract and recognize features in oracle bone script.

The 2023 Joint Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC) and International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) were held from July 9 through July 13 at the Hawaii Convention Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. As at past conferences, the international scope of these meetings was strongly maintained with 19 countries being represented by 555 attendees who gathered to enjoy the joint technical programs and industrial exhibits. In total, 213 papers were submitted for publication of which 207 are published in these conference proceedings. The program for the joint conferences included a total of 494 presentations organized into 110 sessions - plenary, oral and posters, as well as awards presentations. Five plenary talks gave interesting in-depth updates and overviews on exciting topics: Amanda Simpson (Airbus Americas) discussed the Airbus hydrogen aircraft development plans in “Airbus: A Discussion About the Use of Cryogenic Hydrogen for Aviation Propulsion”, An overview of the history and recent developments in high temperature superconductors was given by Paul C. W. Chu (University of Houston) in “From High-temperature Superconductivity to Room-temperature Superconductivity: From Ambient Pressure to Very High Pressure”, Suhas Bhandarkar (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) presented an overview of Lawrence Livermore National Lab’s net positive energy fusion demonstration and the detailed development and operations of the hydrogen fuel in “Overview of the Fabrication of Cryogenic Hydrogen Fuel Ice Layer for Nuclear Fusion Ignition Experiments”, an overview of the developments ongoing at Robinson Research Institute for the development of electric aircraft was given by Rodney Badcock (Robinson Research Institute) in “Electric Aircraft: Solving the Key Materials and Engineering Challenges to Manufacture a Complete Electrical Propulsion System”, and a discussion on the cryogenic requirements and needs for the development of quantum computers was given by Nicholas Masluk (IBM) in “Cryogenic Infrastructure for 400 Qubits and Beyond”. The attendees also convened for two special Joint CEC-ICMC sessions organized: i) Liquid Hydrogen for Large-Scale Vehicles and ii) Superconducting Quantum Systems. Special sessions, two of them with panel discussions, were included in the programming emphasizing high-quality invited talks on seven different topics: Electromechanical Behaviors of HTS Coated Conductors for Applications, Topological Materials for Electronics, High Strength Materials, High Field Superconducting Materials for Accelerator Magnets, Low Temperature Materials Database A - Superconductors, Low Temperature Materials Database B - Functional & Structural Materials, Cryogenic Clean Energy and Mobility, and Orbital Flight Demonstrations of Cryogenic Fluid Management. A large Transportation Symposium consisting of 5 sessions and 26 talks with topics ranging from government funding perspectives, power electronics, cables, motors, and generators to system level studies was also held at CEC/ICMC’23. Contributed papers covered a wide range of topics including many aspects and advances in cryogenics and superconductors, along with their applications. Both CEC and ICMC boards are encouraging student participation, education, and career growth. It was very exciting and rewarding to have 77 students register for the conference this year. And 36 of the students received sponsorship of the registration fees. The strong session attendance was exciting and very positive and made the conference a more rewarding experience for the presenters and attendees. The CEC/ICMC Cryo Industrial Expo displayed the products and services of 31 industrial exhibitors and provided a congenial venue for a reception and refreshments throughout the week as well as for the conference poster sessions. Conference Chairs for 2023 were Wesley Johnson from the NASA Glenn Research Center for CEC and Sonja Schlachter from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for ICMC. The CEC Program Chair was Jacob Leachman from the Washington State University with CEC Program Vice Chair, Ram Dhuley, from the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and the ICMC Program co-chairs were Klaus-Peter Weiss from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Judy Wu from the University of Kansas. The Exhibit Chair was Austin Capers of Scientific Instruments, Inc. who also served as Publicity and Sponsorship Chair. Finally, the Awards Chairs were Peter Kittel, Consultant, for CEC and Eric Hellstrom from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State University for ICMC. Michael Sumption, ICMC Board President and Peter Bradley, CEC Board President greatly participated in the conference development as part of the leadership team.

The 2023 Joint Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC) and International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) were held from July 9 through July 13 at the Hawaii Convention Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. As at past conferences, the international scope of these meetings was strongly maintained with 19 countries being represented by 555 attendees who gathered to enjoy the joint technical programs and industrial exhibits. In total, 213 papers were submitted for publication of which 207 are published in these conference proceedings. The program for the joint conferences included a total of 494 presentations organized into 110 sessions - plenary, oral and posters, as well as awards presentations. Five plenary talks gave interesting in-depth updates and overviews on exciting topics: Amanda Simpson (Airbus Americas) discussed the Airbus hydrogen aircraft development plans in “Airbus: A Discussion About the Use of Cryogenic Hydrogen for Aviation Propulsion”, An overview of the history and recent developments in high temperature superconductors was given by Paul C. W. Chu (University of Houston) in “From High-temperature Superconductivity to Room-temperature Superconductivity: From Ambient Pressure to Very High Pressure”, Suhas Bhandarkar (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) presented an overview of Lawrence Livermore National Lab’s net positive energy fusion demonstration and the detailed development and operations of the hydrogen fuel in “Overview of the Fabrication of Cryogenic Hydrogen Fuel Ice Layer for Nuclear Fusion Ignition Experiments”, an overview of the developments ongoing at Robinson Research Institute for the development of electric aircraft was given by Rodney Badcock (Robinson Research Institute) in “Electric Aircraft: Solving the Key Materials and Engineering Challenges to Manufacture a Complete Electrical Propulsion System”, and a discussion on the cryogenic requirements and needs for the development of quantum computers was given by Nicholas Masluk (IBM) in “Cryogenic Infrastructure for 400 Qubits and Beyond”. The attendees also convened for two special Joint CEC-ICMC sessions organized: i) Liquid Hydrogen for Large-Scale Vehicles and ii) Superconducting Quantum Systems. Special sessions, two of them with panel discussions, were included in the programming emphasizing high-quality invited talks on seven different topics: Electromechanical Behaviors of HTS Coated Conductors for Applications, Topological Materials for Electronics, High Strength Materials, High Field Superconducting Materials for Accelerator Magnets, Low Temperature Materials Database A - Superconductors, Low Temperature Materials Database B - Functional & Structural Materials, Cryogenic Clean Energy and Mobility, and Orbital Flight Demonstrations of Cryogenic Fluid Management. A large Transportation Symposium consisting of 5 sessions and 26 talks with topics ranging from government funding perspectives, power electronics, cables, motors, and generators to system level studies was also held at CEC/ICMC’23. Contributed papers covered a wide range of topics including many aspects and advances in cryogenics and superconductors, along with their applications. Both CEC and ICMC boards are encouraging student participation, education, and career growth. It was very exciting and rewarding to have 77 students register for the conference this year. And 36 of the students received sponsorship of the registration fees. The strong session attendance was exciting and very positive and made the conference a more rewarding experience for the presenters and attendees. The CEC/ICMC Cryo Industrial Expo displayed the products and services of 31 industrial exhibitors and provided a congenial venue for a reception and refreshments throughout the week as well as for the conference poster sessions. Conference Chairs for 2023 were Wesley Johnson from the NASA Glenn Research Center for CEC and Sonja Schlachter from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for ICMC. The CEC Program Chair was Jacob Leachman from the Washington State University with CEC Program Vice Chair, Ram Dhuley, from the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and the ICMC Program co-chairs were Klaus-Peter Weiss from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Judy Wu from the University of Kansas. The Exhibit Chair was Austin Capers of Scientific Instruments, Inc. who also served as Publicity and Sponsorship Chair. Finally, the Awards Chairs were Peter Kittel, Consultant, for CEC and Eric Hellstrom from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State University for ICMC. Michael Sumption, ICMC Board President and Peter Bradley, CEC Board President greatly participated in the conference development as part of the leadership team.

Xiaoming Guan, Yingkang Yao, Ning Yang et al.

Drilling and blasting is still the most widely used method for tunnel excavation in hard rocks. However, this method causes damage to adjacent buildings and structures mainly because of tunnel blast-induced vibrations. Currently, no specific guidelines are available for optimizing the design of damping holes during controlled blasting. Therefore, this study analyzes the vibration reduction mechanism of damping holes. Six key factors, namely, hole radius, hole spacing, coverage length, arrangement type, number of rows, and row spacing, that can affect the blasting vibration reduction were analyzed theoretically. Six groups of 30 numerical models were established using LS-DYNA. The influences of the six factors on the average and maximum velocities and stress vibration reduction were analyzed to quantitatively evaluate their damping effects. Then, optimization design suggestions for damping holes were proposed. The results revealed that it is necessary to increase the hole diameter and reduce the hole and row spacings as much as possible. The reasonable coverage length of damping holes is 1.5 times the coverage length of blasting holes. The blossom-type arrangement is recommended for practical engineering applications and the number of rows of damping holes should not exceed four. Guidelines for reducing vibration in adjacent tunnel blasting were formulated. Finally, the optimized damping hole design was applied to a typical tunnel project, which verified its reasonability and applicability.

Jiaxing CHEN, Chunling WANG, Chunming LIU

At present, power systems are facing great pressure of carbon reduction. With the development of smart grids, the participation of demand-side resources in power-system scheduling can further reduce carbon emissions of power systems. Therefore, this paper proposes a dynamic low-carbon two-stage optimal scheduling method considering demand response in a day-ahead market. In the first stage, the carbon market transaction cost on the power generation side is calculated based on a metering model of dynamic carbon emission of generation units. On this basis, an optimization model for low-carbon economic scheduling of a power system is established to obtain an initial schedule. In the second stage, based on the improved carbon emission flow theory of power systems, the real-time carbon emission and cost of users are calculated. Moreover, demand response with carbon price as a signal is considered to establish a low-carbon economic optimal dispatch model to optimize load distribution to further reduce carbon emission of the system. On this basis, a final schedule can be obtained. Finally, the improved IEEE 14 node system is used as an example to calculate and analyze carbon emissions and total operating cost of the system. The simulation results show that the proposed model and method can reduce carbon emissions of the system, thus verifying their feasibility and rationality.

Martin Schulc, Michal Košťál, Evžen Novák et al.

Lead is an important material, both for fusion or fission reactors. The cross sections of natural lead should be validated because lead is a main component of lithium-lead modules suggested for fusion power plants and it directly affects the crucial variable, tritium breeding ratio. The presented study discusses a validation of the lead transport libraries by dint of the activation of carefully selected activation samples. The high emission standard 252Cf neutron source was used as a neutron source for the presented validation experiment. In the irradiation setup, the samples were placed behind 5 and 10 cm of the lead material. Samples were measured using a gamma spectrometry to infer the reaction rate and compared with MCNP6 calculations using ENDF/B-VIII.0 lead cross sections. The experiment used validated IRDFF-II dosimetric reactions to validate lead cross sections, namely 197Au(n, 2n)196Au, 58Ni(n,p)58Co, 93Nb(n, 2n)92mNb, 115In(n,n')115mIn, 115In(n,γ)116mIn, 197Au(n,γ)198Au and 63Cu(n,γ)64Cu reactions. The threshold reactions agree reasonably with calculations; however, the experimental data suggests a higher thermal neutron flux behind lead bricks. The paper also suggests 252Cf isotropic source as a valuable tool for validation of some cross-sections important for fusion applications, i.e. reactions on structural materials, e.g. Cu, Pb, etc.

Xue Han, Shifei Cao, Hanhui He

Dielectric constant is an important parameter for the nondestructive test of cement stabilized macadam base (CSMB) on road by ground-penetrating radar (GPR). However, few studies have been reported on the quantitative relationship between the dielectric constant and the compaction degree, strength indicators, and influencing factors of CSMB. To address the problem, groups of CSMB specimens, which were different in gradation of aggregate (fine or coarse), compaction degree, and curing time, were made and tested for dielectric constant and influencing factors with the help of the Swedish MALA GPR. The relationship between the dielectric constant of CSMB and the influencing factors such as the compaction degree, moisture content, percent residues of aggregate on the sieve of maximum particle size and curing age, and the relationship between the dielectric constant and the unconfined compressive strength were investigated based on several test data and theoretical analysis. The major findings are as follows. There is a good logarithmic correlation between the dielectric constant and the compaction degree of CSMB, and quantitative functions have been established. There is a good linear relationship between the dielectric constant and the unconfined compressive strength of CSMB, and quantitative functions have been established. A comprehensive equation between the dielectric constant of CSMB and the influencing factors such as the compaction degree, moisture content, percent residues of aggregate on the sieve of maximum particle size, and curing age has been established and validated with high significance and small error. The findings are a theoretical basis for the application of GPR to the test and quality assessment of CSMB on roads.

Ankura P., Vaishnavi, Akshara et al.

This paper deals with the design & development of a prototype of the layman’s air-cooler. In summer seasons, we require cold water and cooled air because of scorching temperature. Modern appliances fulfilling these requirements need high power and are costly. So, we propose modified simple air cooler, which is portable and is low maintenance machine. Air cooler is one of the major consumers of electrical energy in many parts of the world today. Air cooler causes energy shortage for example in China. The demand can be expected to increase because of changing working times increased comfort expectations and global warming. Air conditioners are pretty expensive themselves and adding to them their power bills makes it out of reach for most common man. So opting for an air cooler is probably one solution which not only is cheaper as an appliance, but also uses lower power than conventional air conditioners. The work presented here is the mini-project work of the second semester engineering students of electronics & communication engineering department of Dayananda Sagar College of Engg., Bangalore, Karnataka

Mrunal Moharir, Rujuta Agavekar, Poonam Bhore et al.

To engage the students actively in large classes is a challenging task. It became tougher especially in the online mode of conduction of lectures, due to the pandemic situation. In the absence of physical classroom interaction, students tend to lose focus and disconnect with the course content. It is observed that implementation of active learning techniques, helps in enhancing students’ engagement. It also appears to be beneficial in improving attainment levels of the course outcomes which is a very important aspect of the outcome based education. This paper discusses Peer Review as an active learning strategy, implemented for the course of Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering for the first year engineering students. The students were divided into small groups, were asked to solve problems (were given a task based on a course outcome) and were asked to Peer Review the work with the help of assessment rubric provided. Course outcome where Peer Review Technique was implemented is compared with the other course outcomes where this technique was not implemented. Keywords— Active Learning, Peer Review, Course Attainment, Program Outcome, Outcome Based Education

K. Yiasemides, K. Zachariadou, N. Moshonas et al.

Design, development and evaluation of a web-based platform to support hands-on introductory lab sessions in a first-year Physics course, within an undergraduate Electrical and Electronics Engineering curriculum, is presented and discussed. The aim of this project is to develop and put to use an active learning scenario for the introductory lab sessions of the Physics course; these are currently given in the form of conventional lectures and thus fail to attract students’ interest, motivate them or even aid them to grasp the essence of the methods they are expected to use in the following lab sessions. The material taught, namely, (i) linear regression method fundamentals and (ii) uncertainties in measurements, is basic and necessary for the quantitative verification of the physics laws and the estimation of unknown parameters. The application developed is web-based and consists of independent tabs (web pages), each providing access to a specific lab session. In order to evaluate the attractiveness and the educational effectiveness of the new application, DanaIntro, along with the new active learning scenario, a pilot test has been carried out with the 2020-21 firstyear student cohort, split into an ‘experimental group’ that used DanaIntro and a ‘control group’ that was taught in the conventional form (lectures and then problem-solving in class). Only the 1st part of DanaIntro (linear regression method fundamentals) was used in this pilot test. Analysis of student performance across all lab-related evaluation activities, described in detail here, has yielded positive results for the ‘experimental group’ - especially for students with a moderate understanding of the material (linear regression). These results encouraged the class instructors to develop the 2nd part of DanaIntro, on measurement uncertainties. Both parts are going to replace the respective conventional lectures and are planned to undergo formal evaluation in the next academic year.

L. Freris

Serafin Bachman, Sebastian Baba, M. Jasiński

Modern industry is struggling with constantly shortening “time to market”, as usage of power electronics is rapidly increasing in recent years - from increasing interest in electrical vehicles, through new investments into renewable energy sources up to industrial applications of power electronics equipment: e.g. automotive chargers, UPSs, motor drives etc. Thus, either scientific and industrial community intensifies research in decreasing the engineering effort required for development of new power converters. One of possible solution s is usage of Power Electronic Building Block (PEBB), which can be further utilized to develop small- and middle-scale power conversion systems. The main assumption behind the PEBB concept is to build a generally available, simple and efficient standard for hardware construction, so that the burden of work on the converter is directed more towards new control methods and optimization of the current ones. Step by step, the design process is covered in this paper.

D. Pratibha, P. Anurag, C. Nagamani et al.

: Undergraduate education plays a vital role in the career path of any Individual, be it in professional or non-professional program. Specifically, Technical Education demands a balance of practical exposure with Theoretical knowledge acquired by the students. In the previous years, this type of education which enables the student to spend part of his graduation period in Industry is abysmal in India. The system of Technical Education understands the role of Industry in a student growth in technical Education. In the present scenario of student centric learning where outcome based education is playing a vital role, Industry exposure will enable the students to understand the concepts he actually learns in classroom. This will help the institution to develop core engineering students. This paper gives a detailed study on the impact of Industry collaborative activities in the institution. The Under graduate students who have performed these activities were impacted directly in the form of placements. The students are from core engineering stream like Electronics and Communications Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The students were involved in the activities like projects, internships and Industrial visits through the Industry Institute Interaction cell in the author’s Institution. The paper shows the complete 3 year data and the impact of each activity in the core engineering departments thoroughly.

Krzysztof Korytkowski, J. Starzyński

Idea of electromagnetic mass driver invariably attracts the attention of both hobbyists in physics, electronics and electrical engineering and people working in these fields at a scientific and research level. Coilguns (aka Gaussian cannons) are one of the most popular devices of this type due to their simplicity and well understood principles of operation. This article describes a computer model of a four-section cannon in which the control of power supply to the solenoids driving the projectile is based on RS switches, electromagnetic tracking of the projectile in the barrel and IGBT transistors switching the power supply to individual solenoids. In order to create the field and circuit models, the ANSYS software environment was used: ANSYS Maxwell2D helped to create a field model of an axisymmetric gun barrel combined with a dynamic model created in ANSYS Simplorer, which solved the circuital and mechanical equations for projectile motion. The aim of authors is to show how much the coupling of the field and circuit models simplify the improvement of the design.

Mohamed B. El_Mashede, Magdy M. Zaky, A. Saleh et al.

Received: (09 September, 2021) Revised: (14 October, 2021) Accepted: (10 November, 2021) Mohamed B. El-Mashede, Professor of Electrical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt, (email: mohamedelmashade@gmail.com). Magdy M. Zaky, Assistant Professor at Egypt Second Research Reactor, EAEA, Egypt, (e-mail: zaky_magdy@yahoo.com). A. A. Saleh, Assistant Professor at Dept. of Nuclear Safety Research and Radiological Emergencies – NCRRT Center – EAEA, (alaa91071@gmail.com). *Corresponding Author: M. EL-Hanash, PhD Candidate at Dept. of Nuclear Safety Research and Radiological Emergencies – NCRRT Center – EAEA, (e-mail: hanash_2020@yahoo.com) most widely studied for ozone generation. DBD is known to generate non-thermal equilibrium plasma even under atmospheric pressure. DBD is suitable for ozone production [4-7]. However, some of ozone generator configurations generate inhomogeneous heating of the dielectric barrier resulting in low ozone production efficiency. Experimental studies regarding the construction of the ozone generator such as electrode arrangements[6-10], dielectric material [11], chamber geometry[12-17], power source construction [18-20], gas type (dry air or oxygen) [11], feed gas flow rate and operation pressure [21] have been extensively studied to obtain an optimal level discharge conditions for highthroughput ozone production. Ozone is created when diatomic oxygen (O2) is exposed to an electrical field or ultraviolet light. Exposure to these high levels of energy causes a portion of the diatomic oxygen molecules to split into individual oxygen atoms. These free oxygen atoms combine with diatomic oxygen molecules to form ozone. DBD ozone chamber is a device which consists of air or oxygen gap between two conductors. One of the two conductors will be coated with a dielectric material. A high Designing of Single Switching DBD Ozone Generator

Cui Gengtao, Jiang Weihua, Tu Wei

In the battery management system, the accurate estimation of State of Charge(SOC) has an important position, its impor- tance is not only to the user prompt battery remaining power, more is that it is the basis of the battery charge and discharge management and balanced control management.And SOC is affected by many factors, such as temperature and current size,direction,etc,so it is difficult to predict it accurately.In this paper, an extended Kalman filter(EKF) algorithm is proposed to estimate the SOC of lithium battery.The battery model was established, and the parameter identification was carried out through the Hybrid Pulse Power Characteristic(HPPC) test.The SOC estimation error of the model is about 2.1% under constant discharge,it shows that the model is effective and easy to apply.

Andrew Davies, Michael D. Simmons

At present, crude oil and natural gas comprise ∼54.3% of the global energy supply. Rapidly replacing this with lower carbon sources is challenging, resulting in oil and gas forming a significant part of the energy mix in future predictions, even in scenarios that strive to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. To assess the likely future demand, an analysis of multiple, recently published, rapid energy transition scenarios was conducted, indicating that 943.3 Bbbl of oil and 4,733.5 Tcf of gas will be required in the next three decades. Furthermore, analysis of different supply estimates indicates that 357.1–284.1 Bbbl of oil and 2,274.6–2,170.2 Tcf of gas will need to be found to complement existing recoverable reserves. To meet this demand will require the exploration and production of low carbon intensity ‘advantaged hydrocarbons’, combined with significant carbon sequestration activity. As hydrocarbon recovery becomes more difficult and energy intensive with time, it may be preferable to replace some existing ‘disadvantaged’ fields with new ‘advantaged’ hydrocarbons, implying the supply gap may be underestimated. Energy strategy at a national and global level must account for the large demand for hydrocarbons in coming decades and exploration and production companies need to align with the advantaged hydrocarbon paradigm. Stimulus is required to realise the carbon capture and storage capacity required to mitigate the consequences of the ongoing reliance on fossil fuels.

A. James

Yousik Lee, Samuel Woo, Yunkeun Song et al.

Emerging trends that are shaping the future of the automotive industry include electrification, autonomous driving, sharing, and connectivity, and these trends keep changing annually. Thus, the automotive industry is shifting from mechanical devices to electronic control devices, and is not moving to Internet of Things devices connected to 5G networks. Owing to the convergence of automobile-information and communication technology (ICT), the safety and convenience features of automobiles have improved significantly. However, cyberattacks that occur in the existing ICT environment and can occur in the upcoming 5G network are being replicated in the automobile environment. In a hyper-connected society where 5G networks are commercially available, automotive security is extremely important, as vehicles become the center of vehicle to everything (V2X) communication connected to everything around them. Designing, developing, and deploying information security techniques for vehicles require a systematic security-risk-assessment and management process throughout the vehicle's lifecycle. To do this, a security risk analysis (SRA) must be performed, which requires an analysis of cyber threats on automotive vehicles. In this study, we introduce a cyber kill chain-based cyberattack analysis method to create a formal vulnerability-analysis system. We can also analyze car-hacking studies that were conducted on real cars to identify the characteristics of the attack stages of existing car-hacking techniques and propose the minimum but essential measures for defense. Finally, we propose an automotive common-vulnerabilities-and-exposure system to manage and share evolving vehicle-related cyberattacks, threats, and vulnerabilities.