Hasil untuk "Economic theory. Demography"

N. S. Seliverstova

Objective: to identify the emerging structural changes in the use of biometrics in Russia, namely the multiple growth of market participants and brands, the multiple growth of the number of biometrics samples in a single biometric system, and the multiple growth of market volume and institutional design of biometrics use in Russia.   Methods: general scientific, abstract-logical, dialectical, phenomenological methods, observation, description.   Results: the article describes approaches to the use of biometric data in some regions of the world, identifies the risks and potential benefits of wider use of biometric data, summarizes the main trends in the use of biometric personal data in Russia, presents a comprehensive author’s approach to the analysis of structural changes in the economy, taking as an example thedevelopment of solutions using biometric personal data for the identification of individuals.   Scientific novelty: the author proposes to consider the formation of structural shift by identifying its four components and qualitatively assessing their level of formation (low, medium, and high); shows the formation of macro-shifts from micro-level initiatives and sequential passage of the stages of specific structural changes, complex micro-shifts, institutionalization andconsolidation of new practices. In addition, the process of implementation of structural shifts from the macro- to the micro-level is traced, which consists in the changes more widely covering economic agents compared to the stage of a structural shift formation. All this constitutes a comprehensive author’s approach to the regularities of the structural shifts developmentin the economy.   Practical significance: clarification of interrelations between the processes of structural change will improve the programs of socio-economic development of regions, industrial policy for medium- and high-tech industries through the use of modern technological methods of identification and authentication of customers and employees with biometrics. It may also create a basis for deepening the existing knowledge in the development of biometric technologies in Russia and expanding the practice of their application.

Неллі Георгіаді , Сергій Гетманов

Стаття присвячена аналізуванню факторів, що впливають на збалансований розвиток підприємств у контексті циркулярної економіки. Обґрунтовано, що ці фактори взаємопов'язані та спільно сприяють формуванню основ циркулярної економіки, де ключовим є не тільки економічний успіх, але й відповідальність перед суспільством та довкіллям. На прикладі зазначених компаній аргументовано, що інтеграція сталості у виробництво, інновації, екологічні ініціативи, соціальна відповідальність, а також відповідність до регулятивних стандартів, є не лише добровільною етикою, але й стратегічною необхідністю для досягнення довгострокового успіху. Сучасним підприємствам критично важливо враховувати ці фактори для забезпечення своєї конкурентоспроможності та сталого майбутнього в контексті їхньої бізнес-моделі. Це не тільки сприятиме збереженню навколишнього середовища та соціальному благу, але й забезпечуватиме конкурентну перевагу та стійке майбутнє для підприємства.

Sarnaila Sharif, Saima Nawaz

This article explores the relationship between fiscal policy and macroeconomic conditions in Pakistan using a robust Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) model. Since fiscal shock has the tendency to put a constraint on the future path of government spending and taxes, as the intertemporal budget constraint holds. This element has been missed in most of the VAR studies. This study extends Structural Framework by incorporating the dynamic nature of public debt in analyzing fiscal policy shocks. Our investigation focuses on estimating the responses of output, inflation, and debt interest payments to changes in government spending and taxes, while keeping track of the debt dynamics in the country. Our findings reveal the pivotal role of fiscal policy in shaping Pakistan's macroeconomic landscape. Government expenditure shocks have a positive impact on output, driving economic growth. However, this expansionary effect is accompanied by higher inflation, requiring careful policy considerations. In contrast, tax shocks have a negative and insignificant influence on output and inflation. Importantly, both government spending and tax shocks contribute to an increase in the debt ratio, emphasizing the importance of sustainable debt management for long-term economic stability.

I. V. Zablodska, I. V. Tiazhkorob, K. I. Sieriebriak

Актуалізовано, що все більшої значимості набувають соціальні програми бізнесу, реалізація яких позитивно впливає на регіональний розвиток. Зазначено, що особливо важливими такі проєкти є для регіонів, які в силу територіальних і кліматичних особливостей не в змозі залучити інвесторів. Зазначено, що на регіональному рівні реалізація соціального інвестування є проблематичною у зв’язку із відсутністю єдиного уявлення про соціальні інвестиції та системного підходу до соціального інвестування як процесу. Констатовано, що поняття соціальних інвестицій є багатозначним і багатоплановим, його можна розглядати щодо системного, організаційно-управлінського, функціонального (цільового), процесного, ресурсного, формального і структурного підходів. Акцентовано, що процес реалізації соціальних інвестицій передбачає складні та непрямі механізми повернення коштів. Підкреслено, що ефективність використання соціальних інвестицій обумовлена інформаційними, кількісними та якісними характеристиками. Зазначено, що напрямами прискорення процесу реалізації інвестицій у соціальну сферу є вдосконалення нормативно-правових методів регулювання соціально-орієнтованої інвестиційної діяльності. Визначено, що активізації процесу соціального інвестування як стратегії, націленої на підвищення капіталізації українських компаній та збільшення їхньої участі в розв’язанні соціальних проблем регіону, сприятиме формування нового змістовного підходу, що передбачатиме виділення функції реалізації соціальних програм за межі корпоративного контуру на основі партнерства громадянського суспільства, бізнесу та влади. Запропоновано використання міжнародного досвіду щодо застосування таких інвестиційних інструментів, як проведення конкурсів соціальних проєктів, реалізація волонтерських програм, розвиток соціального підприємництва, імпакт-інвестування.

Silvius STANCIU, Riana Iren RADU, Violeta SAPIRA et al.

The emergence of some critical incidents of economic, biological type-crises, armed conflicts, natural cataclysms can affect significantly the activity of the human society. The article aims at analyzing the behavior of the Romanian consumer in the context of COVID-19 emergence. The performed research has highlighted the particularities of the emergence of this sanitary crisis at the local economy level. Although the Romanian population’s infection degree has been more reduced as compared to the Western states, the strict prevention measures imposed by the authorities have determined a model of behavior of the consumer close to the one of other states affected by the infection with the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV2. The market studies performed by specialized companies have shown that imposing home isolation conditions, due to the emergency state, has significantly reduced the social activities of the Romanian consumer, the actions being oriented mainly towards covering the basic necessities. The health of the consumers (purchase of medicines or visit to the physician), procuring food or financial activities at the banking units are the main motivations for leaving the residence. By comparison, the sports activities or the visits for supporting family members have the lowest weight. A segment of consumers, advocate of traditional commerce, has been forced to appeal to modern trade methods based on online shopping, and the specialists’ estimations provide the maintenance of the trade behavior. Companies will have to focus on understanding the consumer’s needs and to adapt their product offer and distribution system so that to reduce the new consumption limits and to facilitate the sales act. The main orientation during the crisis towards the local products can represent an opportunity for the Romanian companies, but Government support measures are necessary for the Romanian producers.

Amirul Afif Muhamat, Mohamad Nizam Jaafar, Norzitah Abdul Karim et al.

Takaful operators are expected by the policyholders to act beyond the role of traditional insurance companies that only offer Shariah-compliant protection services. They are expected to be commercially viable. One of the ways to be commercially viable is takaful operators must be able to invest the policyholders' funds in the profitable investment avenues. Nevertheless, the critical issue before investing the funds is to develop products that are suitable with the takaful operators' investment strategy. This study employed a questionnaire survey to gather the feedback of fund managers from 11 takaful operators in Malaysia ” all were the senior staffs of takaful operators in Malaysia were surveyed. The questionnaire is developed in the form of a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 as the research instrument. By Delphi technique, the draft of the questionnaire was sent to a panel of experts for review, was adopted, and their feedback reflected in the final questionnaire. The experts were a shariah advisor, a corporate finance manager, and a senior executive at the central bank. Findings indicate that policyholders' expectations on their investments are met and the products so far compatible with takaful operators' investment strategies.

Мостепанюк А.В.

A. Zhilkina

The article is devoted to financial management in modern conditions of limited access to external financial resources, the main features of such a control, the problems encountered and possible solutions.

Náplava Radek

In recent years, labor markets have experienced a polarization phenomenon, with the rise of low-skill and high-skill workers, and a decline in the number of middle-skill workers. The polarization of the labor market has been most often investigated in the US, UK, and some European countries. This paper shows the changes in the employment structure in all EU countries between 2008 and 2017. Attention is also paid to the Czech Republic and change during 1993 and 2017. The added value of the article lies in two factors. The first is the division of skills by industry in which the worker is located and not by occupational classification, the second is an explicit view of the Czech Republic. The results provide some evidence about the polarization of the labor market in twenty-one EU countries. Results imply polarization also in the Czech Republic during a longer period, because the number of high-skilled and low-skilled workers increased by 6.63 p. p. and by 1.16 p. p. respectively, at the expense of middle-skilled workers.

Bogdan Andrei DUMITRESCU, Andreea Elena DRAGHIA

Adequate and complete reporting of the return rates for pension funds is of utmost importance for the success of the second pension pillar. This paper points to the limitations of the current way of reporting the returns by the Romanian pension funds administrators, given by the exclusive use of the time weighted rate of return and argues for the merits of jointly using an alternative indicator, namely the money weighted rate of return. Both return indicators are calculated in nominal and real terms over the 2008-2018 periods and also for various sub-samples, the results pointing to relevant differences.

Yaojun Zhang, Danlin Yu, Qiao Cen

<b>Background</b>: Urbanization has been regarded as a strategic process to alleviate rural poverty, support local economic growth, and facilitate national sustainable development in China. Scholars have long realized that urbanization is a comprehensive process that can be understood through studies of population migration among places where population flows occur. <b>Objective</b>: Place attractivity is a concept derived from the place interaction model, which measures the ability for urban areas to attract migrants, hence the "ability" of urbanization. By studying the spatial patterns of China's place attractivity, the study attempts to depict the current migration and urbanization dynamics in China and support sustainable urbanization strategies in China. <b>Methods</b>: The Relative Intrinsic Attractivity (RIA) index provides an excellent quantification strategy to measure place attractivity. With data obtained at the prefecture level from China's 2005 1Š census sampling survey (the most recent of such data), the study calculated RIA for each prefecture units and various population groups. <b>Results</b>: The results suggest that cities in central China have the lowest place attractivity. There is a diverging trend of China's place attractivity with a rather unbalanced urban system development. Cities of different sizes have a different place attractivity, with large cities having the highest attractivity. A city's attractivity also varies between population groups. <b>Contribution</b>: The study suggests from a place attractivity perspective that urbanization in China requires careful coordination and planning. The top priority for China's urbanization is to devise relevant policies and support rational and sustainable industrial development in small cities and towns to increase their attractivity.

Ingrid K. van Dijk, Kees Mandemakers

The burden of infant mortality is not shared equally by all families, but clusters in high risk families. As yet, it remains unclear why some families experience more infant deaths than other families. Earlier research has shown that the risk of early death among infants may at least partially be transmitted from grandmothers to mothers. In this paper, we focus on the intergenerational transmission of mortality clustering in the Netherlands in the province of Zeeland between 1833 and 1912, using LINKS Zeeland, a dataset containing family reconstitutions based on civil certificates of birth, marriage and death. We assess whether intergenerational transmission of mortality clustering occurred in Zeeland, and if so, whether it can be explained on the basis of the demographic characteristics of the families in which the infants were born. In addition, we explore the opportunities for comparative research using the Intermediate Data Structure (IDS). We find that mortality clustering is indeed transmitted from grandmothers to mothers, and that the socioeconomic status of the family, the survival of mothers and fathers, and the demographic characteristics of the family affected infant survival. However, they explain the heterogeneity in infant mortality at the level of the mother only partially.

D. Spielman, J. Ekboir, K. Davis

D. Kniveton, Christopher Smith, Sharon Wood

T. Stucky, Seth B. Payton, J. Ottensmann