Hasil untuk "Religious ethics"

Sarah Diefenbach, Daniel Ullrich

Conversation with chatbots based on Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT has become one of the major forms of interaction with Artificial Intelligence (AI) in everyday life. What makes this interaction so convenient is that interacting with LLMs feels so natural, and resembles what we know from real, human conversations. At the same time, this seeming similarity is part of one of the ethical challenges of AI design, since it activates many misleading ideas about AI. We discuss similarities and differences between human-AI-conversations and interpersonal conversation and highlight starting points for more ethical design of AI at the front-end.

Protiva Sen, Laurent Hébert-Dufresne, Pablo Bose et al.

Computational social science research, particularly online studies, often involves exposing participants to the adverse phenomenon the researchers aim to study. Examples include presenting conspiracy theories in surveys, exposing systems to hackers, or deploying bots on social media. We refer to these as "social challenge studies," by analogy with medical research, where challenge studies advance vaccine and drug testing but also raise ethical concerns about exposing healthy individuals to risk. Medical challenge studies are guided by established ethical frameworks that regulate how participants are exposed to agents under controlled conditions. In contrast, social challenge studies typically occur with less control and fewer clearly defined ethical guidelines. In this paper, we examine the ethical frameworks developed for medical challenge studies and consider how their principles might inform social research. Our aim is to initiate discussion on formalizing ethical standards for social challenge studies and encourage long-term evaluation of potential harms.

Renee Sirbu, Jessica Morley, Tyler Schroder et al.

Brain-computer interfaces offer significant therapeutic opportunities for a variety of neurophysiological and neuropsychiatric disorders and may perhaps one day lead to augmenting the cognition and decision-making of the healthy brain. However, existing regulatory frameworks designed for implantable medical devices are inadequate to address the unique ethical, legal, and social risks associated with next-generation networked brain-computer interfaces. In this article, we make nine recommendations to support developers in the design of BCIs and nine recommendations to support policymakers in the application of BCIs, drawing insights from the regulatory history of IMDs and principles from AI ethics. We begin by outlining the historical development of IMDs and the regulatory milestones that have shaped their oversight. Next, we summarize similarities between IMDs and emerging implantable BCIs, identifying existing provisions for their regulation. We then use two case studies of emerging cutting-edge BCIs, the HALO and SCALO computer systems, to highlight distinctive features in the design and application of next-generation BCIs arising from contemporary chip architectures, which necessitate reevaluating regulatory approaches. We identify critical ethical considerations for these BCIs, including unique conceptions of autonomy, identity, and mental privacy. Based on these insights, we suggest potential avenues for the ethical regulation of BCIs, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and proactive mitigation of potential harms. The goal is to support the responsible design and application of new BCIs, ensuring their safe and ethical integration into medical practice.

Muhammad Jayidul Amri, Dany Miftah M. Nur

Sinok dance is a dance creation initiated by Mrs. Ika Febriani Laksaningtyas around 2016, precisely after the establishment of Padma Baswara Demak Dance Studio. She initiated this dance as a form to illustrate cultural acculturation between China and Java. The revitalization of Sinok Dance is based on the need for a typical Demak art form to be performed at festivals, one of which is the Ndoro Bei Demak market event. The following note will explore more deeply the meaning and cultural values in the Sinok Dance procession at the Ndoro Bei market event in Demak, the dynamics in Sinok Dance, and the challenges faced by dancers in Sinok Dance. This study aims to analyze the meaning of movement, the dynamics of presentation, and the challenges of regeneration in the performance of Sinok Dance as part of the preservation of local culture. The research methods used by researchers are field studies, observations, and interviews. The results of this study explain that first, the meaning of Sinok Dance movements, namely: small running movements, jumping movements, and movements playing broom sticks. Then, the cultural values in Sinok Dance are: social value, aesthetic value, and educational value. Second, the dynamics that occur in Sinok Dance are: the dynamics of dancers' costumes, the dynamics of the number of dancers, and the dynamics of the tools used by dancers. Third, the challenges faced by dancers in the Sinok Dance procession are: the lack of regeneration of young male dancers, the lack of regeneration of Sinok Dance teachers, and the lack of consistent Sinok Dance training. This research is expected to contribute to the preservation of local arts and culture and encourage the strengthening of the cultural identity of the Demak community through the development of regional dance creations.

I Wayan Gustama, Sukadi, Ida Bagus Made Astawa

This study aims to analyze the character education model implemented at the boarding school SMAN Bali Mandara and its implications for the Pancasila Student Profile. The background of this research is based on the change in status of SMAN Bali Mandara from a boarding school to a regular school in the 2022/2023 academic year and its impact on student character. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were collected through interviews, observations, documentation, and questionnaires directed at the principal, teachers, dormitory head, and students. The results of the study show that boarding schools have advantages in shaping student character through a holistic education program, including intracurricular activities, extracurricular activities, Pancasila Student Profile strengthening projects, and school culture. This research concludes that boarding schools can be an effective model in the development of character education to realize the Pancasila Student Profile.

Louise Bezuidenhout, Emanuele Ratti

In this chapter, we propose a non-traditional RCR training in data science that is grounded into a virtue theory framework. First, we delineate the approach in more theoretical detail, by discussing how the goal of RCR training is to foster the cultivation of certain moral abilities. We specify the nature of these abilities: while the ideal is the cultivation of virtues, the limited space allowed by RCR modules can only facilitate the cultivation of superficial abilities or proto-virtues, which help students to familiarize with moral and political issues in the data science environment. Third, we operationalize our approach by stressing that (proto-)virtue acquisition (like skill acquisition) occurs through the technical and social tasks of daily data science activities, where these repetitive tasks provide the opportunities to develop (proto-)virtue capacity and to support the development of ethically robust data systems. Finally, we discuss a concrete example of how this approach has been implemented. In particular, we describe how this method is applied to teach data ethics to students participating in the CODATA-RDA Data Science Summer Schools.

Andre Ye

Vision is an important metaphor in ethical and political questions of knowledge. The feminist philosopher Donna Haraway points out the ``perverse'' nature of an intrusive, alienating, all-seeing vision (to which we might cry out ``stop looking at me!''), but also encourages us to embrace the embodied nature of sight and its promises for genuinely situated knowledge. Current technologies of machine vision -- surveillance cameras, drones (for war or recreation), iPhone cameras -- are usually construed as instances of the former rather than the latter, and for good reasons. However, although in no way attempting to diminish the real suffering these technologies have brought about in the world, I make the case for understanding technologies of computer vision as material instances of embodied seeing and situated knowing. Furthermore, borrowing from Iris Murdoch's concept of moral vision, I suggest that these technologies direct our labor towards self-reflection in ethically significant ways. My approach draws upon paradigms in computer vision research, phenomenology, and feminist epistemology. Ultimately, this essay is an argument for directing more philosophical attention from merely criticizing technologies of vision as ethically deficient towards embracing them as complex, methodologically and epistemologically important objects.

Funke Elizabeth Oyekan

Youths have been underrepresented and excluded from active and visible participation in Nigerian politics as a result of the exclusion frameworks of the large population by the more elderly members of the political class. This intentional exclusion by the aged members of the Nigerian political class has been situated in and leverages on the supposed immaturity and incapabilities of majority of the Nigerian youth. Some scholars have explored youth political participation in Nigeria from legal, sociological, democratic, and contextual perspectives, but without relating it to Jesus’ teaching on the servant-leadership model. Therefore, this study carries out a socio-rhetorical analysis of Matthew 20:25-28 to explicate a servant-leadership model to political participation. The exhumed servant-leadership model of the Matthean account is appropriated in the context of advocating for Christian youths’ political participation in Nigerian politics. Data collected from the Bible and bibliographic sources were exegetically and descriptively analysed respectively. Evidentially, Jesus’ teaching on servant-leadership in Matthew 20:25-28 emphasises service and not lording, teamwork and collaboration in leadership and serves as a veritable resource model for political participation in Nigeria. Consequently, the elderly political class in Nigeria should imbibe an inclusive framework that allows the youth to participate and be represented in Nigerian politics.

Fatemeh Vojdani, Fatemeh Alipoor

For modern man, spirituality has become individualistic to a great extent; and is often considered an emotional and psychological need and brings peace, love and happiness to a person. But it seems that spiritual education in Islam has a social nature. In Islam, with regard to the authenticity of spirituality, all teachings seek to cultivate spirituality in humans, and make humans aware of the real and spiritual world; even the teachings related to physical affairs of humans. But in particular, worships in a special sense that directly form the man-God relationship, are considered to be one of the strongest methods of strengthening spirituality and they provide a large part of spiritual needs. Therefore, through explaining the social nature of individual worship, the social nature of spiritual education can be better understood. The purpose of the present research is to show that according to Ayatollah Javadi Amoli's view, even individual acts of worship are charged with social aspects, and in the most private relationships between man and God, a person comes to God with a collective identity. Based on qualitative content analysis of the two books Hikmat Ibadat and Danesh and Ravesh Bandagi, eight main components with a social theme for worship were obtained: being with the crowd, general love and benevolence and social ties, financial support for the needy section of the society, moral-social elimination of vice, social moral interaction, rightism and defending the right. and truth, defense of the country and political insight and global effort.

Onyinyechi Priscilla Christian Wariboko, Friday Chimene Nwanyanwu

Internet fraud, popularly known as ‘yahoo-yahoo’ in the Nigerian parlance, reverberates across the Nigerian state and keeps gaining approval as somewhat permissible as days go by. Humongous media reports abound as well as other surreptitious or conspicuous activities of internet fraudsters in Nigeria. A great deal of Nigerian youths have embraced it and has jettisoned hard work, process, building from the scratch, integrity, compassion and pay little or no attention to education. This state of affairs has social and ethical implications for Nigeria as a state. With insights drawn from Robert Merton’s structural strain theory and Aristotle’s virtue ethics, this paper qualitatively examines the spate of indiscreet deals by criminally minded Nigerian youth and particularly mirrors its social and ethical implications. Data is gathered through interviews, observations and literal readings. Findings show that internet fraud, which is eating deep into the fabric of Nigeria has exacerbated the get-rich-quick syndrome, disrupted the smooth running of the nation and holds dire socio-ethical consequences for the future of the nation. This paper recommends that the government, family unit, as well as religious organizations must play salient roles in sensitizing, educating, guiding and sanctioning internet criminals for the good of society. This research contributes to existing knowledge by exploring the phenomenon of internet fraud in Nigeria through the lenses of sociology and ethics, yielding recommendations that stem from these disciplines to combat the problem.

Najamuddin Petta Solong, Sabil Mokodenseho, Siti Rohmah

This research analyzes the implementation of religious teacher leadership in cultivating Islamic ethics at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Gorontalo City. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach with a phenomenological framework. Data collection involves observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis follows four stages: condensation, coding, categorization, and theorization. The findings reveal that religious teachers can design, organize, guide, and supervise the inculcation of religious teachings, particularly in Islamic jurisprudence, thus emphasizing the manifestation of Islamic ethics, such as dress code, religious traditions, and Islamic interactions. However, the teachers' skills in critical thinking, collaboration, communication, and creativity have yet to integrate the practice of religion within them, both among teachers and students. This research underscores the importance of further studies to unveil comprehensive strategies for realizing Islamic ethics across various dimensions in the context of religious teacher leadership. These strategies should align with the student profile project of "rahmatan lil alamin" and position the practice of religious teachings as a critical leadership competency within the madrasah context.

Marc Cheong, Raula Gaikovina Kula, Christoph Treude

A key drawback to using a Open Source third-party library is the risk of introducing malicious attacks. In recently times, these threats have taken a new form, when maintainers turn their Open Source libraries into protestware. This is defined as software containing political messages delivered through these libraries, which can either be malicious or benign. Since developers are willing to freely open-up their software to these libraries, much trust and responsibility are placed on the maintainers to ensure that the library does what it promises to do. Using different frameworks commonly used in AI ethics, we illustrate how an open-source maintainer's decision to protest is influenced by different stakeholders (viz., their membership in the OSS community, their personal views, financial motivations, social status, and moral viewpoints), making protestware a multifaceted and intricate matter.

Shreyansh Padarha

This article discusses the risks and complexities associated with the exponential rise in data and the misuse of data by large corporations. The article presents instances of data breaches and data harvesting practices that violate user privacy. It also explores the concept of "Weapons Of Math Destruction" (WMDs), which refers to big data models that perpetuate inequality and discrimination. The article highlights the need for companies to take responsibility for safeguarding user information and the ethical use of data models, AI, and ML. The article also emphasises the significance of data privacy for individuals in their daily lives and the need for a more conscious and responsible approach towards data management.

Jakob Mökander, Jonas Schuett, Hannah Rose Kirk et al.

Large language models (LLMs) represent a major advance in artificial intelligence (AI) research. However, the widespread use of LLMs is also coupled with significant ethical and social challenges. Previous research has pointed towards auditing as a promising governance mechanism to help ensure that AI systems are designed and deployed in ways that are ethical, legal, and technically robust. However, existing auditing procedures fail to address the governance challenges posed by LLMs, which display emergent capabilities and are adaptable to a wide range of downstream tasks. In this article, we address that gap by outlining a novel blueprint for how to audit LLMs. Specifically, we propose a three-layered approach, whereby governance audits (of technology providers that design and disseminate LLMs), model audits (of LLMs after pre-training but prior to their release), and application audits (of applications based on LLMs) complement and inform each other. We show how audits, when conducted in a structured and coordinated manner on all three levels, can be a feasible and effective mechanism for identifying and managing some of the ethical and social risks posed by LLMs. However, it is important to remain realistic about what auditing can reasonably be expected to achieve. Therefore, we discuss the limitations not only of our three-layered approach but also of the prospect of auditing LLMs at all. Ultimately, this article seeks to expand the methodological toolkit available to technology providers and policymakers who wish to analyse and evaluate LLMs from technical, ethical, and legal perspectives.

Yuwei Wang, Enmeng Lu, Zizhe Ruan et al.

This paper presents Social data and knowledge collective intelligence platform for TRaining Ethical AI Models (STREAM) to address the challenge of aligning AI models with human moral values, and to provide ethics datasets and knowledge bases to help promote AI models "follow good advice as naturally as a stream follows its course". By creating a comprehensive and representative platform that accurately mirrors the moral judgments of diverse groups including humans and AIs, we hope to effectively portray cultural and group variations, and capture the dynamic evolution of moral judgments over time, which in turn will facilitate the Establishment, Evaluation, Embedding, Embodiment, Ensemble, and Evolvement (6Es) of the moral capabilities of AI models. Currently, STREAM has already furnished a comprehensive collection of ethical scenarios, and amassed substantial moral judgment data annotated by volunteers and various popular Large Language Models (LLMs), collectively portraying the moral preferences and performances of both humans and AIs across a range of moral contexts. This paper will outline the current structure and construction of STREAM, explore its potential applications, and discuss its future prospects.

Shitong Duan, Xiaoyuan Yi, Peng Zhang et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made unprecedented breakthroughs, yet their increasing integration into everyday life might raise societal risks due to generated unethical content. Despite extensive study on specific issues like bias, the intrinsic values of LLMs remain largely unexplored from a moral philosophy perspective. This work delves into ethical values utilizing Moral Foundation Theory. Moving beyond conventional discriminative evaluations with poor reliability, we propose DeNEVIL, a novel prompt generation algorithm tailored to dynamically exploit LLMs' value vulnerabilities and elicit the violation of ethics in a generative manner, revealing their underlying value inclinations. On such a basis, we construct MoralPrompt, a high-quality dataset comprising 2,397 prompts covering 500+ value principles, and then benchmark the intrinsic values across a spectrum of LLMs. We discovered that most models are essentially misaligned, necessitating further ethical value alignment. In response, we develop VILMO, an in-context alignment method that substantially enhances the value compliance of LLM outputs by learning to generate appropriate value instructions, outperforming existing competitors. Our methods are suitable for black-box and open-source models, offering a promising initial step in studying the ethical values of LLMs.

Feichtinger, Christian

Das Thema Religion(en) gehört zum Kernbestand des Ethikunterrichts in Österreich;die erste Bezugsdisziplin ist hier die Religionswissenschaft. Die Darstellungvon Religionsgeschichte führt dabei zu einem Dilemma: Einerseits verfügenReligionen über tradierte Geschichtserzählungen, andererseits weichen religionshistorischeBefunde bisweilen weit von diesen Überlieferungen ab. Ein säkularorientierter Ethikunterricht steht damit vor dem didaktischen Problem, aufwelche Quellen Bezug zu nehmen ist. Die vorliegende Analyse der neuen österreichischenEthik-Schulbücher zeigt, dass für diesen Sachverhalt bislang nur einunzureichendes Problembewusstsein existiert.

Busro Muhammad Al Mursyidi, Didit Darmawan

Education is an effort to convey knowledge through guidance, direction, and training throughout individual life from inside and outside educational institutions, with the aim of preparing students to contribute to future life, which also includes the development of knowledge, moral values, and ethics so that higher education levels not only reflect intellectual intelligence, but also the ability to form good morals through the right learning process. This study aims to analyse the effect of Islamic Religious Education learning achievement and the use of social media on the moral formation of MTs Miftahiyah Yasi Bangkalan students. The research used is quantitative, with data collection through questionnaires and observations of 75 students. The results of the regression analysis show that Islamic Religious Education learning achievement and the use of social media significantly affect the morals of students. This finding contributes to the understanding of the relationship between Islamic religious education and social media to shape the moral formation of students in the digital era.

Catherine Buell, Victor I. Piercey, Rochelle E. Tractenberg

We report the results of our NSF-funded project in which we alpha- and beta- tested a survey comprising all aspects of the ethical practice standards from two disciplines with relevance to mathematics, the American Statistical Association (ASA) and Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Items were modified so that text such as "A computing professional should..." became, "The ethical mathematics practitioner...". We also removed elements that were duplicates or were deemed unlikely to be considered relevant to mathematical practice even after modification. Starting with more than 100 items, plus 10 demographic questions, the final survey included 52 items (plus demographics), and 142 individuals responded to our invitations (through listservs and other widespread emails and announcements) to participate in this 30-minute survey. This white paper reports the project methods and findings regarding the community perspective on the 52 items, specifically, which rise to the level of ethical obligations, which do not meet this level, and what is missing from this list of elements of ethical mathematical practice. The results suggest that the community of mathematicians perceives a much wider range of behaviors to be subject to ethical practice standards than is currently represented.

Colin M. Gray, Shruthi Sai Chivukula, Thomas Carlock et al.

Numerous methods and tools have been proposed to motivate or support ethical awareness in design practice. However, many existing resources are not easily discoverable by practitioners. One reason being that they are framed using language that is not immediately accessible or resonant with the felt complexity of everyday practice. In this paper, we propose a set of empirically-supported "intentions" to frame practitioners' selection of relevant ethics-focused methods based on interviews with practitioners from a range of technology and design professions, and then leverage these intentions in the design and iterative evaluation of a website that allows practitioners to identify supports for ethics-focused action in their work context. Building on these findings, we propose a set of heuristics to evaluate the practice resonance of resources to support ethics-focused practice, laying the groundwork for increased ecological resonance of ethics-focused methods and method selection tools.