Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

M. Batista, R. Caiado, O. Quelhas et al.

Abstract Developing countries adopt policies to reduce the negative impacts of large amount of waste generated by accelerated industrialization and rapid urbanization, but these actions are far from establishing procedures that meet society's needs, especially regarding the management of municipal solid waste (MSW), which requires the cooperation of numerous stakeholders, and a broad plan of action, in terms of sustainability cities' targets and policies. In this sense, sustainable and integrated solid waste management (S-ISWM) emerges as a solution to address the growing challenges of disposing of MSW in developing countries municipalities. However, to guide S-ISWM implementation there still a need of a framework with a multi-stakeholder and holistic perspective of the MSW management, considering the barriers and critical success factors (CSFs) to achieve it. To this end, a systematic literature review using the PRISMA diagram on the Scopus and Web of Science databases, and then, a content analysis of 75 articles, which met the eligibility criteria, were carried out. As a result, were identified eight barriers, 11 CSFs, which were grouped according to five pillars - public policies, disposal techniques, legal aspects, public-private partnership (PPP) and energy recovery – that affect the municipal S-ISWM and were pointed out ways of implementing these factors in practice. Finally, it was proposed a management artifact – a framework towards S-ISWM - based on state-of-the-art CSFs and barriers, mainly oriented to waste to energy, to the developing countries municipalities. This study offers theoretical, practical, and political implications, serving as a stimulus for the development of public policies with a multidisciplinary approach, providing environmental, economic, and societal contributions, and, thus, encouraging the achievement of the eleventh and the twelfth sustainable development goals.

Minh K. Quan, Mayuri Wijayasundara, Sujeeva Setunge et al.

The cacophony of urban sounds presents a significant challenge for smart city applications that rely on accurate acoustic scene analysis. Effectively analyzing these complex soundscapes, often characterized by overlapping sound sources, diverse acoustic events, and unpredictable noise levels, requires precise source separation. This task becomes more complicated when only limited training data is available. This paper introduces a novel Quantum-Inspired Genetic Algorithm (p-QIGA) for source separation, drawing inspiration from quantum information theory to enhance acoustic scene analysis in smart cities. By leveraging quantum superposition for efficient solution space exploration and entanglement to handle correlated sources, p-QIGA achieves robust separation even with limited data. These quantum-inspired concepts are integrated into a genetic algorithm framework to optimize source separation parameters. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated on two datasets: the TAU Urban Acoustic Scenes 2020 Mobile dataset, representing typical urban soundscapes, and the Silent Cities dataset, capturing quieter urban environments during the COVID-19 pandemic. Experimental results show that the p-QIGA achieves accuracy comparable to state-of-the-art methods while exhibiting superior resilience to noise and limited training data, achieving up to 8.2 dB signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR) in noisy environments and outperforming baseline methods by up to 2 dB with only 10% of the training data. This research highlights the potential of p-QIGA to advance acoustic signal processing in smart cities, particularly for noise pollution monitoring and acoustic surveillance.

Shahfahad, Swapan Talukdar, Mohd Rihan et al.

Md. Mominur Rahman, Md. Golam Faruque, Md. Emran Hossain

In the context of globalization, good governance and energy financing are essential for sustainable and inclusive economic growth, particularly in emerging countries, as both are necessary for optimizing globalization. Existing research investigated the governance-energy-environment nexus; however, insufficient focus has been directed on the good governance-energy finance-globalization nexus in the BRICS countries. Hence, this study investigates the impact of energy finance and governance on globalization in BRICS countries, focusing on how energy finance, both fossil fuel and renewable, influences global integration. It examines the direct effect of governance on globalization and explores the moderating role of governance in strengthening the relationship between energy finance and globalization. Using advanced econometric models, including fully modified ordinary least square, augmented mean group, common correlated effects mean group, dynamic ordinary least square, two-stage least square, and generalized methods of the moment, the study provides empirical evidence on the significance of energy finance in driving globalization, with fossil fuel energy finance showing a negative impact and renewable energy finance a positive one. The results highlight the crucial role of good governance in enhancing the effectiveness of energy finance, suggesting that stronger governance frameworks can maximize the benefits of energy investments for globalization. This study provides novel insights by examining the moderating impacts of governance quality on the links between energy financing and globalization underpinning institutional theory within the BRICS nations. The findings highlight the necessity of improving governance frameworks to facilitate sustainable energy investments and globalization in BRICS states and other comparable countries, as effective governance and energy finance are both critical issues in the globalization discourse.

Hao Li, Meng Li, Yi Qin et al.

Abstract The governance policies have a prominent impact on the development and regional planning of the Yangtze River Basin, a key region for China to achieve modernization. Taking the public policy documents issued by China’s central government for the Yangtze River Basin from 1980 to 2022 as the research object, this paper introduces the NLP (Natural Language Processing) technology and semantic analysis methods to carry out quantitative research on policies. This study first examines the textual connotations of the policies and the characteristics of the policy changes based on the LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) model to determine how policy changes occur for the governance of the Yangtze River Basin. Using the punctuated equilibrium theory, it then conducts two case studies in which the implications of specific major events are analyzed in depth. Research has shown that the changes in governance policies for the Yangtze River Basin are characterized by gradual changes and intermittent mutation, roughly divided into three stages: the stage of reform and development, the stage of transition, and the stage of prioritizing ecological conservation and green development. Moreover, such changes jointly result from three factors: the major events, the focus of public opinions, and the care of the central government.

Daniel Assefa Tofu, Kebede Wolka

This study sought to evaluate the food security status of climate variability and land degradation-susceptible farmers, and measures used to transform to resilient livelihood. A Mixed approach was used to sample respondents and discussants. In the study, 342 household heads were interviewed for quantitative data whereas 12 focused group discussions and 20 key informant interviewees were made to collect qualitative data. While semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data, guiding questions were employed to gather qualitative data. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the binary logit model, whereas qualitative data were presented using thematic procedures. The results show that farmers have demonstrated experience with the changing patterns of climate change-persuaded episodes and its impacts on their food production. In the study area, according to the respondents, low yield (98 %), land degradation (97 %), food shortage (96 %), reduced income (95 %), food insecurity (95 %), and prevalence of disease and pest (85 %) were the major direct and indirect impacts posed by climate change. Besides, based on the calorie intake, 73 % of the households were found food insecure with an average of 1,790 kca, which is below from country and global minimum average that is 2200 and 2100, respectively. To improve food security and the impacts of climatic extremes and increase the ability to either cope or adapt to climate-related problems, farmers were employing strategies including sowing time adjustment, and soil and water conservation. The results of the binary logit regression model showed that repeated drought, farmland size, credit access, the unpredictability of rain, fertilizers usage, amount of rainfall, and social assistance significantly (P < 0.05) affect the food security status of the households. Strengthening integrated land rehabilitation to improve yield could transform the food insecure and land degradation-susceptible households to climate-resilient means of livelihood in semi-arid northern Ethiopia. Policymakers and development planners should emphasis on how to widen the practice of organic and inorganic fertilizers, soil and water conservation, tree planting, income diversification, access to credit services, and water harvesting to transform and sustain the livelihood of food insecure and vulnerable farmers towards resilient status.

Jabar Gohari, Masoud Taqvai, Mohammed Hussain Ramsht

Nowadays, sustainable development has been proposed by experts as an important strategy to improve the quality of life of citizens and the sustainability of resources due to the increase in the population of cities and the increase in pressure on resources. Meanwhile, the metropolis of Kermanshah has many social, economic, natural, and environmental issues and problems. Therefore, according to these issues, the aim of the study is to identify the most important driving forces on the sustainable development of Kermanshah with a future research approach. The purpose of the study is applied and the method is based on structure analysis. The required data and information have been collected by library methods and the Delphi method (use of elite opinions). The statistical sample of the research consists of 50 experts, managers, and relevant researchers. The key drivers were identified using MICMAC software. According to the output obtained from the software, the saturation index obtained for the variables with two times data rotations is 91.80 percent, which confirms the strong influence of the variables on each other and shows the efficiency of the information obtained from the opinions of the elites. The results show that the drivers empowering the urban infrastructure in the field of smart city and electronic city, government credits, tourism, and border location have the highest net effect on the sustainable development of Kermanshah. Also, out of 2500 valid output scenarios, 5 scenarios with the highest inertia (high validity, repeatability, and probability of occurrence) have been presented as final scenarios. Finally, according to the obtained results, suggestions were made in the direction of moving the intermediate scenarios toward the favorable and sustainable development of the Kermanshah metropolis based on the upcoming scenarios. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction The 20th century should be considered the century of world urbanization. The 21st century, in continuation of this process, is the century of transformation of world urbanization (Egger, 2005, 44). So that in the past few decades, there have been fundamental changes in the quality of the urban environment following the increase of pressures of industrialization and the increase of urbanization. These factors have the most significant effect on the climate, pressure on natural resources, and damage to cities (Mersal, 2016:51). Rapid population growth and expansion of cities along with increasing demand for physical resources in cities put pressure on environmental resources. The concept of a sustainable city proposes a framework to ensure a better life for citizens and protect the environment to maintain sustainability through information and communication technologies (NengchengChen et al, 2022:1). Therefore, one of the most important elements of sustainable development is sustainable urban development (2009:50, Xing et al). Nimet et al. (2021) believe that a sustainable city; Specifically, it seeks to maximize energy and resource efficiency, create a zero-waste production system, support the production and use of renewable energy, promote carbon neutrality, and minimize environmental pollution. It also reduces transportation needs, encourages walking and cycling, ensures efficient and sustainable transportation, supports ecosystems and green areas and promotes vital activities and the formation of a human-centeredness environment (Niemets et al, 2021: 305). What is important in sustainable development as a new and transformed human approach compared to the traditional concept of development is justice in enjoying resources, eco-oriented development, poverty reduction, environmental protection, comprehensiveness in examining and exploring the components of development, and generally having a human-centered approach to development (Unesco, 1997: 13). But unfortunately, in most countries, especially in developing countries, and accordingly in our country, these guidelines have alarming conditions and have made the concept of sustainable development appear ambiguous and have faced major challenges in achieving it. This issue is also true for the metropolis of Kermanshah, and so far, in the field of applying the principles and criteria of sustainable development, an optimal, codified, and specific model has not been presented for it. Therefore, the aim of the current research on these issues is to look for a structural analysis of the current state of the metropolis of Kermanshah and to present scenarios for the sustainable development of it. 2-Materials and Methods The purpose of applied research and the method is based on structure analysis. Also, the current research is a case study with the aim of improving the understanding of issues related to uncertainties in the development environment. According to the type of data, which is qualitative, and the type of analysis, which is mainly qualitative and quantitative combined the current research method is classified as a combined method. The data and information required for the research have been collected by two library methods (documents, plans, articles, books, etc.) and the Delphi method (elite) in identifying and scoring the variables of the MICMAC software matrix and formulating assumptions and scenarios. To compile the scenarios, Morphol software has been used. As this software presents different scenarios based on the percentage of the probability of the assumptions of the amount of inertia (resistance and probability of the scenario). 3- Results and Discussion In the research findings section, the results of the Mic Mak matrix analysis showed that in the sustainable development of Kermanshah metropolis, as the only border metropolis in the west of the country, a set of economic variables (private and public sector investment, budget and credits, unemployment rate, business location, border bazaars, and existence border customs, agriculture, specialized industries, rail transportation), social (population, civic awareness, citizen participation, literacy rate, academic and educational centers), political (political view in the selection of managers, politicization of managers, macro-national decisions) and natural (drought, dust intrusion, oil and gas resources, geographical location, environment) as key variables and two-way variables (high impact and high impact) have high impact and are placed in the 1st and 2nd regions of the output map. Also, the results of the analysis of the scenarios showed that the final output of the scenarios was presented after the points given to the proposed assumptions, and among the 2500 thousand valid scenarios, the first five scenarios were selected as the analysis scenarios due to the repetition above 0.90 in the following scenarios. 4- Conclusion The conclusion confirms that a set of natural, political, social, and economic factors are involved in the future sustainable development of the Kermanshah metropolis. For each of them, there are specific scenarios ahead. Therefore, using favorable scenarios, strengthening optimistic scenarios, strengthening intermediate scenarios in the fields of supervision of related institutions and organizations and historical tourism of Kermanshah towards the favorability and finally planning to prevent the occurrence of disaster scenarios of natural hazards, communication routes, and unemployment poverty in this metropolis. Also, the existence of two intermediate scenarios and three disaster scenarios shows that in order to provide a suitable model for the development of the Kermanshah metropolis, there are almost many problems and obstacles in different sectors, and this is a need to use all the devices and organizations in different parts of the city. Also, the ideal scenario; The development of the city's infrastructure towards smartness and electronics shows the high importance of this variable in the sustainable development of Kermanshah.

Tobias Held, Peter Jakubowski

The JESSICA-initiative of the European Commission and the European Investment Bank allows implementing innovative instruments to enhance investments in sustainable urban development. This article analyzes possible duties of the German regional development companies in the new field of urban development funds. As they are experienced players in the compliance of public objectives of urban development, the regional development companies have profound knowledge of the JESSICA-approach’s core areas. Given their experience in the field, the regional development companies could assume the selection and the control of urban development projects within a new structure of public private partnership in an urban development fund.

Chen Yang, Peng Liang, Liming Fu et al.

5G is the fifth generation wireless network, with a set of characteristics, e.g., high bandwidth and data rates. The scenarios of using 5G include enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (uRLLC). 5G is expected to support a wide variety of applications. We conducted a systematic mapping study that covers the literature published between Jan 2012 and Dec 2019 regarding using 5G in smart cities. The scenarios, architecture, technologies, challenges, and lessons learned of using 5G in smart cities are summarized and further analyzed based on 32 selected studies, and the results are that: (1) The studies are distributed over 27 publication venues. 17 studies report results based on academic studies and 13 studies use demonstration or toy examples. Only 2 studies report using 5G in smart cities based on industrial studies. 16 studies include assumptions of 5G network design or smart city scenarios. (2) The most discussed smart city scenario is transportation, followed by public safety, healthcare, city tourism, entertainment, and education. (3) 28 studies propose and/or discuss the architecture of 5G-enabled smart cities, containing smart city architecture (treating 5G as a component), 5G network architecture in smart cities, and business architecture of using 5G in smart cities. (4) The most mentioned 5G-related technologies are radio access technologies, network slicing, and edge computing. (5) Challenges are mainly about complex context, challenging requirements, and network development of using 5G in smart cities. (6) Most of the lessons learned identified are benefits regarding 5G itself or the proposed 5G-related methods in smart cities. This work provides a reflection of the past eight years of the state of the art on using 5G in smart cities, which can benefit both researchers and practitioners.

Hamed Vahdat-Nejad, Tahereh Tamadon, Fatemeh Salmani et al.

With the emergence of the Internet of things (IoT), human life is now progressing towards smartification faster than ever before. Thus, smart cities become automated in different aspects such as business, education, economy, medicine, and urban areas. Since smartification requires a variety of dynamic information in different urban dimensions, mobile crowdsourcing has gained importance in smart cities. This chapter systematically reviews the related applications of smart cities that use mobile crowdsourcing for data acquisition. For this purpose, the applications are classified as environmental, urban life, and transportation categories and then investigated in detail. This survey helps in understanding the current situation of smart cities from the viewpoint of crowdsourcing and discusses the future research directions in this field.

Evans Kiptoo Korir, Zsolt Vizi

Mathematical models have been used to understand the spread patterns of infectious diseases such as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The transmission component of the models can be modelled in an age-dependent manner via introducing contact matrix for the population, which describes the contact rates between the age groups. Since social contact patterns vary from country to country, we can compare and group the countries using the corresponding contact matrices. In this paper, we present a framework for clustering countries based on their contact matrices with respect to an underlying epidemic model. Since the pipeline is generic and modular, we demonstrate its application in a COVID-19 model from Röst et. al. which gives a hint about which countries can be compared in a pandemic situation, when only non-pharmaceutical interventions are available.

Pedro Rito, Ana Almeida, Andreia Figueiredo et al.

This article presents the deployment and experimentation architecture of the Aveiro Tech City Living Lab (ATCLL) in Aveiro, Portugal. This platform comprises a large number of Internet-of-Things devices with communication, sensing and computing capabilities. The communication infrastructure, built on fiber and Millimeter-wave (mmWave) links, integrates a communication network with radio terminals (WiFi, ITS-G5, C-V2X, 5G and LoRa(WAN)), multiprotocol, spread throughout 44 connected points of access in the city. Additionally, public transportation has also been equipped with communication and sensing units. All these points combine and interconnect a set of sensors, such as mobility (Radars, Lidars, video cameras) and environmental sensors. Combining edge computing and cloud management to deploy the services and manage the platform, and a data platform to gather and process the data, the living lab supports a wide range of services and applications: IoT, intelligent transportation systems and assisted driving, environmental monitoring, emergency and safety, among others. This article describes the architecture, implementation and deployment to make the overall platform to work and integrate researchers and citizens. Moreover, it showcases some examples of the performance metrics achieved in the city infrastructure, the data that can be collected, visualized and used to build services and applications to the cities, and, finally, different use cases in the mobility and safety scenarios.

Anupam Nanda, Yishuang Xu, Fangchen Zhang

This paper aims to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail real estate and high street landscape through acceleration of e-commerce and digitalization. The retail business have been evolving over the past several decades, accentuated by the evolution and development of digital technologies. Almost all parts of the world have witnessed the changes in consumer behavior, the nature of retail, and reshaping of the high street landscape due to the e-commerce revolution and continued expansion. Especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the retail platforms powered by digital technology had to be adapted quickly, and it is expected to continue to support this change as consumers and retailers adjust to new normalities. Moreover, retail real estate is intricately linked with the retail sector dynamics. While lockdown and social distance rules have devastating impacts on “traditional” retail property sector, it may accelerate the evolution process of multi-channel retail and the channel integration role of physical stores and thus, bring in transformations in urban-retail landscape. It is not necessarily leading to an end of high street stores, but it may have a significant impact on retail real estate business. There remains a lack of understanding of how these changes may pan out with a rigorous academic investigation. To close this knowledge gap, we analyze both the strategy event data of a range of UK retailers as well as the insights from interviews with retail asset manager and landlords using a mixed-method approach. The findings indicate an urgent need for physical shops to reposition the functions of their multi-channel business. Our analysis provide significant insights and highlight several implications for retailers, landlords and, also policy-making units dealing with urban regeneration and local economic development in the post-COVID-19 world.

Utsav Bhadra, Prajna Paramita Mishra

In the past few decades in the developed world and more recently in India, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) has been viewed as a promising alternative to traditional waste management policy. In most cases it is impractical and infeasible for firms to manage their own EPR operations due to which they outsource it to third parties known as Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO). The article undertakes a case study of a technology driven cloud based waste management company (Recykal) operating in Hyderabad, India in order to study the operation of a PRO and its contribution to EPR in the Indian context. The study of the products and operations of Recykal reveals that its success in EPR can be attributed to 3 factors namely, market expansion, economies of scale and reduction in uncertainty. Furthermore, the study also concludes that operations of PROs like Recykal help to bring the much-needed clarity, monitoring, efficiency, formalization, coordination, choice and accountability in the waste management sector without hindering employment.

Eric K. Tokuda, Cesar H. Comin, Luciano da F. Costa

Several natural and artificial structures and systems are somehow optimized for performing specific functionalities. The structure and topology of cities is no exception, as it is critically important to ensure effective access to the several resources as well as overall mobility. The present work addresses the important subject of improving the plan of a given city through the incorporation of avenues and other express ways such as bridges and tunnels. More specifically, we start with the topology of a real city and consider the incorporation of a express way between any two locations in the city, keeping one location fixed and varying the angle of the other. The whole city area is covered in this manner, which allows us to derive a respective energy surface indicating the gain obtained regarding the average shortest path length for each of the possible situations. These surfaces therefore provide a complete picture of how much each city can be improved regarding minimal distances. Quite distinct surfaces have been obtained for 18 considered European cities. These surfaces are then characterized in terms of the number of local extrema and respective spatial complexity, expressed in terms of a raggedness measurement. Measurements are also obtained respectively to the geometry and topology of the considered cities. It is shown that the shortest path gain depends strongly on some of the considered measurements, especially lacunarity and transitivity. Interestingly, the intricacy of the energy surfaces resulted in relatively little correlation with the topological and geometrical measurements.

Meiyi Ma, Ezio Bartocci, Eli Lifland et al.

With the development of the Internet of Things, millions of sensors are being deployed in cities to collect real-time data. This leads to a need for checking city states against city requirements at runtime. In this paper, we develop a novel spatial-temporal specification-based monitoring system for smart cities. We first describe a study of over 1,000 smart city requirements, some of which cannot be specified using existing logic such as Signal Temporal Logic (STL) and its variants. To tackle this limitation, we develop SaSTL -- a novel Spatial Aggregation Signal Temporal Logic -- for the efficient runtime monitoring of safety and performance requirements in smart cities. We develop two new logical operators in SaSTL to augment STL for expressing spatial aggregation and spatial counting characteristics that are commonly found in real city requirements. We define Boolean and \newcontent{quantitative semantics}~for SaSTL in support of the analysis of city performance across different periods and locations. We also develop efficient monitoring algorithms that can check a SaSTL requirement in parallel over multiple data streams (e.g., generated by multiple sensors distributed spatially in a city). Additionally, we build a SaSTL-based monitoring tool to support decision making of different stakeholders to specify and runtime monitor their requirements in smart cities. We evaluate our SaSTL monitor by applying it to three case studies with large-scale real city sensing data (e.g., up to 10,000 sensors in one study). The results show that SaSTL has a much higher coverage expressiveness than other spatial-temporal logic, and with a significant reduction of computation time for monitoring requirements. We also demonstrate that the SaSTL monitor improves the safety and performance of smart cities via simulated experiments.

Chiara Boldrini, Raffaele Bruno, Haitam Laarabi

Car sharing is one the pillars of a smart transportation infrastructure, as it is expected to reduce traffic congestion, parking demands and pollution in our cities. From the point of view of demand modelling, car sharing is a weak signal in the city landscape: only a small percentage of the population uses it, and thus it is difficult to study reliably with traditional techniques such as households travel diaries. In this work, we depart from these traditional approaches and we leverage web-based, digital records about vehicle availability in 10 European cities for one of the major active car sharing operators. We discuss which sociodemographic and urban activity indicators are associated with variations in car sharing demand, which forecasting approach (among the most popular in the related literature) is better suited to predict pickup and drop-off events, and how the spatio-temporal information about vehicle availability can be used to infer how different zones in a city are used by customers. We conclude the paper by presenting a direct application of the analysis of the dataset, aimed at identifying where to locate maintenance facilities within the car sharing operation area.

Murat Atasoy

Xiaokun Gu, Lufa Zhang, Siyuan Tao et al.

Spatial accessibility is an important factor for planning healthcare services to maintain a quality life for the metropolitan area. The metropolitan suburb is a special area for its location and rapidly changing population during urbanization. Taking Qingpu district, a suburb of Shanghai as a case, this study evaluated the spatial accessibility to healthcare services of 203 villages and neighborhoods based on the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA) method by ArcGIS software. The result shows that the spatial accessibility in the whole district is quite uneven under lower thresholds, and the spatial differences are beyond the traditional zoning of East Qingpu, New City and West Qingpu. The worst accessibility was mainly distributed at the edges of Jinze, Liantang and Zhujiajiao, while the best accessibility was mainly distributed in the New City and the region close around it. The average value of the spatial accessibility in Qingpu is 2.84, with a reach equal under 90 min threshold by bus index of 2.85, or an under 60 min threshold by self-driving index of 2.70. Secondly, the difference shows a new pattern, that is the spatial accessibility could be affected by both the New City and the Central City. Thirdly, the transportation mode, urbanization, the density of road network and bus lines, as well as the number of doctors in each healthcare service would directly affect the spatial accessibility. Lastly, in order to improve the spatial accessibility in metropolitan suburbs, greater effort is needed in increasing the numbers of bus stations and doctors, especially the areas which are farthest from the New City or the Central City, such as Jinze, and Lian Tang town in Qingpu. We acknowledge that the public transportation is vital to the accessibility to healthcare services. We also emphasize that healthcare services should be planned based on the anticipated future trends of population agglomeration. Our results for Shanghai are applicable to other big cities that are experiencing similar rapid urbanization in China, or other developing countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, South America and Africa.

Jaebin Lim, Myounggu Kang, Chang-mu Jung

Abstract Most research regarding the relationship between cities and transportation carbon emission is focused on intra-city travel, and it has been found that compact patterns tend to emit less carbon. Yet, little is known about the impact of national-level spatial distribution of cities and inter-city transportation on transportation CO2 emissions. Further, most studies regarding the impact of urbanization on CO2 emission directly examine the relationship between urbanization rate and CO2 emission with little consideration of the national spatial pattern of urbanization. This study hypothesizes that the national-level spatial distribution of cities – in a dispersed or polarized pattern – affects national transport CO2 emissions due to the varying intensity of inter-city transportation. This study uses the Gridded Population of the World v3 and v4 from Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) of NASA to examine the national-level spatial distribution of urban agglomerations. It applies the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model. The analysis shows that, among 60–90% of urbanized countries, spatially dispersed urbanized countries (e.g., countries with many medium-sized cities scattered over the territory) show a lower national transportation CO2 emission than spatially polarized urbanized countries (e.g., there are only a few large cities). The urban system elasticity of transportation CO2 emissions is 0.4 or 0.6. That is, if the degree of polarization decreases by 1%, national transportation CO2 emissions decrease by approximately 0.4–0.6%. This effect is similar to the effect of GDP per capita of around 0.5%. Because it is particularly difficult to disperse people and economic activities across a country once spatial polarization is set, this study's findings have the most significant implications for urbanizing countries. If urbanizing countries adopt national urban policy and territorial plans to form dispersed cities, it could reduce transportation carbon emissions and promote sustainable development. For already urbanized countries, national urban policy development is recommended to promote spatially dispersed rather than polarized national urban systems.