This article discusses the etymology of four Mari words: Proto-Mari *čükte- ‘light, set fire to’, *poδəla- ‘spoon, slurp’, *pükte- ‘brood (eggs)’, and *püəž- ‘sweat’. After examining the words structurally, an argument is put forth that the words represent historical derivatives. This analysis is the key to unlocking their phonological development, which then allows us to find suitable cognates elsewhere in Uralic. It is concluded that Proto-Mari *čükte- ‘light, set fire to’ has a cognate in Saami, e.g. SaaN cahkat ‘smolder’, while *poδəla- ‘spoon, slurp’ belongs to the well-established cognate set Proto-Uralic *pala- ‘eat up’. Proto-Mari *pükte- ‘brood (eggs)’ is proposed as a cognate of Saami *pive̮ - ‘stay warm, withstand cold’. It is tentatively suggested in the article that *püəž- ‘sweat’ belongs etymologically together with Proto-Mari *pükte- ‘brood’ and Proto-Saami *pive̮ - ‘stay warm, withstand cold’. Whether these represent a separate Proto-Uralic etymon *pejwə- ‘stay warm’ or whether they belong together with PU *päjwä ‘sun, heat, warm(th)’ is also explored. These findings, despite some of the uncertainties involved in their specific interpretation, highlight the importance of taking historical derivation into account in etymology.
Kokkuvõte. Niklas Metsäranta: Ajalooline sõnatuletus: mari etümoloogiaid. Artiklis käsitletakse nelja mari sõna etümoloogiat: algmari *čükte- ‘süütama’, *poδəla- ‘lusikaga sööma, lürpima’, *pükte- ‘hauduma (mune)’ ja *püəž- ‘higi’. Nende sõnade struktuuri uurimus näitab, et nad esindavad ajaloolisi tuletisi. Struktuuriline analüüs on võti ka nende fonoloogilise arengu seletamiseks, mis seejärel võimaldab leida sobivaid vasteid mujalt uurali keeltest. Leitakse, et algmari sõnal *čükte- ‘süütama’ on vaste saami keeltes, näiteks põhjasaami cahkat ‘küdema’, ja sõna *poδəla- ‘lusikaga sööma, lürpima’ kuulub kokku sugulaskeelte sõnadega, mis peegeldavad uurali algkeele *pala- ‘sööma, ahmima’. Algmari *pükte- ‘hauduma (mune)’ vasteks pakutakse artiklis saami sõna *pive̮ - ‘soojust hoidma, külma taluma’. Artiklis tehakse esialgne ettepanek, et mari *püəž- ‘higi’ on etümoloogiliselt seotud algmari sõnadega *pükte- ‘hauduma (mune)’ ja algsaami *pive̮ - ‘soojust hoidma, külma taluma’. Samuti kaalutakse, kas need sõnad esindavad eraldiolevat uraali algkeele sõna *pejwə- ‘soojust hoidma’ või kas kõik kolm kuuluvad kokku uraali algkeele *päjwä ‘päike, kuumus, soe, soojus’ sõnaga. Artikli tulemused, vaatamata mõningale ebakindlusele nende täpse tõlgenduse osas, rõhutavad sõnatuletuse ajalooga arvestamise tähtsust etümoloogias.
Southwestern Khanty is a dialect documented only in the 2008 PhD dissertation by Olga Vaysman. A previous study based on lexical data established that Southwestern Khanty is very close to Obdorsk Khanty. The current study explores the dialect’s phonological and morphological features. Although some of these features are typical only of Obdorsk Khanty among the formerly known dialects, some features of Southwestern Khanty are unique among the Khanty dialects. These peculiarities of Southwestern Khanty are numerous and unsystematic, which makes it unlikely that the dialect developed from Obdorsk Khanty or a dialect near Obdorsk Khanty. Taking into account the obscurity of the metadata, it is questionable whether Vaysman’s data on Southwestern Khanty really reflect the linguistic facts of an existing Khanty dialect.
Kokkuvõte. László Fejes: “Edelahandi” paiknemine handi murrete hulgas: tõendid fonoloogiast ja morfoloogiast. Edelahandi murre on dokumenteeritud ainult Olga Vaysmani 2008. aasta doktoritöös. Eelmine, leksikaalsetel andmetel põhinev uuring näitas, et edelahandi on lähedane Obdorski handile. Käesolev uuring analüüsib edelahandi fonoloogilisi ja morfoloogilisi tunnuseid. Kuigi mõned neist tunnustest on varem tuntud murrete hulgas tüüpiliseid ainult Obdorski handile, on mõned omadused handi murrete seas ainulaadsed. Need edelahantide eripärad on arvukad ja ebasüstemaatilised, mistõttu on ebatõenäoline, et edelahandi arenes välja Obdorski handi murdest või selle lähedasest murdest. Võttes arvesse metaandmete hämarust, on küsitav, kas Vaysmani andmed edelahandi kohta kajastavad tõesti olemasoleva handi murde keelelisi fakte.
Until the establishment of the state of Afghanistan in 1747, this region remained under
the sovereignty of the states established by Turkic nobles. Cities such as Herat, Kabul, Faryab
and Ghazni became important centers of Turkic culture. Many scholars, writers, poets and
thinkers such as Hüseyin Baykara, Mevlânâ Lütfî, Ali Şir Nevâyî made great contributions to
the Turkic language and culture in the region. After the second half of the eighteenth century,
changing of political and social conditions negatively affected the languages and cultures of the
Turkic nobility. Today Afghanistan is the country where Uzbek Turks live the most, after
Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Although the demographic structure in Afghanistan is far from being
explained by reliable data, at least 10% of the country's population consists of Uzbek Turks, one
of the ancient people of this geography. Repressive official policies and obstacles implemented
by the Afghan administrations for more than two centuries have largely prevented the
development of the Turkic language and literature and keeping up with innovations. Uzbek
Turks tried to preserve their language, literature and culture in the classical way in madrasas,
mosques or houses. As a result of the partial freedoms and some achievements achieved since
the 1980s, it is observed that some positive steps have been taken in media and education life.
Uzbek Turkic literature has also started to produce works in the sense of modern stories and
novels. In this context, the first work of Afghan Uzbek storytelling was published in Faryab
newspaper in 1983. In this study, some findings and evaluations will be made on the current
situation and problems of Uzbek storytelling in Afghanistan.
Lisans öğretiminde ilk ve ikinci dönem olarak planlanan ve her biri 14 er haftalık olmak üzere tasarlanan bir yıllık ders düzenini dikkate almış olan bu kitap çalışması, 28 ünite (ders) şeklinde düzenlenmiştir. Bu düzenleme dersi verecek veya alacak olan öğreticiye de öğrenciye de süreci kolaylaştırmıştır. Kitabın öğrenene sunduğu diğer bir kolaylık ise her dersin yeni bir konu, alıştırma, metin ve sorulardan oluşturulmuş olmasıdır. Böylece bir önceki metinlerin unutulması bir zorluk olarak belirmeyecek ve her ders ile de yeni bilgilere ulaşılmış olacaktır. Ders/ ünite girişlerinde basit bir anlatımla verilmiş olan gramer alıştırmalarını, metinler ve diyaloglar takip etmektedir. Ayrıca eserde yer bulan tüm metinler, öğrencilerin başlangıç aşamasından gelişimleri göz önünde tutularak ulaşabilecekleri seviyeler göz önünde bulundurularak seçilmiştir. Bunun yanında eserin sunmuş olduğu yararlı bir bölüm olarak da çalışmanın sonuna kitapta geçen diyalog, alıştırma ve metinlerde yer alan tüm kelimelerden oluşan bir sözlükçe ilave edilmiş olmasıdır. Kitabın öğretici, öğrenci ve Kırgız Türkçesini öğrenmek isteyen herkese faydalı olacağı düşünceleri ile alana katkı sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir.
In this study, we investigate the role of exposure to L2 Russian on comprehension of L3 Ukrainian by speakers of L1 Estonian, using the mediating knowledge of L2 Russian. The experiment involved 30 participants and the following materials: a questionnaire, C-test in Russian, word recognition and text comprehension tasks in Ukrainian. We demonstrate that in mediated receptive multilingualism medium to high levels of L2 exposure boost L3 comprehension regardless of measured L2 proficiency. However, exposure enhanced comprehension only on the word level and not on the text level, highlighting the importance of examining comprehension in a differentiated manner. The same restriction holds for targeted L2–L3 instructions, which were administered as a shortcut to increasing metalinguistic awareness between Russian and Ukrainian: these instructions improved L3 word-level but not text-level comprehension. Since in the absence of explicit instruction the role of exposure was more pronounced, we argue that exposure and instructions interact depending on the particular configurations of available resources, as language users attempt to understand another language. We conclude that exposure to medium language is a crucial factor that might significantly boost comprehension in the target language through increased metalinguistic awareness, either more directly or by creating opportunities for incidental learning.
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Artiklis analüüsime, kuidas eesti emakeele (L1) kõnelejad mõistavad ukraina keelt (L3) vene keele oskuse toel (L2) ehk millist rolli mängib kokkupuude vene keelega arusaamisel ukraina keelest.
Katses osales 30 inimest ja materjalid koosnesid: küsimustikust, vene keele C-testist ning ukraina keele sõnade äratundmise ja teksti mõistmise ülesannetest. Uuringu tulemused näitasid, et vahendatud retseptiivse mitmekeelsuse kontekstis mõjutab L2-ga kokkupuude L2-st ja L3-st arusaamist kindlal viisil. Kokkupuude vene keelega avaldas positiivset mõju nii vene keele C-testi tulemustele kui ka ukrainakeelsete sõnade äratundmisele. Ukrainakeelsete tekstide mõistmist kokkupuude vene keelega aga märgatavalt ei mõjutanud, mis toob esile, kui oluline on arusaamise hindamine eristaval viisil. Teisalt hõlbustas L3 sõnade äratundmist nii keskmine kui ka kõrgem L2-ga kokkupuute tase, millest järeldub, et isegi vähene kokkupuude suurendab metalingvistilist teadlikkust. Katse sisaldas kahte sellisest hüpoteesist lähtuvat lisatingimust, mille põhjal formaalsed juhised võimaldavad teist, konkreetsemat õppimisallikat: mõned osalejad said eelnevalt formaalseid juhiseid ukraina keelest ja teised mitte. Need selged juhised aitasid kahtlemata kaasa L3-st arusaamisele ning nende puudumisel oli L2-ga kokkupuute roll veelgi märgatavam. Võib järeldada, et kui keelekasutaja üritab teisest keelest aru saada, siis eelmainitud tegurid, nii otsesemad kui ka kaudsemad, toimivad üksteisest sõltuvalt ja muutuvad vähem või rohkem märgatavaks olenevalt saadaval olevate ressursside konkreetsetest asetustest.
Miina Norvik, Uldis Balodis, Valts Ernštreits
et al.
This article offers a comparative analysis of several morphosyntactic and phonological features in the South Estonian language islands: Leivu, Lutsi, and Kraasna. The objective is to give an overview of the distribution of selected features, their (in)stability over time, and discuss their form and use in a broader areal context. To achieve this goal, comparative information was also included from the closest cognate varieties (Estonian and the South Estonian varieties, Courland Livonian and Salaca Livonian) and the main contact varieties (Latgalian, Latvian, and Russian). The data analysed in this study originated from various sources: text collections, dictionaries, and language corpora. The results reveal a multitude of linguistic patterns and distribution patterns, which means that the studied varieties are similar to / different from one another in various ways and points to multifaceted contact situations and outcomes in this area.
Kokkuvõte. Miina Norvik, Uldis Balodis, Valts Ernštreits, Gunta Kļava, Helle Metslang, Karl Pajusalu, Eva Saar: Lõunaeesti keelesaared Kesk-Balti mõjuväljas. Artikkel esitab lõunaeesti keelesaarte – Leivu, Lutsi ja Kraasna – mitme morfosüntaktilise ja fonoloogilise joone võrdleva analüüsi. Uurimuse eesmärgiks on anda ülevaade valitud joonte levikust ja püsivusest ajas ning arutleda nende vormide ja kasutuse üle laiemas areaalses kontekstis. Selleks võetakse arvesse lähimate sugulaskeelte (eesti ja lõunaeesti, Kuramaa ja Salatsi liivi) ja -murrete ning tähtsamate kontaktkeelte (latgali, läti, vene) esinemusi. Analüüsitakse erinevatest allikatest, mh tekstikogudest, sõna- raamatutest ja keelekorpustest pärit ainest. Uurimistulemused toovad esile mitmesuguseid vormiseoseid ja muutuste levikuviise, osutades uuritud keelte ja murrete omavaheliste kontaktide mitmelaadsusele ning sellest tingitud erinevatele keelesüsteemi arengutele.
This paper discusses the change in women’s mentality towards the concept of war and their own role in it according to autobiographical sources such as was journals, diaries, letters or autobiographical novels authored by women who were present at the front during the Great War. The primary sources quoted in this analysis include letters and diaries from nurses who worked in Dr. Elsie Inglis’s Scottish Women’s Hospitals unit as well as the “testament” of Vera Mary Brittain, famous English Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse and writer and women’s rights activist. Among the secondary sources employed in the analysis are the seminal works of Christine E. Hallett, Maxine Alterio, Santanu Das, Eric J. Leed and Claire M. Tylee. Before arriving at a conclusion, the paper highlights important changes in women’s discourse towards the war as well as the way in which such changes were supported by the novel situation in which women found themselves, namely as active participants at the front, and their aspirations towards equal rights and equal treatment.
This article examines the extent to which cultural continuity represents the Kurdish immigrants living in Finland and concentrates on those cultural practices and traditions of the Finnish society that seem difficult to be accepted by the Kurdish immigrants. The research questions addressed in this study are as follows: To what extent the new Kurdish refugees, as members of a non-Western culture, remain static and traditional? Do they resent the Nordic values or on the contrary, they try to conform the Finnish values? We will examine whether, at least related to some aspects of the Kurdish tradition, we can speak about the death of the tradition or it is premature to declare that. The present study wants to give an overview of the kind of Kurdish folk tradition that lives in Finland and of the nature of the Kurdish individuals’ relationship to their own cultural experience. We examine if the members of the Kurdish community living in Finland have learnt to act according to the standards of behaviour required by the Finnish society or the practices adopted by them differ from how the people of Finnish background behave. In many cases, adult Kurdish individuals bring their own culture to Finland but it is often the culture of violence that goes with them to the new country. Methodologically I rely on cultural, migration and social life studies in this article. In addition, I attend to identity and family studies.
In the article there are considered the artistic searches of the poets and their skill in
creation of new artistic forms in the Uzbek, Turkmen, Karakalpak poetry of the XX-th century.
Gagauz language, which is the smallest part in regard to number of speakers in Oghuz
group of Turkic dialects, fundamentally is splited into two dialects. This distinctness specially in
position of e vowel and using present continuous affix is more apparent. It is thought that
central dialect which Komrat and Chadir-Lunga’s dialects are composed of and south dialect
which belongs to Vulkaneştı, are shown up before Gagauzians came to Besarabian’s area.
Especially when Gagauzes were in Dobruja area, they splitted up as “Bulgarian” Gagauz and
“Real / Greek” Gagauz and Gagauz language in Dobruja was influenced by many diffirent
languages. Therefore the origin of dialects in Gagauz language dates back to old times. In the
article especially will be articulated this topic.
The present article studies the usage of the Estonian verb jääda and Livonian īedõ in various grammatical constructions. Although in both languages they can be attested to convey REMAIN and CHANGE, there are differences in their use depending on the construction. Apart from Estonian, the Livonian īedõ is shown to function as a general change-of-state predicate. Whereas previously the Estonian jääda has been associated with negative change and continuation, this study demonstrates that, in more general terms, one could speak about unexpectedness or difference from the majority, and remaining in an activity or state for some time. The linguistic data originates from various corpora, in the case of Livonian also from collections of texts. In order to investigate the historical development, the Old Written Estonian data was also included in the study. We propose that originally the verb expressed ‘remain, stay behind’. The corresponding meaning is present in most of the constructions expressing location; in Old Written Estonian such instances constituted ¾ of all examples.
Kokkuvõte. Miina Norvik ja Külli Prillop: Eesti jääda ja liivi īedõ: PÜSIMISE ja MUUTUSE väljendamine erinevates grammatilistes konstruktsioonides. Artiklis analüüsitakse eesti jääda- ja liivi īedõ-verbi kasutust erinevates grammatilistes konstruktsioonides. Kuigi mõlemas keeles on ‘jääda’-verbil nii püsimise kui ka muutuse väljendamise funktsioon, võib konstruktsiooniti täheldada mitmeid erinevusi. Ühtlasi selgub, et liivi īedõ on laia kasutusvaldkonnaga üldise tähendusega muutusverb, mille vaste eesti keeles (lisaks jääda-verbile) võib olla ka saada, minna või tekkida/ilmuda. Kui eesti keeles on verbi jääda varem seostatud ennekõike negatiivse muutuse ning püsimisega, näidatakse siinses artiklis, et veelgi üldisemalt võiks jääda puhul rääkida olukorra erandlikkusest või ootamatusest ning selles püsimisest. Analüüsitav näitematerjal pärineb erinevatest korpustest, liivi keele puhul ka tekstikogumikest. Ajaloolise arengu kohta oletuste tegemiseks on võrdlusmaterjali kogutud ka eesti vana kirjakeele korpusest. Ilmneb, et algselt on tegemist ‘maha jäämist’ tähistanud verbiga – nimetatud tähendus on ennekõike esil kohta väljendavates konstruktsioonides, mis näiteks vanas kirjakeeles moodustasid enamiku kasutusjuhtudest.
Võtmesõnad: muutus; püsimine; grammatilised konstruktsioonid; liivi keel; eesti keel; eesti vana kirjakeel
W. Radloff, worldwide known Turcologist, has accomplished numerous important
works on almost every field related to Tucology such as dialectography, dialectology,
lexiocography, lexicology, comparative historical phonetics and grammar of Turkish,
transcription and facsimile of Turkish texts written with Runic, Uigur and Arap alphabets,
Turkish folklore, Turksih ethnography, Turkish history and archaeology. This study elaborates
W. Radloff’s scientific researches.
"Social actions conducted by why-interrogatives in Estonian everyday telephone conversations"
This paper analyses interrogatives formed with the why pronoun in Estonian everyday telephone conversations. Why-interrogatives are regularly defined as questions asking for reasons for or accounts of actions. This paper, however, demonstrates that only a small fraction of why-interrogatives are actually used for questioning. The data come from the Corpus of Spoken Estonian of the University of Tartu. Altogether 41 why-interrogatives were analysed using the approach of interactional linguistics. The primary social actions conducted by why-interrogatives are the following: question, reproach, command, suggestion, complaint and challenge.
The study reveals that why-interrogatives are multifunctional, used to carry out several social actions concurrently. The question form makes it possible for the recipients to interpret why-interrogatives as questions (by giving a neutral answer) or as some socially dispreferred actions, such as reproaches, challenges etc (by justifying themselves). Why-interrogatives demonstrate the speaker’s negative stance towards a preceding action.
Artiklis käsitletakse eesti telefonivestlustes esinevaid küsisõnaga miks moodustatud küsilauseid ja nendega tehtavaid suhtlustegevusi. Kui üldiselt määratletakse miks-küsilauseid kui põhjuse järele küsivaid eriküsimusi, siis selle uurimuse materjali analüüs näitab, et miks-küsilaused on funktsionaalselt väga mitmekihilised ja nendega tehakse igapäevases suhtluses erinevaid suhtlustegevusi, millest küsimused moodustavad ainult marginaalse osa. Uurimuse tulemused näitavad, et miks-küsilauseid kasutatakse järgmiste suhtlustegevuste läbiviimiseks: küsimus, etteheide, käsk, nõuanne, kaeblemine, vaidlustus. Miks-küsilausetele eelneb suhtluses teatud sotsiaalsest normist kõrvalekaldumine või kõneleja jaoks muu vastuolu, mis tuuakse esile just miks-küsilausega.
"Advice, information and safety by means of language: internationally recruited nurses demonstrating their professional Finnish language skills"
he focus of this paper is on the professional language used by four internationally educated nurses working in Finnish in Finland. The data comes from a tailor-made professional language test module including integrated material-based tasks. The module was designed by the project Health care Finnish: developing and assessing Finnish proficiency among health care professionals (2014−2015) to complement the skill profiles based on the test results of the National Certifi- cates of Language Proficiency (NCLP) intermediate level test.
None of the participants had yet reached the level B2 in Finnish, and one of them had reached level B1 in speaking comprehension only. Level B1 (level 3 in NCLP) is currently the level required for authorization in the Finnish health sector for non-EU/EEA health care professionals. However, there are official suggestions that, in the future, the requirements be raised to level B2 (level 4 in NCLP) and also cover EU/EEA educated professionals (Ministry of Education 2014). Assessment of professional language skills has also been suggested, but no decisions have been made on this yet.
The aim of the qualitative analysis of the test performance data was to find out how the participants utilize different syntactic, lexical and pragmatic resources to express communicative functions such as giving instructions and documenting information, which are typical for health communication. Also under scrutiny was their ability to shift between professional and colloquial language use.
During the Soviet era there were no publicly available published literary representations of the Soviet deportations and imprisonment of civilians and Latvian Army officers to Siberia and the Far East. If there were any, these were very scarce and available to very few people. Deportations and imprisonments were marginalized and silenced themes in all possible respects – politically, socially and culturally. Many narratives (in books published in state publishing houses) emerged only in the beginning of the 1990ies when the Soviet Union collapsed and Latvia regained its independence. Those narratives were written secretly during the Soviet time, as the authors were or could be repressed for talking about forbidden topics. The female experience was not only totally silenced but it was also different from men’s experience of imprisonments and deportations as men and women with children were separated – men were sent to forced labour camps and women to places of settlement. Even when writing about deportations was dangerous, the narratives of that experience construct strong resistance to the Soviet repressions against Latvia and its people. Many female narratives about these experiences emerged later adding to the testimonials studies of archives and historical documents thus making resistance discourse more pointed and stronger.
This paper examines the semantics of the Estonian and Finnish epistemic-evidential particles teatavasti and tiettävästi (‘as is generally known’ and ‘as far as is known’). Based on newspaper data and focusing on textual and intersubjective meanings, this analysis adopts the Cognitive Grammar description of relational predicates. The comparison is based on the properties of the fact that is within the scope of the particle (knowledge that is specific or generic, conventionalised or non-conventionalised, and more or less irrefutable). Whereas the Finnish particle conveys a strong implication of reported knowledge, which often causes a message of slight hedging, the Estonian particle is used to mark the issue at hand as being certain. In addition, the information in Estonian is displayed as being accessible and shared to interlocutors. On a textual level, the characteristic feature of this Estonian particle is to mark a fact as the background information for a more topical element of the text. In contrast, the Finnish particle is often used for organising the different reported voices in a text.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/LV22.02
<p>Artikkel käsitleb sõnade liigitamisega seotud probleeme, lähtudes eesti vana kirjakeele korpuse poolautomaatse märgendamise pikaajalisest praktikast. Tutvustatakse kasutusel olevat märgendussüsteemi ning põhilisi raskusi selle tegelikul rakendamisel. Universaalsed probleemid on seotud sõnaliikide piirialadega, kuhu kuuluvate sõnade liigi määratlemine saab toimuda vaid üksuse funktsiooni arvestades ja konteksti põhjal. Spetsiifilisemad probleemid on seotud vana kirjakeele tekstide eripäraga – tõlkelisuse ja sellega seotud võõrmõjude, arhailisuse ning välja kujunemata grammatikatraditsiooniga. Sõnaliikide piirialade, eriti adverbide üle otsustamine on välja toonud huvitavaid leksikaliseerumis- ja grammatiseerumisjuhtumeid, mis avavad kirjakeele leksikaalsete üksuste varasemaid arenguetappe. Funktsiooni alusel otsustamine võimaldab arvestada konteksti ning üksuste universaalse taaskasutatavuse seaduspärasust (üks ja sama üksus on ökonoomiaprintsiibile vastavalt kasutusel eri funktsioonides). Artikkel tutvustab korpuse kasutaja jaoks paljude probleemsete sõnaliigiotsustuste tagamaid ja toob esile just vana kirjakeele spetsiifikaga seotud keerukaid juhtumeid.</p><p><img src="/ajakirjad/public/site/images/mariamaren/citation_linking_graphic_12x54_white.png" alt="" /> http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa7.02</p>