Hasil untuk "Asian. Oriental"

Zeynep Simavi

This article aims to explore the intricate interplay between artefacts and identities from the perspective of temporary Turkish art exhibitions planned at American museums in the 1950s by looking into personalities, namely American museum curators and Turkish authorities as agents, and objects that were chosen to be included to represent the artistic and cultural heritage of the Republic of Turkey. The article focuses on the artistic and cultural relations between Turkey and the United States in the 1950s through exhibitions of Turkish art that were planned in American museums to explore how Turkey as a modern republic was represented in art exhibitions that showcased its artistic heritage from the past. To do this, curatorial conceptualisation and objects that were chosen to be displayed in an exhibition that took place in the 1950s as well as an exhibition programme that could not be realised at that time are discussed to understand what was deemed worthy to be represented as Turkey’s artistic heritage.

Gülfem Alıcı

Angelo Francesco Carlucci

The article describes the political viewpoints and the relations with the conservative Turkish political parties of the Menzil community. This religious group is one of the most important Sufi brotherhoods in modern-day Turkey and is renowned for its modest image, its wealth, and its purported links with the AKP, the country’s ruling political party since 2002. The piece gives a brief history of the Menzil community and provides an overview of their social and economic profile. It then goes on to evaluate the electoral statistics of the community’s place of origin. It is argued that these outcomes could be replicated in the rest of the country as well, according to studies on the voting behaviour and political mobilization of smaller religious groups. The statistics and their analysis confirm that the Menzil brotherhood has consistently voted for conservative parties, having supported both the ANAP and the AKP. The popularity of these parties within the Menzil community can be attributed to both the disciples’ support for conservatism, the evolution of their social composition and tactical voting considerations.

Sertaç K. Şen

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and archival research, this study examines the interwar transformation of Eastern Thrace through the prism of sovereignty. It argues that Turkish political and military elites came into a particular geopolitical consciousness about Thrace in the 1930s, viewing the region as a vulnerable yet indispensable frontier due to its geographical, symbolic, and military significance. In their quest to re-border Thrace to extend state sovereignty, the elites combined the tools of international diplomacy with a regional policy that sought to repopulate, redevelop, and refortify Thrace. The study coins the concept of marshaling development to describe these efforts to interrelated civilian and military ends. It demonstrates how officials marshaling development foresaw the reordering of peoples, materials, infrastructures, resources, and affective dispositions across the borderland space with a view to the joint goals of defense and development and with durable socioeconomic and demographic consequences extending well beyond the interwar years.

Peter Phillimore

This paper reflects back on the preoccupations and omissions of my own doctoral fieldwork over forty years ago, spurred by subsequent ethnographies of Gaddis down to the present. My fieldwork in the Gaddi village of Karnathu took place in the shadow of The Emergency (1975-77). It was a shadow that I was not sufficiently attentive to at the time, especially considering that the very choice of Karnathu as a village fieldwork site owed much to the atmosphere of the Emergency. This fieldwork took place well before the Mandal Commission’s recommendations were implemented after 1990. The repercussions of these two signal landmarks in modern Indian history are hard to overstate, and in the second half of this article I explore some of the contrasts between my own pre-Mandal fieldwork and the concerns, themes and insights of later ethnographers working in the post-Mandal aftermath —an aftermath which has yielded a rich seam of possibilities as well as accentuated divisions in the upheavals of a new Gaddi identity politics.

Darshan Karki

This paper is an examination of the ways in which the residents and political actors of the Tarāi-Madhes (lowlands) in Nepal construct and contest Madhesi identity. It juxtaposes interpretations of Madhesi along geographic, linguistic, ethnic, and religious lines, with the experiential aspect of “being a Madhesi.” The paper demonstrates how Madhesi evolved into a politically charged, emotion-laden identity category, and argues that the experience of being othered is central to the construction and reification of Madhesi identity.

Hee-Geun Jo, Jihye Seo, Seulki Choi et al.

Objective: Cancer pain is an important factor in cancer management that affects a patient’s quality of life and survival-related outcomes. The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral administration of East Asian herbal medicine (EAHM) for primary cancer pain and to explore core herb patterns based on the collected data.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in 11 electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, Korean Studies Information Service System, Research Information Service System, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Korea Citation Index, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and CiNii for randomized controlled trials from their inception until August 19, 2021. Statistical analysis was performed in R version 4.1.1 and R studio program using the default settings of the meta-package. When heterogeneity in studies was detected, the cause was identified through meta-regression and subgroup analysis. Methodological quality was independently assessed using the revised tool for risk of bias in randomized trials (Rob 2.0).Results: A total of 38 trials with 3,434 cancer pain patients met the selection criteria. Meta-analysis favored EAHM-combined conventional medicine on response rate (risk ratio: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.09, p < 0.0001), continuous pain intensity (standardized mean difference: −1.74; 95% CI: −2.17 to −1.30, p < 0.0001), duration of pain relief (standardized mean difference: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.69 to 1.22, p < 0.0001), performance status (weighted mean difference: 10.71; 95% CI: 4.89 to 16.53, p = 0.0003), and opioid usage (weighted mean difference: −20.66 mg/day; 95% CI: −30.22 to −11.10, p < 0.0001). No significant difference was observed between EAHM and conventional medicine on response rate and other outcomes. Patients treated with EAHM had significantly reduced adverse event (AE) incidence rates. In addition, based on the ingredients of herb data in this meta-analysis, four combinations of herb pairs, which were frequently used together for cancer pain, were derived.Conclusion: EAHM monotherapy can decrease adverse events associated with pain management in cancer patients. Additionally, EAHM-combined conventional medicine therapy may be beneficial for patients with cancer pain in increasing the response rate, relieving pain intensity, improving pain-related performance status, and regulating opioid usage. However, the efficacy and safety of EAHM monotherapy are difficult to conclude due to the lack of methodological quality and quantity of studies. More well-designed, multicenter, double-blind, and placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials are needed in the future. In terms of the core herb combination patterns derived from the present review, four combinations of herb pairs might be promising for cancer pain because they have been often distinctly used for cancer patients in East Asia. Thus, they are considered to be worth a follow-up study to elucidate their actions and effects.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42021265804

Hülya Çelik, Ani Sargsyan

Turkish literature in Armenian script comprises a large corpus of manuscripts dating from the 14th century together with printed material published between the 18th and 20th centuries. Books were printed in a wide geographical area and their contents were produced by mono- and bilingual Turkish- (and Armenian)-speaking Ottoman Armenians. Therefore, Armeno-Turkish text production represents the textual output enabled through Armenian and Turkish cross-cultural interactions, including various genres and different types of text. Although the scope of Armeno-Turkish text production is extensive, scholarly engagement with Armeno-Turkish texts at universities has only been markedly evident since the 2000s. The most significant reason for this late and limited engagement may lie in the obstacle of the hybrid nature of the script and the language, whereby Armeno-Turkish literature has a place neither in Turkish nor in Armenian literary studies. The aims of this article are therefore (1) to give a short overview of hitherto scholarly work with Armeno-Turkish text corpora and (2) to propose a standard for the transcription of Turkish texts in Armenian script. In a longue durée perspective, we aim to conduct inclusive literary studies and examine Armeno-Turkish literature within the greater framework of (Ottoman) Turkish literature.

DOROTA BRZOZOWSKA

The aim of the paper is to present the results of an analysis of the “Chinese Soup” comic sketch performed by the Polish “Ani Mru Mru” comedy group. The text shows in a very condensed way the (auto-, hetero- and meta-) stereotypes dealing with the culture perce- ived as the most distant one. The oppositions between Asian and European cultures be- long to the most often debated issues in a period when the cultures have morę opportuni- ties than ever to melt and meet. The appearance of new characters in the discussed genre is only a reflection of larger changes and a growing interest in oriental cultures.The theoretical framework is based on the concept of cultural dimensions (Kluckhohn, Strodtbeck 1961; Hofstede 2000; Trompenaars, Hampden-Tumer 2002) and language and cultural relations (Duszak 1998; Kramsch 1998; Wierzbicka 1999). The study of humor was conducted with the use of tools proposed in the semantic theory of humor (Raskin 1985) and in the generał theory of verbal humor (Attardo 1994).The major features present in the humorous text may be divided into three groups. The first one is connected with the language which is perceived as very difficult and incom- prehensible, and totally different from the Polish language or any other European language. The second focuses on differences in manners - especialły food habits. The third ca- tegory pinpoints visual differences and strangeness.

Robert Born

This paper explores the different channels of transfer of luxury commodities (rugs, silk fabrics) from Persia and the Ottoman Empire to the three principalities of Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania, located at the north-western fringes of the Transottomanica. In the introductory section, it examines the function of the luxury products and their integration into the representational culture of the fifteenth century at the Hungarian royal court, in the Transylvanian cities, as well as in the two Danubian Principalities. The successive integration of Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia into the Ottoman sphere of power led to different forms of acceptance and transformation of the imported objects. Although there are parallels between the three principalities with regard to the bestowal of the honorary garments during the investiture rituals by the sultan and his officials, there are differences with regard to the further destiny of these valuable garments. While in Transylvania these were often treasured or reworked into representative costumes given their high material value, in Moldavia and in Wallachia a considerable number of kaftans were transferred into the sacral realm. Hereby older traditions were adapted to the new circumstances. The rulers of the two Danubian Principalities now acted as donors alongside high dignitaries within the framework of supra-regional networks. In addition to their native territories, their activities encompassed the major Orthodox sanctuaries in Greece and the Holy Land. Furthermore, the Danubian Principalities were an important hub for transfers to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia.

Sebastian Willert

In the late 19th century, the German Empire intensified its economic, military, and cultural activities on Ottoman territory. Within the field of archaeology, the Royal Museums in Berlin endeavoured to demonstrate their hegemony. Thus, they focused particularly on the acquisition of ancient objects from the Ottoman territory. The Ottoman authorities’ responses differed between political and cultural actors: While Sultan Abdülhamid II used Hellenistic and Byzantine antiquities as diplomatic gifts to improve his foreign relations to Berlin, the Müze-i Hümayun (Imperial Museum) appeared as an antagonist to foreign claims in the Ottoman Empire. Its directors, Osman Hamdi and Halil Edhem, aimed to rectify the discrepancy between political concerns and the will to preserve antiquities within the Ottoman realm. However, German archaeologists, museum representatives and diplomats strived to benefit from this discrepancy to obtain cultural objects for Berlin. The article argues that Prussia’s strategies of appropriating ancient objects for the Royal Museums correlated and entangled with the valorisation of antiquities in Istanbul.

Günce Akpamuk

Daniela Tan

Dreißig Jahre Heisei-Zeit (1989–2019) sind Anlass für den Versuch, Kriterien und Merkmale für eine Heisei bungaku 平成文学 zu formulieren. Gibt es thematische und literarische Eigenheiten der Literatur dieser Zeit, und wenn ja, welche? Anhand von fünf Thesen soll dieser Frage nachgegangen werden. Eine deutliche Zunahme der Schriftstellerinnen seit dem Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts verweist auf eine erstarkte Präsenz von Frauen in der japanischen Gegenwartsliteratur. Weiter prägt die Digitalisierung die Textgestaltung und Literaturproduktion. Neue Medien und Kommunikationsformen führen zudem zu einer Dezentralisierung. Die dritte These besagt, dass Stilmittel des Horrors verbreitet Eingang gefunden haben in die Literatur der Heisei-Zeit. Zum einen wird damit ein Unbehagen angesichts nuklearer Bedrohungsszenarien zum Ausdruck gebracht, zum anderen finden phantastische Elemente und Okkultes in der Mystery-Literatur breiten Eingang in die Massenkultur. Eine weitere These ist, dass die instabilen ökonomischen Verhältnisse nach den verlorenen Dekaden neoproletarische Literatur der neuen Working poor hervorgebracht hat. Die fünfte These schließlich ist eine zeitliche: In einer von Simultaneität geprägten Kommunikationswelt durchdringt die Nostalgie das Erleben in der Gegenwart. Schlussfolgernd werden diese Thesen um das verbindende Element der Grenzüberschreitung (ekkyōsei 越境性) ergänzt, das auf allen Ebenen immer wieder durchscheint.

Amaan Merali

This article explores the changing relations between state officials and the Shiʿi Nizari Ismaʿilis in early 20th-century Ottoman Syria. It examines the history surrounding the founding of the School of Agriculture in the majority Ismaʿili town of Salamiyya. Ottoman authorities had only recently discovered that the Ismaʿilis were followers of an imam in Bombay, the Aga Khan III. Once the community was associated with a British Empire loyalist like the Aga Khan, officials suspected collusion. Subsequent criminal investigations sanctioned legal and political persecution against the Ismaʿilis. Arresting and imprisoning the Ismaʿilis, however, could only do so much. Officials decided on a policy to correct their beliefs through state schooling and turn the Ismaʿilis into loyal Ottomans. Provincial authorities, meanwhile, took advantage of Istanbul’s doubts over the Ismaʿilis’ loyalty to the Empire. They proceeded to arrest the Ismaʿilis and confiscate tens of thousands of gold liras in cash and jewellery from the community. The cash and valuables were buried in a fund which ultimately paid for the School of Agriculture. This article concludes that violence was mandated by all levels of government and prefigured any educational policy for the Ismaʿilis in Syria because of fears the community was a fifth column.

Pasang Yangjee Sherpa

Chisu Teresa Ko

ABSTRACT This paper examines the contemporary meanings and functions of self-Orientalism in the Argentine context by analyzing Anna Kazumi Stahl’s novel, Flores de un solo día (2002). The issue of self-Orientalism entails a double intrigue at the individual and collective levels: first, why cultural producers of Asian descent (the ‘Orientalized’) replicate Orientalism; and second, why Orientalism, in its various forms, proliferates in Latin America despite the region’s own marginalized position. Examining Flores de un solo día both within Argentina’s specific context and as part of a global phenomenon of literary self-Orientalism or autoexoticism, this paper argues that the novel self-Orientalizes in order to betray contemporary readers’ expectations for facile resolutions to imperialist Orientalism. Applying Laura Doyle’s framework of ‘inter-imperiality’ we examine how Flores de un solo día ‘writes back’ to multiple empires by tracing Orientalism’s trajectories – from Japan to the United States and Argentina – and by weaving the lingering effects of imperialism from before Columbus to the present. The paper further argues that despite these counterhegemonic effects, the novel reveals its own shifting position as it moves in and out of hegemonic power.

Cinta KRAHE NOBLETT, Mercedes SIMAL LÓPEZ

During the reign of King Philip V (1683-1746) and Queen Elisabeth Farnese (1692-1766) the most important palaces of the Spanish crown started to be decorated with East Asian objects from China and Japan, together with high quality imitations of oriental styles produced in European workshops. Thanks to the study of a variety of pieces still preserved in Spain and new archival information, this research deepens our understanding about how East Asian objects d’art where used and displayed by the court to ornate their palaces.

Marie-Paule Hille

This short essay discusses whether Xidaotang, a Chinese Muslim community, may be considered as belonging to the ‘Himalayan ummah’. Historically and until today, especially via trade, this community has been in close contact with the Himalayan region, understood as the mountainous zone of the Tibetan Plateau. By analyzing these trading interactions and the sociability they induce, it is possible to investigate to what extent Xidaotang members, with their own cultural background, religious practices and social experiences, have contributed to diversify the Islamic landscape in the Himalayan region, to which Amdo belongs.