Hasil untuk "Business communication. Including business report writing, business correspondence"

Waldemar Nazarov

Wenn von Kulturspezifika die Rede ist, werden u. a. kulturelle Praktiken und Rituale bezeichnet, die in einer bestimmten Kultur verankert und außerhalb dieser in derselben Form nicht anzutreffen sind. Dem lässt sich jedoch entgegenhalten, dass einer Sprache generell eine starke Kulturgebundenheit beizumessen ist und die Bedeutung sprachlicher Ausdrücke konstruktivistisch sowie erfahrungsbasiert erschlossen werden muss. Zudem wird nicht nur aus linguistischer Perspektive für eine grundsätzliche semantische Inkongruenz zwischen verschiedenen Sprachen und Diskursen plädiert. Im vorliegenden Artikel soll untersucht werden, wie sich der französische apéritif und seine konzeptuellen Bestandteile aus der Perspektive verschiedener Kulturen wahrnehmen lassen, und zwar anhand der Verwendung dieses Kulturspezifikums in ausgewählten Marketingtexten. Als Analyseinstrument wird dabei die Frame-Semantik gewählt, die es ermöglicht, die Wissenssegmente zu ermitteln, die bei Wahrnehmung der sprachlichen Zeichen dieses Konzepts innerhalb verschiedener Bezugskulturen kognitiv evoziert werden können.

Robert Martinez-Carrasco, Pilar Ordóñez-López

Abstract The paradigm shift in doctor-patient communication patterns that has taken place in recent decades has led to more engaging and empowering communicative models that highlight the importance of clinical communication. In this context, informed consent (IC) plays a fundamental role as it helps democratize clinical communication and ensures the patient’s autonomy and right to information. This article examines the communicative process associated with IC by means of a critical analysis of the Spanish legislative framework, both at national and regional level, to determine to what extent current legal provisions regulate the complex communication process involved in giving consent. Based on a corpus of all Spanish legal provisions regulating patient autonomy and the rights and obligations of patients regarding clinical information and documentation, this article analyzes IC as an act of communication on the one hand, and as a document proving the patient's consent on the other. The results indicate that, although they are complementary processes, Spanish legislation devotes more attention to IC as a communicative process than to the document itself, thus failing to address fundamental aspects related to its content and form. It is also observed that the patient's voice tends to be somewhat neglected (consultation of doubts, expression of concerns, etc.). Together with the challenge posed by the need for adequacy and personalization of the information, the legibility and comprehensibility of the IC forms   as well as aspects related to its delivery protocol, this casts some doubt on the efficacy of IC as a tool for clinical communication. Resumen El cambio de paradigma en los patrones de comunicación médico-paciente que se ha producido en las últimas décadas ha dado paso a un modelo más dialéctico y participativo que no ha hecho sino poner de relieve la importancia de la comunicación clínica durante el proceso asistencial. En este contexto, el consentimiento informado (CI), objeto de estudio del presente trabajo, desempeña un papel fundamental en tanto que elemento democratizador de la comunicación clínica y garante del principio de autonomía y derecho a la información del paciente. El artículo que presentamos profundiza en el acto comunicativo que subyace al otorgamiento del CI mediante un análisis crítico del marco legislativo español, tanto estatal como autonómico, para determinar hasta qué punto las disposiciones legales actuales regulan el acto complejo de comunicación que supone el otorgamiento de consentimiento. Partiendo de un corpus formado por todas aquellas disposiciones legales que regulan la autonomía y los derechos y obligaciones del paciente en materia de información y documentación clínica, el artículo analiza el CI en tanto que acto de comunicación prolongado en el tiempo y documento que materializa el consentimiento del paciente. Los resultados indican que, pese a tratarse de procesos complementarios, la legislación dedica más atención al proceso comunicativo que al producto, pues deja sin regular aspectos fundamentales relacionados con el contenido y la forma del mismo. Se observa, además, que se da poco espacio a la voz del paciente (consulta de dudas, expresión de inquietudes, preocupaciones, etc.) lo que, unido al desafío que supone la adecuación y personalización de la información, la legibilidad y comprensibilidad del documento CI (DCI) e incluso aspectos relacionados con el protocolo de entrega del mismo, arrojan ciertas dudas sobre la eficacia del CI en su vertiente comunicativa.    

David Sánchez-Jiménez

This study correlates with a research study published in the journal Pragmalingüística, in which the contrastive use of the rhetorical functions of citations in master’s theses in Spanish and English was studied. The main objective pursued by this new research is to determine which rhetorical functions are used most frequently in the different parts of a master’s thesis and what these can accomplish in each part of the text. Following Petrić (2007), a computerized textual analysis of the rhetorical function of citation was used to study this phenomenon in a corpus of sixteen (16) theses of which eight (8) were written by American and eight (8) by Spanish postgraduates in their native language. With regards to cultural conventions, the results showed that when compared to native Spanish writers, the Americans students use the highest number of citations and write a relatively longer Introduction and Conclusion parts. The sets of functions are consonant with the rhetorical purpose of each part, which thus shows a close link between the citation and the structural organization of the academic text, despite the frequent use of Attribution (AT) in most parts of the thesis.

Fathimath Waheeda

INTRODUCTION The health emergency crisis due the COVID-19 pandemic has created challenges globally. The same applies to the Maldives, as lockdown and social distancing measures was enforced, the use of virtual communication by public authorities, businesses and individuals likewise increased. The new normal of working from home, video conferencing and meetings, online learning and shopping have created a large group of vulnerable users, providing more opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit. In a time where resources are diverted to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, the law enforcement, investigative and judicial procedures may be delayed or disrupted due to compulsory prevention measures. The changing face of cybercrime needs to be addressed through non-legal measures to reduce the detrimental effect. OBJECTIVES New cybercrimes have emerged during the pandemic, which has affected the vulnerable users in a difficult and unprecedented time. The objective of the study is to identify the nature of cybercrime, including the emerging crimes and to examine how these issues could be addressed through legal and non-legal measures. METHODOLOGY The methodology adopted is through the study of secondary data collected through research of recent articles, legal statutes and newspaper articles from March 2020 until present. The data collected was applied through study, observation and analysis. SIGNIFICANCE This study will identify the emerging crimes during the pandemic, and bring together different approaches, including non-law measures to highlight the best method to address this issue. FINDINGS/RESULTS Forms of cybercrimes identified as prevalent in the country, namely (1) misinformation; (2) phishing and (3) privacy issues. Misinformation and disinformation regarding the virus, cures and conspiracies plays a key role in undermining the public trust and the effectiveness of the public safety measures. The ability to take action through legal measures were limited due inabilty to investigate, non-existence of applicable provisions, underreporting and late reporting amongst others. Non-legal measures such as awareness campaigns and cyber-education were utilised to empower vulnerable groups, especially children and seniors against emerging new forms of cybercrimes. CONCLUSIONS With the changing face of cybercrime and the prolonged uncertain future due to COVID-19, there should less reliance on the law and more proactive measures enacted at all levels to reduce the harmful effects.

Claudio Baraldi, L. Gavioli

From the last decade of the twentieth century, increasing migration flows as well as people movements across borders for business, education, or tourism have changed the panorama of those who may be in need of medical assistance. For quite a while, health care services have coped with the need to assist patients who have little or no knowledge of the language spoken by the medical staff. Thus, translating between clinicians’ and patients’ languages has developed as an interpreting practice in hospitals and doctors’ surgeries. Interpreting conversations in health care is a multifaceted task and “interpreters”, those who actually provide translation service, range from professionally certified interpreters, to experienced bilinguals with some training in intercultural communication, to family or staff members providing help on an occasional basis. While ample debate has developed about what type of professionalism actually guarantees the best service, a parallel line of studies has inquired into what actually happens when a bilingual interpreter participates in talk between health care professionals and patients speaking different languages. This line of studies, developed after Cecilia Wadensjö’s volume Interpreting as Interaction (1998), is based on analysis of audio or video recorded conversations, carefully transcribed to provide evidence of how interlocutors react to each other’s utterances, showing understanding (or non-understanding), (in)competence, empathy and support (or lack of) and possibly trust. These studies have revealed that linear or turn after turn translation is not always possible or even desirable. Effective translation to a standard expected by both clinicians and patients often involves complex communication processes: encouraging the patients to speak and tell more, to “interpret” their worries when not explicitly expressed, to interact with the doctors to help them explain technicalities in simpler words, and encouraging collaboration between clinicians and interpreters in communicating with patients by taking their perspective. The collection of papers published in this special issue of Health Communication falls within the latter line of studies. Several papers (Anderson & Cirillo; Baraldi & Gavioli; Gavioli & Wadensjö; Rossi) report the results of a two-year research project funded by the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy) and run in collaboration with the health care services of nearby areas, all areas characterized by high migration flows and a high number of residents with a migration history. During the research period, conversations among patients, clinicians, and experienced bilingual professionals (so-called “intercultural mediators” in Italy) were audio-recorded together with a parallel collection of similar conversations conducted through the use of a lingua franca (French, English, or Italian) without interpreting help. The collected data were transcribed accurately so as to give evidence of possibly meaningful details like pauses before patients’ answers, hesitations, high or low voice volume, and the like. The corpus of audio-linked transcripts was then shared and discussed with a team of international experts, including the authors of the papers in this issue, and compared with other clinician-patient, interpreter-mediated conversations, recorded in services in France (Niemants, Ticca & Traverso), South Africa (Watermeyer, Thwala & Beukes) and other areas of Italy (Dal Fovo & Falbo). The research project was concluded in 2016 and the debate which followed seemed to provide interesting material for the health care services to both better understand how to organize interpreting and how to prepare clinicians to work with interpreters. It thus seemed sensible to offer the main insights from our research to others involved in health care improvement and access. We thank Health Communication for helping us with this achievement. This issue is dedicated to the memory of Professor Claire Penn, whose competence, commitment, and enthusiasm for this project have provided a powerful stimulus to research. Claire left us on the July 21, 2018: the studies collected in this issue would not have been completed without her encouragement.

S. Symonenko, N. Zaitseva, O. Titova et al.

Oliver-Muncharaz, Javier

This paper analyzes the discrimination of sustainable companies taking into account their overall ESG score. For this, a linear discriminant model is described through economic and financial variables, the size of the companies, as well as their membership in the industrial sector. The model has a moderately high percentage of successes, although not symmetrical for the two classifications proposed. On the other hand, there is an improvement in the results by incorporating only those variables that have been significant and with greater weight in the model. It’s observed how the size of the company is a very important discriminatory variable. This result is confirmed in the literature in other works.

Minna Ruokonen, Leena Salmi, Elin Svahn

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Paula Pérez Campos, María-José Varela Salinas

The experiment described in this paper was inspired by Daniel Gile’s Effort Model for consecutive interpreting and an experiment he conducted with students in 1991. Its goal is to determine to what extent the lack of a well-developed note-taking technique is an obstacle to optimal performance in students. The participants, a group of interpreting students who do not yet master any specific note-taking technique, are told to interpret two similar texts: one with the help of notes, one without. Their rendition is evaluated considering a series of discourse units representing different categories of markers, i.e. proper names, numbers, lists and terms. Despite the competition between the listening and analysis effort and the note production effort, all of the participants provide a better interpretation when taking notes. However, their scores show room for improvement, which could be achieved through a better command of note-taking strategies. The present work is a pilot study that paves the way for further research into note-taking in consecutive interpreting. It also highlights the importance of learning note-taking principles as part of conference interpreting training.

T. Heidt, Geoff Lamberton

Sandra Ribeiro Suzana Cunha Manuel Moreira da Silva

S. Wynne‐Jones

Bertrand Labasse

Le développement social, économique et technologique du domaine de la communication s’accompagne d’une spécialisation croissante des pratiques professionnelles et des formations qui leurs sont liées, au risque d’un délitement de la substance académique de ces dernières. Un tel délitement est-il pour autant inéluctable ? Se consacrant au dénominateur commun de ces filières – la production discursive médiatisée sous toutes ses formes – cet article examinera l’hypothèse selon laquelle les problèmes de cohérence perceptibles à l’échelle globale, celle de l’interdiscipline, sont structurellement assimilables à ceux que peut connaître, à l’échelle locale, tout programme de formation universitaire en communication, lesquels sont à leur tour similaires à ceux que l’on peut remarquer à l’échelle d’un simple cours ou même d’un manuel de communication à vocation pratique. On examinera dans un premier temps – en prolongeant une recherche antérieure – comment les connaissances et préceptes opératoires sont structurés dans les manuels, avant de transposer cette analyse à la structuration interne des programmes de formation, ce qui conduira enfin à montrer que la cohérence et les perspectives de la nébuleuse interdisciplinaire que forme l’enseignement de la communication dépend moins des bourgeonnements de sa périphérie que des articulations fondamentales qui en établissent le centre. Social, economic and technological developments in the field of communication are accompanied by increasing specialization of professional activities and academic programs, to the risk of a disintegration of the academic substance of the field. Is such a disintegration inevitable? Focusing on the common denominator of these curricula – discursive production in all its forms – this article will examine the hypothesis that the problems of consistency visible globally, those of the interdiscipline, are structurally similar to those that encounter, locally, most university programs in communication, which are in turn similar to those that can be observed on the scale of a single course or even of a practical communication guide. We will first examine how the knowledge and precepts are structured in textbooks, before transposing this analysis to the internal structure of training programs, which will lead us to show that consistency and prospects for communication in higher education depends less on its burgeoning periphery that on the fundamental articulations at the center of the interdiscipline.

J. Salt, Peter R H Wood

M. O. Martins, T. Oliveira, Sara S. Dias

J. Masele, J. Gómez

B. Shishkov, M. V. Sinderen, B. Sapkota

Managing traffic becomes more and more dependent on ICT – Information and Communication Technology, in general and particularly on ICT services support. Safety, pollution, congestion, and travel time are all important concerns that point to needs for improving traffic management and realizing this would concern the supportive services (including ICT services). Technology-independent functionality models are not only needed for better understanding the (used and/or desired) (IT) services and discussing them of full value with both developers and users but also for establishing appropriate traceability that would allow updating the underlying technology accordingly based on desired updates in the service support. That is why business models and service applications need to be considered together. Hence, in addressing service applications for traffic management, we would emphasize on the crucial role of business process analysis and technology-independent modeling. Further, service applications relate to corresponding ICT-based service platforms that provide relevant support – in the case of traffic management, it would be for example: localized monitoring and management of traffic and environmental information collected from various information sources such as sensors, surveillance cameras, and weather stations. Such information should be made available through the services in order to increase reusability, loose coupling and management of different information and their analysis. With regard to this, two significant challenges relate to service discovery and interoperability. This paper, reporting research in progress, emphasizes not only on service applications (particularly for traffic) and relations to business modeling, but also on the challenges mentioned above. In this way, we present some visions on how to better benefit from business models and IT services, for usefully improving traffic management, partially exemplifying this.

S. Jencks

Anne Wagner

This paper will explore the contingency and fluidity of religious freedom in France and stress the existence of overlapping, competing and coexisting legal discourses in terms of national security and public order. In response to the Muslim veil, changing power structures, changing societal norms and new faces of injustice, established doctrines are reconsidered, reformulated and partly replaced by competing doctrines and hypotheses. Given the relative indeterminacy of law on the concept of secularism and French neutrality, it is no surprise that the problem of interpretation has always been one of the focal points of attention for legal practice and drafting.

Helle Dam Jensen, Henning Nølke, Sten Vikner et al.

No abstract.