Hasil untuk "Consciousness. Cognition"

Sergio Henrique Kiemle Trindade, Fábio Luiz Banhara, Leide Vilma Fidélis da Silva et al.

Adriana Laybauer Silveira Unchalo, Cauê Denardi Santos, Laura Weber Weingaertner et al.

Yurou Gao, Mengliang Cao, Ruoying Zheng et al.

Abstract The “Less is More” phenomenon, the intriguing elevation of facial attractiveness under conditions of limited visual information (e.g., masked faces), has garnered significant attention since the COVID-19 pandemic. This study delves into the influence of experience on this phenomenon and its underlying cognitive mechanisms through three experiments. Experiment 1 examined attractiveness ratings of occluded, predicted and complete faces with four occlusion types before and after the pandemic onset. Experiment 2 investigated how participants mentally complete faces occluded by sunglasses by selecting from high-, low-attractiveness, and average eye representations. Experiment 3 explored the impact of familiarity. Participants first familiarized themselves with half of the faces, then rated the attractiveness of the occluded and predicted versions of all familiar and unfamiliar faces, and finally chose the original complete face from a set of foils (high-attractiveness, low-attractiveness, and average face) . Across all experiments, the inherent attractiveness of the complete faces was manipulated. Our findings reveal a clear effect of experience on the “Less is More” effect: it was amplified post-pandemic (Experiment 1), more pronounced for unfamiliar faces (Experiment 3), and consistently stronger for initially low-attractiveness faces. Selection patterns in Experiments 2 and 3, with average faces chosen most often for unfamiliar faces, support the Average/Typical Filling hypothesis. However, familiar faces elicited a preference for the original features, suggesting a memory-driven process. These results revealed a dynamic interplay between prior experience and visual constraints in shaping facial attractiveness perception. Statement of significance: The ubiquitous adoption of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, a global reality that suddenly obscured portions of the face, provided an unprecedented lens through which to examine the fundamental principles of facial attractiveness perception. The intriguing “Less is More” effect, where masked faces often appeared more appealing, directly inspired our investigation into how the human brain processes incomplete visual information and the role of experience in shaping these judgments. By systematically analyzing attractiveness ratings across diverse occlusion types before and after the pandemic and by exploring the cognitive “filling-in” mechanisms for both familiar and unfamiliar individuals, our work transcends a mere description of the “mask effect”. Instead, it delves into the core processes underlying attractiveness evaluation when visual input is limited. Our findings reveal that the “Less is More” effect was amplified by increased real-world exposure to masked faces, and that our mental reconstructions of occluded faces diverge based on familiarity. Importantly, our results also identify specific occlusion types that most effectively enhance perceived attractiveness. This “use-inspired basic research,” born from a tangible global event, not only illuminates the psychological impact of the pandemic but also yields fundamental insights into the adaptable nature of attractiveness perception under conditions of limited visual information, with potential relevance for understanding aesthetic preferences in various real-world contexts, including virtual interactions and artistic design.

Marius Barth, Christoph Stahl, Hilde Haider

Sequence learning in the serial response time task (SRTT) is one of few learning phenomena where researchers agree that such learning may proceed in the absence of awareness, while it is also possible to explicitly learn a sequence of events. In the past few decades, research into sequence learning largely focused on the type of representation that may underlie implicit sequence learning, and whether or not two independent learning systems are necessary to explain qualitative differences between implicit and explicit learning. Using the drift-diffusion model, here we take a cognitive-processes perspective on sequence learning and investigate the cognitive operations that benefit from implicit and explicit sequence learning (e.g., stimulus detection and encoding, response selection, and response execution). To separate the processes involved in expressing implicit versus explicit knowledge, we manipulated explicit sequence knowledge independently of the opportunity to express such knowledge, and analyzed the resulting performance data with a drift-diffusion model to disentangle the contributions of these sub-processes. Results revealed that implicit sequence learning does not affect stimulus processing, but benefits response selection. Moreover, beyond response selection, response execution was affected. Explicit sequence knowledge did not change this pattern if participants worked on probabilistic materials, where it is difficult to anticipate the next response. However, if materials were deterministic, explicit knowledge enabled participants to switch from stimulus-based to plan-based action control, which was reflected in ample changes in the cognitive processes involved in performing the task. First implications for theories of sequence learning, and how the diffusion model may be helpful in future research, are dicussed.

Zlatan Krizan, Breanna Curran

Testimonial evidence in the form of verbal accounts by victims, witnesses, and suspects plays a critical role in investigations and judicial proceedings, often serving as the only evidence during a trial. The psychological nature of testimonies causes this form of evidence to be inherently limited, motivating psycho-legal scholars to identify both risk factors and solutions necessary to improve its reliability. To this end, the current perspective argues that sleep-related fatigue is a formative factor that influences the fidelity of statements and confessions provided during legal interactions. Specifically, it considers the prevalence of sleep disruption among subjects interacting with the criminal justice system, its likely impact on memory of victims and witnesses, and the role of sleep deprivation in confessions. In view of legal doctrines relevant to both evidentiary and constitutional considerations, this analysis is meant to motivate future work at the intersection of sleep-related fatigue and legal processes.

Joseph Krahn, Amin Azadian, Camila Cavalli et al.

Abstract Spatial judgement bias tests (JBTs) can involve teaching animals that a bowl provides a reward in one location but does not in another. The animal is then presented with the bowl placed between the rewarded and the unrewarded locations (i.e., ambiguous locations) and their latency to approach reflects expectation of reward or ‘optimism’. Some suggest that greater ‘optimism’ indicates better welfare. Performance in JBTs, however, may also indicate a learning history independently from welfare determinants. We hypothesized that dogs’ ‘optimism’ in a follow-up JBT may be impacted by a learning treatment involving additional trials of a different discrimination task. Once enrolled, companion dogs (n = 16) were required to complete three study phases: (1) a pre-treatment JBT, (2) a learning treatment, and (3) a post-treatment JBT. During the JBTs, dogs were presented with five locations: one rewarded, one unrewarded, and three ambiguous (all unrewarded). Dogs were randomly assigned to a trial-based learning task—a nose-touch to the palm of the hand. In the Experimental discrimination treatment phase (n = 8), dogs were presented with two hands in each trial and only rewarded for touching one specific hand. In the Control treatment phase (n = 8), dogs were presented with one hand per trial in alternating sequence and were yoked to dogs in the Experimental group to receive the same number of rewarded and unrewarded trials (to control for possible frustration). Using a repeated measures mixed model with JBT repeated within dog, we found no difference in the change in approach latency to the ambiguous locations between the dogs across treatments. ‘Optimism’ as measured in this JBT was not altered by the additional discrimination trials used in our study.

Thomas Fassler, Mylène Hardy

Bernard Claverie

Julieta Laurino, Simon De Deyne, Álvaro Cabana et al.

YIN Zhaomin (殷召敏), WANG Fang (王芳)

Objective To understand the true feelings of family members of patients with mild to moderate disturbance of consciousness in neurosurgical intensive care (NICU) when using physical constraint, in order to provide reference for the further formulation of targeted intervention measures. Methods Using the method of qualitative research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 family members of patients with mild to moderate disturbance of consciousness in NICU during physical restraint. The data were coded, analyzed, sorted and summarized according to Colaizzi's seven step analysis method. Results The experience of family members was summarized into four themes: fully supportive emotional experience, negative psychological experience, lack of family members' cognition of physical constraints, and standardizing the process of physical constraints. Conclusion NICU medical staff should pay attention to the true feelings of patients' family members, strengthen interpretation and communication of informed consent of physical restraint, and standardize the use process of physical restraint in NICU patients. (目的 了解神经外科重症监护室(NICU)轻中度意识障碍患者在使用身体约束时家属的真实感受, 为后期制定有针对性的干预措施提供参考。方法 采用质性研究的方法, 对11名NICU轻中度意识障碍实施身体约束患者的家属进行半结构式访谈, 按照 Colaizzi 七步分析法对获得的资料进行编码、分析、整理和归纳。结果 神经外科重症监护室轻中度意识障碍患者实施身体约束时家属的真实体验可归纳为4个主题: 完全支持型情感体验、负性心理体验、家属对身体约束认知缺乏、规范身体约束的流程。结论 NICU医护人员应关注患者家属的真实感受, 做好身体约束知情同意的解释和沟通, 规范NICU患者身体约束的使用流程。)

David White, Clare A. M. Sutherland, Amy L. Burton

Andrew Simsky, Alexander V. Kravchenko, Andrey S. Druzhinin

The genesis of time is explained in the spirit of constructivism combined with the activity approach to cognition. The cardinal temporal categories of present, past, and future are dis­cussed in terms of action-thoughts understood as elementary units of activity whose structure is determined by linguistic semiosis. Husserl’s tripartite model of the phenomenology of time (prime perception, retention, protention) is applied to the analysis of the subject’s experience of his actions. It is demonstrated that, while our lived present is composed of the actually per­formed actions, our past and future are constructed by reflexive action-thoughts in the cogni­tive domain of language. It is emphasized that the construction of a temporal sequence that unites what is and what already or still is not, is possible only in linguistic semiosis. The analogy with Husserl’s tripartite structure of the time-consciousness flow helps elucidate the triad ‘present-past-future’ as an instance of the epistemological trap of language: ‘past’ and ‘future’ are mental constructs that belong to the present just as any other act of thinking.

Isabelle Boutet, Bozana Meinhardt-Injac

Abstract Background Face-identity processing declines with age. Few studies have examined whether face-identity processing abilities can be measured independently from general cognitive abilities in older adults (OA). This question has practical implications for the assessment of face-identity processing abilities in OA and theoretical implications for the notion of face processing as a specific ability. The present study examined the specificity of face memory and face matching abilities in OA aged 50 + . Methods Performance of younger adults (YA) and OA was measured on face tasks: Cambridge Face Memory Task (CFMT), the Glasgow Face Matching Task (GFMT), holistic processing; and tasks of general cognition: fluid intelligence, selective attention, and mental rotation. Data were analyzed using multiple regression models encompassing (i) the CFMT/GFMT and measures of general cognition; and (ii) all face processing tasks. Results Across the two age groups, models encompassing all face tasks were significant and accounted for more variance in the data than models encompassing the CFMT/GFMT and measures of general cognition. General cognitive abilities accounted for 17% of variance for the GFMT (p < 0.01) and 3% for the CFMT (p > 0.05). Discussion Our results suggest that face memory can be measured independently from general cognition using the CFMT in OA. Implications for the notion of a general face processing factor across the adult lifespan are discussed.

Frederick Travis, Jonathan Nash, Niyazi Parim et al.

Early research into meditation, including Transcendental Meditation (TM), relied exclusively on EEG to measure brain activity during meditation practice. Since the advent of neural imaging, MRI, and later fMRI, have dominated this field. Unfortunately, the use of this technology rests on the questionable assumption that lying down in a confining tube while exposed to very loud sounds would not interfere with the meditation practice. The present study was designed to assess the effects of the fMRI procedure on both the subjective and neurophysiological responses of short and long-term TM practitioners. Twenty-three TM practitioners volunteered to participate in this study: 11 short-term meditators, averaging 2.2 years practice, and 12 long-term meditators, averaging 34.8 years. The repeated-measures design included two activities for each participant, eyes-closed rest, and TM practice, in each of three conditions: sitting quietly in an upright position (normal TM practice); lying quietly in a supine position; and lying, with earplugs, inside a simulated fMRI tube (simMRI), while exposed to 110 dB recordings of an actual fMRI machine. Subjective experiences were collected after each activity in each condition. Physiological arousal was recorded using skin conductance levels. Scalp EEG was averaged into eight frequency bands within frontal and parietal leads; eLORETA software was used to explore the 3-D cortical distribution of EEG sources. During the simMRI condition, participants reported having more shallow meditation experiences, and greater agitation/distraction. Skin conductance levels paralleled self-reports, decreasing least during the simMRI condition. Frontal and parietal power decreased from sitting to simMRI in the alpha2 through gamma bands. Parietal power was higher during rest compared to TM in the alpha1 through beta2 bands. Frontal and parietal alpha1 coherence were highest during the simMRI condition. The eLORETA analysis revealed that the default mode network was more active during TM when sitting compared to the simMRI condition. The responses to the supine condition were generally between sitting and simMRI, with some significant exceptions. In conclusion, these data indicate that the fMRI procedure itself (high dB noise; lying down) strongly influences subjective and neurophysiological responses during meditation practice, and may therefore confound the interpretation of results from fMRI studies.

Clinton Tolley

Much of the discussion of Kant’s account of theoretical ‘cognition [Erkenntnis]’ and ‘knowledge [Wissen]’ over the past several centuries has (understandably) focused on the nature and significance of his distinction within ‘representations [Vorstellungen]’ between ‘intuitions [Anschauungen]’ and ‘concepts [Begriffe]’, in order to specify their relevant contributions to ‘experience [Erfahrung]’ and to cognition more broadly. Recently, however, it is becoming more widely recognized that Kant’s account of theoretical cognition in general involves a much wider suite of representations than merely intuitions and concepts, and that many of these are involved in essential ways in the constitution of experience in particular. More specifically, closer attention is being paid to the distinctive role played in the constitution of experience by ‘the power of imagination [Einbildungskraft]’, ‘apprehension’, ‘perception [Wahrnehmung]’, ‘consciousness [Bewustsein]’, ‘images [Bilder]’, ‘schemata’, and even ‘appearances [Erscheinungen]’ themselves as the immediate though undetermined ‘objects’ of intuition (cf. KrV, B 33) – as all providing their own distinct, if complementary, contributions to experience and cognition, related to but separate from those provided by intuitions and concepts themselves.1 All of these representations are singled out at key points (some even in the very section headings) in Kant’s discussion of cognition in the first Critique for the separate contribution that they make in the process of allowing cognition itself to ‘arise [entspringen]’ from the ‘unification [Vereinigung]’ of intuitions with concepts (cf. B75-6).

N. K. Hayles

Ya-hui Wang, Ssu-Ting Chen, Naiche Chen

David Soto, J. Silvanto

Abstract Stein and colleagues argue there is no yet conclusive evidence for nonconscious working memory (WM) and that is critical to probe WM while ensuring null sensitivity to memory cues. While this stringent approach reduces the likelihood of nonconscious signaling for WM, we discuss existing work meeting this null sensitivity criteria, and, related work on nonconscious cognition in keeping with WM/awareness dissociations on the basis of a functional operational definition of WM. Further, because it is likely that WM is a nonunitary functional construct and visual awareness a gradual phenomenon, we propose that delineating the neural mechanisms for distinct WM types across different levels of awareness may prove the most fruitful approach for understanding the interplay between WM and consciousness.

A. Erbas, S. Bas

Arkadiy Evgenevich Peskov, Elena Anatolevna Klenina

Analysis of subjective human activity, is a bearer of all forms and manifestations of human subjectivity, shows that the sources and mechanisms of functioning of public opinion in this case are consistent with the sources and mechanisms of functioning of the human subject as such. Human subjectivity acts as intersubjective reality and intersubjective started reflecting the dual nature of human existence and the related individual and collective human activity camera angles. The expression of inter subjective beginning is individual consciousness, which implies personal knowledge of the subject of personal self-actualization and the presence in the structure of the subjective reality of sense-specific instance – instance «I». The principle of subject-object visions of reality serves as the implementation of the subject as the subject vehicle of public opinion. The leading role in this form of self-organization of mental activity plays an intersubjective beginning of subjective reality, reproducing the historical experience of the collective existence of people and is based on the court «We». Public opinion is thus conceived and functions as a subjective form of reflection of objective reality. Purpose – explicate and analyze the sources and mechanisms of subjective human activity, which is the basis for the emergence and formation of public opinion. Methodology: the article uses the dialectical method of cognition of social processes, the methods of phenomenological and structural analysis. Results: our results make it possible to deepen the theoretical idea of the conditions of formation and functioning of public opinion, which may contribute to the development of specific technologies to controlling this phenomenon. Practical implications: public opinion is realized above all in the social and political sphere, so a basic knowledge of the genesis of public opinion creates the conditions for social inclusion and design rights in the socio-political sphere with the lowest degree of alienation.