Hasil untuk "Cartography"

Xiaoting Zhou, Yu Zeng, Qichao Liu et al.

With the acceleration of global climate change, the evolution of geographical environments has become increasingly complex. This study explores the mechanisms through which topography-climate coupling influences extreme precipitation events in China. Using integrated geographic datasets on precipitation, temperature, and land use/cover, combined with GIS technology and a random forest regression (RFR) model, the spatiotemporal evolution from 1990 to 2020 is analysed. Unlike previous studies that only focused on a single factor or pairwise correlations, this study innovatively quantifies the nonlinear coupling effects of terrain features, climate variables, and land use/cover change (LUCC) on extreme precipitation’s spatial distribution and intensity. The results show that topographic factors, including elevation, slope, and terrain variation, significantly impact the spatial distribution and intensity of rainfall. Extreme precipitation events are spatially clustered, mainly in the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the southeastern coastal region, and the hilly areas of the middle and lower Yangtze River. These high-risk areas are characterized by complex terrain, steep slopes, and high temperatures. Moreover, the occurrence of extreme rainfall is found to be driven by multi-factor interactions rather than by a single factor. The prediction model demonstrates high accuracy (R2 = 0.85, MSE = 0.00023), providing valuable insights for disaster prevention and geographical environmental research.

BRAHIM ELKHALIL TAIBI

Context and Background: Water scarcity is a critical issue in arid regions like Algeria, where groundwater is vital for agriculture, industry, and drinking water. The Western Chelif Basin, including the Western Chelif Basin, faces declining surface water availability due to reduced rainfall and increased water extraction. Mapping groundwater potential is essential for sustainable management but is complex due to diverse geographical, geological, and hydrological factors. Goal and Objectives: This study aims to map groundwater potential zones in the Western Chelif Basin using GIS, Remote Sensing (RS), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The goal is to assess groundwater availability and identify high, medium, and low potential zones to guide sustainable water management. Methodology: The study collected data from meteorological agencies, satellite imagery, geological maps, and field surveys. Key factors like rainfall, slope, lithology, and drainage density were processed and weighted using AHP. These layers were analyzed in GIS to produce a groundwater potential map. Sensitivity analysis and validation with borehole data ensured the accuracy of the results. Results: The groundwater potential map categorized the basin into high, medium, and low potential zones. High potential areas were found in the northern and northeastern regions with higher rainfall and permeable rocks. Low potential zones were in the southern and southeastern parts with steep slopes and lower rainfall. Validation confirmed that high-potential zones aligned with areas of higher borehole yields.

Yifan Wang, Xiongfeng Yan, Huan Xie et al.

In the space between long-distance photometric observations and close-range visual feature observations, images that present only silhouette information of small bodies are valuable for estimating the physical characteristics and establishing a body-fixed coordinate frame. The voxel-based shape-from-silhouette (SFS) method has been proven to be able to estimate the shape and rotation axis of small bodies. However, the large number of voxels and iterations causes the SFS method to be inefficient and time-consuming, and it cannot meet the requirements for the autonomy and timeliness of on-orbit missions. In addition, existing studies on the silhouette-based rotation axis estimation lack the exploration of adaptability to multiple small body observation conditions. In this study, we developed a fast and effective integrated inversion method for both shape and rotation axis, which is suitable for images where small bodies occupy only tens to hundreds of pixels. First, we developed an octree-based voxel-divided SFS (VD-SFS) algorithm to enable the establishment of the silhouette voxel model hierarchically and efficiently. Then, by defining the rotation model of the small body and applying the VD-SFS algorithm, the rotation axis orientation can be estimated according to the silhouette similarity between the silhouette model and the actual images. Finally, simulation data under different observation conditions verify that the proposed method can significantly enhance the modeling efficiency, reducing both modeling time and memory consumption by several times compared to traditional methods. Additionally, the method proves effective in estimating the rotation axis of the small body, and remains robust even when images have a high sun phase angle. Using data from the approach phases of the Rosetta and OSIRIS-REx missions, the rotation axis error was estimated at under 2° for 67P and around 5° for Bennu, demonstrating that the proposed method can be effectively applied to on-orbit missions.

Málková Iva

Ostrava used to be one of the significant industrial and cultural centres of Silesia. It became part of Czechoslovakia in 1918, with the character of the territory being multi-ethnic, multilingual, and with industrial dynamics. This article explores various approaches to literary cartography and establishes a method of creating a printed Literary Map of Ostrava 1918–2018 (including places, events, personalities, institutions, texts). The map is trying to record the emergence, consolidation and transformation of the literary identity of the city of Ostrava over a period of one hundred years. It presents the aspects that determined the character of the map (including among others, the back part of map which includes interpretations, uses the princip of synecdoche and aspects of complexity too). It depicts the emergence reference of individual points on the map in relation to the historical, socio-economic, political and religious aspects of the city and includes work with temporal and spatial layers which were used in the preparation of the thematic map. The map presents, through the application of synoptic literary map theory, the nature of the semantic network through which literary history is reflected. It explains the inspirational significance of a cartographic treatment of literary history that goes beyond locational character. It not a map of fictional places.

Isabel Cristina Moroz-Caccia Gouveia, Cleide Rodrigues

The article presents the methodological approach adopted for the production of the Map of Complex Morphological Units of the Tamanduateí River basin in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. This cartographic product results from the correlation between the Pre-Urban Geomorphology and Anthropogenic Morphologies maps and, therefore, relies on retrospective and evolutionary geomorphological cartography. Retrospective and evolutionary cartography consists of identifying and representing the original morphology (pre-urbanization phase) and the sequence of interventions in surface forms and materials, providing an important tool for identifying and interpreting changes in processes. The recognition of the original morphology was based on the general principles of geomorphological cartography, from the analysis and interpretation of aerial photographs from 1952 and 1962, old topographic and planimetric maps, historiography of the city of São Paulo and its surroundings, and iconographic materials. For the preparation of the Anthropogenic Morphology Map, the Land Use and Occupation Maps of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and Alto Tietê Basin (Empresa Paulista de Planejamento Metropolitano do Estado de São Paulo [EMPLASA/SP], 2005) were used, as the legend offers important information reflecting some of the indicators of changes pointed out by Rodrigues (2008) for the evaluation of hydrogeomorphological impacts and changes. From the correlation between six units of Original Morphology and seven units of Anthropogenic Morphologies, a total of 33 Complex Morphological Units were obtained. This synthesis allowed the identification of changes processed over more than 150 years and the identification of the types of original morphology on which they were processed.

Enzo Pranzini, Irene Cinelli, Giorgio Anfuso

This study investigated the shoreline evolution of the Tuscany coast (Italy) from 1878–1883 to 2019. The 205 km sandy coastline, divided into 821 sectors, each one 250 m long, was analyzed to understand how human activities have altered this once-pristine coast. Sub-period analyses highlighted the impacts, both positive and negative, of various shore-protection projects. Initially, regional beaches were undeveloped and accreting, except for a few river deltas where alternating phases of erosion and accretion were observed. Coastal erosion began at deltas’ areas due to the reduction in sediment inputs and, at other areas, enhanced by the development of human settlements and tourism activities. This triggered the construction of protection structures that shifted erosion processes downdrift, a process that induced the downdrift extension of the structures (according to the “domino” effect), determining the transformation of a completely natural and resilient environment into a largely rigid one. Beach nourishment projects, mostly using inland quarries, added about 1 million cubic meters of sediment from the 1980s to 2019. Currently, 57.8% of beaches are larger than in the 1880s, 9.4% did not change and 32.8% are narrower. Overall, the Tuscan coast gained 6.5 km² of beach surface with an average shoreline advancement of 32 m. Recent trends (2005–2019) show that 37.7% of the coast is eroding, 21.1% is stable, and 41.2% is accreting, with a total surface area increase of about 200,000 m². The beach surface area is still increasing despite the existing reduced sediment input due to the limited sediment loss resulting from the presence of morphological cells enclosed by very prominent headlands and the absence of submarine canyons that would otherwise direct sediments to the continental shelf.

Yeran Sun, Jing Xie, Yu Wang et al.

In this study, we proposed a multi-source approach for mapping local-scale population density of England. Specifically, we mapped both the working and daytime population densities by integrating the multi-source data such as residential population density, point-of-interest density, point-of-interest category mix, and nighttime light intensity. It is demonstrated that combining remote sensing and social sensing data provides a plausible way to map annual working or daytime population densities. In this paper, we trained models with England-wide data and subsequently tested these models with Wales-wide data. In addition, we further tested the models with England-wide data at a higher level of spatial granularity. Particularly, the random forest and convolutional neural network models were adopted to map population density. The estimated results and validation suggest that the three built models have high prediction accuracies at the local authority district level. It is shown that the convolutional neural network models have the greatest prediction accuracies at the local authority district level though they are most time-consuming. The models trained with the data at the local authority district level are less appropriately applicable to test data at a higher level of spatial granularity. The proposed multi-source approach performs well in mapping local-scale population density. It indicates that combining remote sensing and social sensing data is advantageous to mapping socioeconomic variables.

L. Kooistra, K. Berger, B. Brede et al.

<p>Vegetation productivity is a critical indicator of global ecosystem health and is impacted by human activities and climate change. A wide range of optical sensing platforms, from ground-based to airborne and satellite, provide spatially continuous information on terrestrial vegetation status and functioning. As optical Earth observation (EO) data are usually routinely acquired, vegetation can be monitored repeatedly over time, reflecting seasonal vegetation patterns and trends in vegetation productivity metrics. Such metrics include gross primary productivity, net primary productivity, biomass, or yield. To summarize current knowledge, in this paper we systematically reviewed time series (TS) literature for assessing state-of-the-art vegetation productivity monitoring approaches for different ecosystems based on optical remote sensing (RS) data. As the integration of solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) data in vegetation productivity processing chains has emerged as a promising source, we also include this relatively recent sensor modality. We define three methodological categories to derive productivity metrics from remotely sensed TS of vegetation indices or quantitative traits: (i) trend analysis and anomaly detection, (ii) land surface phenology, and (iii) integration and assimilation of TS-derived metrics into statistical and process-based dynamic vegetation models (DVMs). Although the majority of used TS data streams originate from data acquired from satellite platforms, TS data from aircraft and unoccupied aerial vehicles have found their way into productivity monitoring studies. To facilitate processing, we provide a list of common toolboxes for inferring productivity metrics and information from TS data. We further discuss validation strategies of the RS data derived productivity metrics: (1) using in situ measured data, such as yield; (2) sensor networks of distinct sensors, including spectroradiometers, flux towers, or phenological cameras; and (3) inter-comparison of different productivity metrics. Finally, we address current challenges and propose a conceptual framework for productivity metrics derivation, including fully integrated DVMs and radiative transfer models here labelled as “Digital Twin”. This novel framework meets the requirements of multiple ecosystems and enables both an improved understanding of vegetation temporal dynamics in response to climate and environmental drivers and enhances the accuracy of vegetation productivity monitoring.</p>

Bin Wu, Hailan Huang, Yu Wang

Understanding the spatial patterns of urban building morphology is crucial for revealing the interplay between the built and social environments. Previous research has predominantly concentrated on the computation of building-level metrics which makes it challenging to quantify and compare spatial patterns and variations across different cities. Using the newly available world settlement footprint 3D (WSF3D) data, this study examines the spatial patterns of urban building morphology across various cities within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, a rapidly urbanizing region in China. Specifically, we applied a concentric ring approach to delineate the spatial gradients of the building fraction, area, height, and volume from the urban center to the suburban fringes. Subsequently, we utilized dynamic time warping and a multi-dimensional scaling technique facilitating a comparative analysis of these gradients across cities. Developed cities demonstrated more homogenous distributions of building morphologies; however, notable differences were observed among the spatial patterns of distinct building metrics. Furthermore, a correlation between the spatial patterns of urban building morphology and degree of urban development was revealed, suggesting that developed cities exhibit significantly smaller declines in building morphology from the urban core to the rural periphery.

Pavlo Zhyrnov, Olha Tomchenko, Iryna Pidlisetska et al.

Careless economic activity of chemical and mining enterprises of the Kalush-Holyn potassium salts deposit has caused ecological disbalance in a subsurface rock layers. This caused a technogenic disaster in Kalush such as the intensification of dangerous geological processes: flooding and waterlogging of lands, intensification of karst and suffusion processes, deterioration of groundwater and surface water. The study results of the geoecological situation in Kalush using research reports’ materials of the specialized state enterprises and relevant thematic maps; and interpretation of remote sensing data are higlighted in the article. Comprehensive map of the geoecological situation of Kalush was developed in order to visualize the processes associated with the deformation of the earth’s surface in the area of Kalush and other negative phenomena that must be taken into account when planning the development of the city.

Marco Lisi

With the Declaration of Initial Services, officially launched by the European Commission in Brussels on Thursday 15 December 2016, Galileo started to offering services to public authorities, businesses and citizens, free services of primary importance as the support to emergency operations, more accurate navigation for citizens, better time synchronisation for critical infrastructures and secure services for public authorities. The Declaration of Galileo Initial Services means that the Galileo satellites and ground infrastructure are now operationally ready. These signals will be highly accurate but not available all the time. In the coming years, new satellites will be launched to enlarge the Galileo constellation, which will gradually improve Galileo availability worldwide. The constellation is expected to be completed by 2020 when Galileo will reach full operational capacity.

Claudio Eccher, Giuseppe Conti

Studi recenti hanno evidenziato che, in media, trascorriamo circa il 90% del nostro tempo in ambienti chiusi e, spesso, non familiari. L’esigenza di localizzare/guidare persone o ogg etti in spazi sia esterni che interni (senza discontinuità tra esterno ed interno) darà origine ad una serie di nuovi servizi di tipo LBS (Location-Based Services) che potranno avere anche una notevole rilevanza economica. i-locate (Indoor / outdoor location and Asset Management Through open geodata) is a project that aims to develop a set of tools and services based on geo location technologies based on open data for the location and management of objects in indoor and outdoor spaces. The tools are intended both to citizens who use their smartphones to access services, aids to navigation from the front door to internal destinations to buildings (public office, clinic, shop, etc.). Obtaining any information available to support (code , unforeseen changes in the path, suggestions, etc.), and professionals for specific activities that require the location of people, equipment, etc. i-locate to an intense use of GIS technologies for navigation and tracking "indoor" (indoor GIS, 3D GIS), to locate people (eg. Alzheimer's patients) and their movements in areas not suited (geofencing) to identify and track objects / portable equipment for their location, management and maintenance.

Francesca Salvemini

La diottra di Ipparco

Arlete Aparecida Correia Meneguette

Geovisualização é um conceito relativamente novo, embora a primeira vez que o termo Visualização foi utilizado na literatura cartográfica tenha sido na década de 1950. Nos últimos anos, principalmente depois que o Google lançou o Google Maps (em fevereiro de 2005) e o Google Earth (em junho de 2005), há um interesse cada vez maior em empregar tais plataformas para a identificação, localização, orientação, navegação e mensuração, tanto sobre representações 2D quanto 3D. Os educadores necessitam de constante aprimoramento conceitual e metodológico para melhor utilizar os recursos tecnológicos que favoreçam a Educação Cartográfica e o empoderamento dos mapeadores voluntários. Este artigo inicialmente revisita alguns conceitos e definições, com base principalmente na literatura internacional dos últimos 60 anos (desde 1953 até 2013). Em seguida apresenta uma aplicação já realizada pela autora e que pode ser conduzida em sala de aula por outros educadores, com o uso do Google Earth e Google Maps Street View, a fim de explorar, analisar, confirmar, sintetizar e comunicar a informação geoespacial. Sugere-se que seja feita uma pesquisa de opinião para avaliar a usabilidade (em termos de eficiência e eficácia), a facilidade/dificuldade no manejo dos recursos tecnológicos, o tempo necessário para resolver problemas propostos, as taxas de acerto/erro da realização das tarefas, dentre outros desafios. Neste século 21 a humanidade vivencia uma era em que a "Cartografia Ubíqua" pode representar um elo, um vínculo, um estímulo à integração, à permuta, à colaboração e cooperação.

Žilvinas Stankevičius

The paper analyses the method of processing LIDAR points. The method of point classification is made with reference to selecting points in the neighbourhood and to fitting a local plane. The values of eigenvectors are calculated and the iteration method of Jacobi is used for fitting the local plane. The approximately created slope top and bottom lines are revised fitting the local plane on the left and right side of each segment. Computer programs are made with reference to the algorithm. The proposed method is employed in the tested territory. The correct values of the parameters of the algorithm are chosen comparing the obtained results with cartography data traditional in this territory. The results of the carried out experiment confirm that the algorithm allow to achieve the excellent quality of the maps at a scale 1:1000. Article in Lithuanian Žemės paviršiaus lūžio linijos padėties nustatymas lokaliai pritaikant plokštumas Santrauka. Straipsnyje pristatomas sukurtas LIDAR skenuotų taškų apdorojimo metodas. Taškų klasifikavimo metodas pagrįstas taškų atrinkimu artimoje gretimybėje ir lokalios plokštumos pritaikymu. Lokaliai plokštumai pritaikyti skaičiuojamos tikrinių vektorių reikšmės, taikomas Jacobi iteracijų metodas. Sukurtoji preliminari šlaito viršaus ir apačios linija tikslinama pritaikant lokalias plokštumas kairėje ir dešinėje kiekvieno segmento pusėje. Pagal aprašytą algoritmą sukurtos kompiuterinės programos. Testinėje teritorijoje išbandytas siūlomo metodo patikimumas. Lyginant rezultatus su tradiciniais kartogafavimo metodais toje pačioje teritorijoje gautais duomenimis, parinktos tinkamos algoritmo parametrų reikšmės. Eksperimento rezultatai patvirtino, kad sudarius šį algoritmą galima pasiekti M 1:1000 ir smulkesnių mastelių planų kokybę. Reikšminiai žodžiai: LIDAR, skaitmeninis paviršiaus modelis, plokštumos pritaikymas, lokalusis paviršius, lūžio linija, tikrinė reikšmė, tikrinis vektorius.

S. Caquard

A. Kent, P. Vujaković

Bárbara Maria Giaccom Ribeiro, Leila Maria Garcia Fonseca, Hermann Johann Heinrich Kux

As técnicas de análise de imagens baseadas em objetos e os sensores de alta resolução espacial têm sido muito usadas para mapear alvos urbanos. Uma das principais limitações de tais sensores tem sido a baixa resolução espectral, o que dificulta a discriminação de objetos urbanos com respostas espectrais semelhantes. Neste caso, dados auxiliares, tais como os LIDAR, têm sido usados para melhorar os resultados da classificação. O sensor WorldView-II, por possuir oito bandas espectrais, pode ser uma boa solução para a discriminação de alvos urbanos de difícil identificação somente com o uso de imagens de sensores de alta resolução com menor resolução espectral. Por outro lado, o sistema de interpretação de imagens InterIMAGE, que tem sido desenvolvido pela PUC-RJ em cooperação com o INPE, apresenta grande potencial para a classificação de áreas urbanas complexas. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe avaliar o potencial das imagens do sensor WorldView-II para o mapeamento da cobertura do solo em uma área urbana do Trecho Oeste do Rodoanel Mário Covas, na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, usando o InterIMAGE. O modelo de classificação é construído de acordo com a estratégia de análise de imagens do InterIMAGE. Os mapas temáticos de cobertura do solo obtidos apresentaram altos valores de exatidão global e índice Kappa iguais a 0,87 e 0,85, respectivamente. Além disso, alguns conflitos típicos da classificação de alvos urbanos foram resolvidos com a identificação de quinze classes de cobertura do solo. De uma forma geral, os resultados mostraram que as novas bandas espectrais do sensor WorldView-II foram fundamentais para a discriminação de alguns alvos urbanos, tais como Telha Cerâmica e Solo Exposto, geralmente, difíceis de serem identificados com os sensores de alta resolução espacial como o QuickBird-II e IKONOS.

A. Nossum, J. Krogstie

Teresa Castro