Abstract Medical treatments using potent neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have achieved remarkable improvements in clinical symptoms, changing the situation for the severity of COVID-19 patients. We previously reported an antibody, NT-108 with potent neutralizing activity. However, the structural and functional basis for the neutralizing activity of NT-108 has not yet been understood. Here, we demonstrated the therapeutic effects of NT-108 in a hamster model and its protective effects at low doses. Furthermore, we determined the cryo-EM structure of NT-108 in complex with SARS-CoV-2 spike. The single-chain Fv construction of NT-108 improved the cryo-EM maps because of the prevention of preferred orientations induced by Fab orientation. The footprints of NT-108 illuminated how escape mutations such as E484K evade from class 2 antibody recognition without ACE2 affinity attenuation. The functional and structural basis for the potent neutralizing activity of NT-108 provides insights into the rational design of therapeutic antibodies.
HAMINI MAHLAN, Audi Aryna Tambunan, Dahyanti Dahyanti
et al.
Manajemen Mutu Terpadu (MMT) berperan penting dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan, dengan kepemimpinan sebagai faktor kunci keberhasilannya. Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara gaya kepemimpinan dan efektivitas penerapan MMT di lima SMA di Tenggarong. Menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif-korelasional, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara berbasis skala Likert dengan 5 kepala sekolah, 3 guru, dan 2 staf administrasi.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional berkontribusi signifikan terhadap keberhasilan MMT, terutama dalam meningkatkan keterlibatan guru, efektivitas manajerial, dan evaluasi mutu. Sebaliknya, sekolah dengan kepemimpinan birokratis menghadapi lebih banyak kendala dalam implementasi MMT. Faktor pendukung utama meliputi partisipasi tenaga pendidik dan pemanfaatan teknologi, sementara tantangan utamanya adalah keterbatasan sumber daya dan resistensi terhadap perubahan.Kesimpulannya, kepemimpinan inovatif dan partisipatif sangat diperlukan dalam keberhasilan MMT. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan bagi pengembangan kebijakan mutu pendidikan yang lebih sistematis dan berkelanjutan.
Felix Olajide Talabi, Christiana Shade Ade-johnson, Joseph Moyinoluwa Talabi
et al.
Abstract The wave of artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming all spheres of human life. AI is continuously expanding, shaping the future of humanity and raising important ethical and societal implications. Hence, this study explored the bandwagon effect of AI and its use among media houses in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study adopted the ethnographic qualitative design, chiefly utilising focus group discussion (FGD to gain rich empirical insight into the phenomenon. Twelve media professionals were purposively sampled for the FGD. The study found that AI is becoming more prevalent in Oyo State, Nigerian media houses for tasks like generating content, analysing data, verifying facts, and managing social media. The study concluded that AI is revolutionising the media industry and can serve as a competitive edge for media houses that embrace it, bearing in mind that responsible use, ethical considerations, and technical challenges are crucial for harnessing AI’s potential.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social Sciences
SUN Yuxin, ZHAN Haoran, AYIXIAMU· Keyimu, XU Tingting
Background The development of maternal and child health requires reducing urban-rural, regional and group disparities in the health of women and children. Focusing on the quality of life of maternal women in rural areas and other low-income areas is of great significance to improve the inequalities in maternal and child health. Objective To analyze the current situation of maternal quality of life during pregnancy and its influencing factors in rural China. Methods From September 2018 to September 2019, a total of 3 329 pregnant women were selected from 6 county-level medical institutions in Shanxi Province, Sichuan Province and Yunnan Province (Zhaoyang District People's Hospital, Yiliang County People's Hospital, Pingchang County Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yingshan County Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Ziyang County Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, and Hanyin County Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital) as the research objects to collect basic information of pregnant women. WHOQOL-BREF scale was used to investigate the quality of life of pregnant women. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of each dimension of the quality of life score. Results A total of 3 294 questionnaires were included, with a valid questionnaire rate of 98.94%. The average WHOQOL-BREF score of pregnant women was (81.99±11.01) points, and the social relation score was the highest among the 4 dimensions [ (69.13±12.46) points] , followed by the psychological dimension score [ (66.99±12.59) points] , physiological dimension score [ (65.40±12.62) points] , environmental dimension score [ (65.02±12.11) points] . Stratified comparison results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the scores of physiological dimension, psychological dimension, social relation dimension and environmental dimension among pregnant women of different ages, total annual income levels, places of residence, education levels and occupations (P<0.05) . The difference was statistically significant in psychological dimension score when comparing pregnant women with different preconception BMI (P<0.05) . There were significant differences in the scores of psychological dimension and environmental dimension of pregnant women with weight gain during different gestation periods (P<0.05) . The scores of psychological dimension, social relation dimension and environmental dimension of pregnant women with different medical insurance types were compared, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . The score of environmental dimension of parturients was significantly lower than that of parturients (P<0.05) . The scores of physiological dimension, psychological dimension and environmental dimension of pregnant women with exercise habit were higher than those of pregnant women without exercise habit, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that age, exercise habit, education level and occupation were the influencing factors of physiological dimension score (P<0.05) . Age, pre-pregnancy BMI, family history, exercise habits, education level and medical insurance type were the influencing factors of psychological dimension score (P<0.05) . Age and exercise habit were the influencing factors of social relation dimension score (P<0.05) . Family history, weight gain during pregnancy, exercise habits, residence type, occupation, total annual income level and medical insurance type were the influencing factors of environmental dimension score (P<0.05) . Conclusion There is still much room for improvement in the quality of life of pregnant women in rural areas of China. In addition to individual factors such as age, parity, social factors such as place of residence and health insurance coverage are also significant influencing factors, improvement from the social perspective remains a priority for maternal and child health care in the future.
Cheryl Sarah Philipose, Sinchana KM, Haritha Haridas
et al.
Introduction
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) are two main leading global causes of mortality and morbidity. TB and HIV increase progressive deterioration of immunological functions by speeding progression of one another.
Material and methods
The present 5-year retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology at a tertiary care hospital in South India. Study included clinico-pathological profile of 80 people living with HIV (PLHIV) and subsequently developed TB co-infection; their CD4+ counts done at the time of admission were examined.
Results
The present study included 80 HIV-TB co-infected cases. The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 65 years. The mean CD4+ T lymphocyte count was 164.7 cells/μl. Pulmonary TB was diagnosed in 59 patients (73.8%), while extra-pulmonary TB was detected in 21 (26.2%) cases. Abdominal TB was the most common site among extra-pulmonary TB cases. Opportunistic infections (OIs) other than TB, included 2 cases with oral candidiasis and 1 case with central nervous system (CNS) toxoplasmosis. Two of the HIV-TB co-infected cases were subsequently diagnosed with primary CNS (n = 1) and retroperitoneal lymphoma (n = 1).
Conclusions
In the present study, HIV-TB co-infection is more common in 25-50 years age group. Antiretroviral therapy has changed the nature of disease from fatal to chronic condition. OIs other than TB and neoplasms reported in our study included oral candidiasis, CNS toxoplasmosis, and lymphoma. PLHIV with low CD4+ count require close monitoring, adequate counselling, and further evaluation for atypical presentation of TB, OIs, and neoplasms to improve their outcomes.
ABSTRACT Inclusive education is a philosophy and practice that has been promoted internationally. Most scholars now agree that inclusion is more than the placement of students with exceptionalities in a general education class. Instead, definitions of inclusion have expanded to encompass feelings of belongingness. This definition is an improvement, but begs the question: how do we help students to feel more of a part of their class? Ableist attitudes held by students without special education needs may be hindering inclusive ideals. This article presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of current research (2012-2019) on students’ attitudes toward disability. The searching strategy resulted in 37 peer-reviewed journal articles. This review offers a synthesis of the research in the field, which includes determinant studies and intervention studies. The article pool includes 21 determinant studies and 16 intervention studies. Eight determinant and three intervention themes are presented. Recommendations for future research and implications for inclusive education are discussed.
InnovAiT is produced on a 3-year cycle. However, many articles do not significantly go out of date in that time. This section of InnovAiT summarises articles from the previous cycle of InnovAiT that GPs and GPs in training might still find useful today. The January 2020 issue also included a short article on primary care in Madrid.
This study is aimed to find the kinds of code mixing and to know which kinds of code mixing are dominantly used in Bukan Empat Mata Program on TRANS 7 Television channel. Descriptive qualitative method is used in this study. The data were collected through watching, recording, transferring, playing, selecting and transcribing the data from the conversations between the presenters and the guest stars. The collected data were then analyzed through identifying the data, selecting the data related to the code mixing, listing and classifying the data based on the kinds of code mixing and finally drawing conclusion. It was found that there are two kinds of code mixing used by prersenters and guest stars in Bukan Empat Mata program, namely situational and conversational code mixing. Between two kinds of code mixing, conversational code mixing is dominantly used both by presenters and the guest stars in which they sometimes change the pronunciation from English into Indonesian in the conversation.
L’articolo affronta il tema dei social media e dei social network nell’infanzia. La riflessione mostra l’importanza di una ridefinizione delle pratiche didattiche, che devono essere orientate alla realizzazione di ambienti di apprendimento sempre più rispondenti alle diverse esigenze educative. Attraverso i social network è possibile realizzare azioni formative e didattiche diffuse, ma è necessario progettare e realizzare adeguate azioni formative per il personale coinvolto. La capacità di insegnare dei social media e dei social network suggerisce percorsi educativi più attenti alla dimensione esperienziale del bambino in fase di educazione e alla sua educabilità. Ciò richiede, da parte del docente, una lettura interdisciplinare dei processi cognitivi del soggetto e dei suoi modi di essere e di agire.
David Salgado-Chavarría , Joaquín Palacios-Alquisira
Science Education International ¦ Volume 32 ¦ Issue 2
107
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
INTRODUCTION
The problem-based learning (PBL) methodology is a student-centered approach that is related to the learning process that occurs when students deal with real world problems, while working in teams to find and develop a solution, with teachers/instructors acting as facilitators (Nagarajan and Overton, 2019). Some elements seem to be common to PBL: Learning is student centered (as mentioned before), problems are structured and authentic, teachers act as advisors, and students work in small groups (Cowden and Santiago, 2016). Although, the elements are in constant interaction, students are responsible of their learning, implying that they have the main role in the cognitive process and should work actively, in group, to solve a problem. On the other hand, instructors act as coaches, they incite group discussion, and they are in charge of monitoring the process. Students are the main characters, since PBL methodology emerged from constructivist learning theories and it was developed as an alternative to conventional teaching (Loyens et al., 2006). Constructivism suggests that humans build knowledge from their experiences and, contrary to traditional education, where students receive knowledge like empty vessels to be filled, in constructivist, students are encouraged to confront what they know (Bada and Olusegun, 2015).
It is evident that, long-term memorability is enhanced by PBL, because it fosters the utilization of previous knowledge to solve a new problem and demands students to put in practice what they have already been taught, therefore, facilitating the comprehension of the concepts (Schmidt et al., 2011). Other benefits that come along with PBL include the improvement of student’s creative thinking, self-regulated skills, and self-evaluation (Jansson et al., 2015; Yoon et al., 2014).
Therefore, to improve chemistry student’s learning experience, the PBL approach can be used for a better comprehension of the importance of Green Chemistry. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 1990), Green Chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances; this designing process can be assisted by the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry (Lancaster, 2002). The principles are qualitative, and their aim is to minimize the impact of chemical activities on human health and environment without compromising the chemical process (Ribeiro and Machado, 2013).
There is a commitment to green chemistry education (Armstrong et al., 2018), and efforts have been made to implement it, at the undergraduate level (Timmer et al., 2018; Kennedy, 2016; Manchanayakage, 2013), but there is an uneven development of green chemistry curricular materials, since there have been few comprehensive reforms for general chemistry lecture or laboratory curricula (Armstrong et al., 2019). For example, Green Chemistry has not been covered extensively by chemistry
A problem-based learning (PBL) methodology was implemented to a project, whose main objectives were to discuss and apply the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry to the study of poly(vinyl alcohol)’s cross-linking reaction with dicarboxylic acids. The five participating students were oriented to be responsible for their own learning and the professor participated as an advisor. The problem was proposed and students planned all their activities to accomplish the objectives and goals, reviewed recent information in scientific literature and summarized it, made experimental work, prepared written reports, and were evaluated in seminars. The results obtained by the students were assessed through the generation of a final report and also with a final oral presentation in front of faculty members. The experience lived by the collaborative workgroup during the development and execution of the project, is described. This research is an example of how the PBL methodology can motivate the active participation of students when solving problems. The next step is to introduce this tool to teachers and students of other undergraduate courses or laboratories, since it causes a difference in the way education is being perceived in our university, because it emphasizes the application and understanding of concepts over simple memorization.