Hasil untuk "Psychology"

Laila Khawaja, Sarah Muir, Sarah Jenner et al.

Abstract Objective Conducting health research with adolescents involves navigating complex challenges at both organisational and individual levels. As part of evaluating the EACH-B (Engaging Adolescents with Changing Behaviour) intervention—a school-based randomised controlled trial aimed at improving diet and physical activity in adolescents, we explored researchers’ insider experiences of programme implementation. The study investigates real-world implementation challenges and protocol adaptations in the EACH-B trial to provide practical guidance for public health interventions in schools. Applying the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 10 members of the research team. Results Researchers identified significant barriers within the ‘Inner’ settings (internal research processes) and ‘Outer’ settings (external school environment and policy landscape). Research delivery was hindered by post-pandemic school priorities—specifically academic recovery and mental health support which limited the feasibility of maintaining adolescent engagement and school access. Researcher-led adaptations emerged as a critical, yet often hidden, component of maintaining trial fidelity. The study concludes that reflexive ‘insider’ perspectives and flexible designs are essential to align research with shifting school priorities. These adaptive strategies provide a blueprint for more resilient and feasible public health interventions.

Wei Zhai, Hongzhi Qi, Qing Zhao et al.

In the current environment, psychological issues are prevalent and widespread, with social media serving as a key outlet for individuals to share their feelings. This results in the generation of vast quantities of data daily, where negative emotions have the potential to precipitate crisis situations. There is a recognized need for models capable of efficient analysis. While pre-trained language models have demonstrated their effectiveness broadly, there's a noticeable gap in pre-trained models tailored for specialized domains like psychology. To address this, we have collected a huge dataset from Chinese social media platforms and enriched it with publicly available datasets to create a comprehensive database encompassing 3.36 million text entries. To enhance the model's applicability to psychological text analysis, we integrated psychological lexicons into the pre-training masking mechanism. Building on an existing Chinese language model, we performed adaptive training to develop a model specialized for the psychological domain. We evaluated our model's performance across six public datasets, where it demonstrated improvements compared to eight other models. Additionally, in the qualitative comparison experiment, our model provided psychologically relevant predictions given the masked sentences. Due to concerns regarding data privacy, the dataset will not be made publicly available. However, we have made the pre-trained models and codes publicly accessible to the community via: https://github.com/zwzzzQAQ/Chinese-MentalBERT.

Hongli Zhan, Allen Zheng, Yoon Kyung Lee et al.

Large language models (LLMs) have offered new opportunities for emotional support, and recent work has shown that they can produce empathic responses to people in distress. However, long-term mental well-being requires emotional self-regulation, where a one-time empathic response falls short. This work takes a first step by engaging with cognitive reappraisals, a strategy from psychology practitioners that uses language to targetedly change negative appraisals that an individual makes of the situation; such appraisals is known to sit at the root of human emotional experience. We hypothesize that psychologically grounded principles could enable such advanced psychology capabilities in LLMs, and design RESORT which consists of a series of reappraisal constitutions across multiple dimensions that can be used as LLM instructions. We conduct a first-of-its-kind expert evaluation (by clinical psychologists with M.S. or Ph.D. degrees) of an LLM's zero-shot ability to generate cognitive reappraisal responses to medium-length social media messages asking for support. This fine-grained evaluation showed that even LLMs at the 7B scale guided by RESORT are capable of generating empathic responses that can help users reappraise their situations.

E. Towner, K. Thomas, L. Tomova et al.

In animal models, social isolation impacts threat responding and threat learning, especially during development. This study examined the effects of acute social isolation on threat learning in human adolescents using an experimental, within-participant design. Participants aged 16–19 years underwent a session of complete isolation and a separate session of isolation with virtual social interactions, counterbalanced between participants, as well as a baseline session. At baseline and following each isolation session, participants reported their psychological state and completed a threat learning task in which self-report ratings and physiological responses to learned threat and safety cues were measured. Threat learning increased after both isolation sessions in two ways. First, participants found the learned threat cue more anxiety-inducing and unpleasant after isolation compared with baseline. Second, during threat extinction, electrodermal activity was partially elevated after isolation compared with baseline. Further, the results suggested that isolation influenced threat learning through state loneliness. Threat learning is central to threat-related disorders including anxiety, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and our findings suggest that isolation and loneliness in adolescence might increase vulnerability to the emergence of these disorders through increased threat learning.

Tomoko Nishimura, Tomoko Nishimura, Tomoko Nishimura et al.

ObjectiveThe implementation of school-based mental health screening offers promise for early detection of mental health issues in children; however, various barriers hinder its widespread adoption. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of digital data obtained from an established daily health observation scheme in Japanese schools to identify later mental health issues in children.MethodsData for the analysis were obtained from 2,433 students enrolled in five public schools. The data acquisition period spanned 76 school days, from September 1, 2022, to December 23, 2022, and student absences were recorded during this period. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed in January 2023. The students’ daily physical and emotional health status was recorded as “daily health issue” scores and group-based trajectory modeling was employed to classify the long-term trends in these scores. Additionally, rolling z-scores were utilized to capture variability in daily health issue scores, with z-scores above +1 considered unusual responses.ResultsAfter 4 months of daily health observations, students’ response trends were classified into five trajectory groups. The group experiencing the highest number of daily health issues (Group 5; 5.4% of the sample) exhibited more subsequent depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to the group with fewer issues (Group 1; 47.5%) (incident rate ratio [IRR] = 5.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.82, 6.99). Group 5 also demonstrated significantly more days of absence than Group 1 (IRR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.19, 3.85). The average daily health issue scores for the entire period were associated with both depressive/anxiety symptoms and the number of days absent from school (IRR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.45, 1.73; IRR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.35, respectively). Furthermore, a higher number of unusual responses during the entire period was also associated with more depressive/anxiety symptoms (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.12).ConclusionThe current study is the first to demonstrate the predictive capability of a traditional daily health observation scheme to identify mental health issues in children. This study highlights the scheme’s potential to screen and safeguard children’s mental health, emphasizing the importance of digitalization and collaboration with various stakeholders.

Elena Tsankova, Eric J. Vanman, Evita March

Radek Trnka, Melisa Schneiderova, Iveta Vojtechova et al.

SuperAging deserves special attention from researchers in the field of the psychology of aging, because it denotes the preservation of multiple cognitive abilities in very old age. Currently, very little is known about lifestyle factors that could be related to SuperAging. The main goal of the present narrative review was to bring together available evidence involving social factors related to SuperAging and to target avenues for future research. The review summarizes the findings of studies published between 2005 and 2022. Low social participation in midlife age and high social participation in older age were found to be related to SuperAging. In contrast, social network size and diversity did not differ between SuperAgers and cognitively normal older adults. The synthesis of the results indicates that having positive, close, high-quality relationships and a high frequency of social contact may be considered to be hypothetical predictors of superior cognitive performance in later life.

Tomer Ullman

Intuitive psychology is a pillar of common-sense reasoning. The replication of this reasoning in machine intelligence is an important stepping-stone on the way to human-like artificial intelligence. Several recent tasks and benchmarks for examining this reasoning in Large-Large Models have focused in particular on belief attribution in Theory-of-Mind tasks. These tasks have shown both successes and failures. We consider in particular a recent purported success case, and show that small variations that maintain the principles of ToM turn the results on their head. We argue that in general, the zero-hypothesis for model evaluation in intuitive psychology should be skeptical, and that outlying failure cases should outweigh average success rates. We also consider what possible future successes on Theory-of-Mind tasks by more powerful LLMs would mean for ToM tasks with people.

Supriyanto Supriyanto

This study aims to reveal the interaction of local Javanese culture with an Islamic philosophical approach originating from the Cowongan tradition performed by shamans accompanied by dances with holy ladies and reciting mantras. This tradition is a prayer asking the gods to send down rain. This article emphasised that the Cowongan tradition places mystical power as the dominant element in life, which is embodied in symbols. The study of mysticism is closer to the study of Sufism which presents it as Islamic mysticism with the color of syncretism of religious teachings with local cultural practices embodied by mystical-occult practices as the Penginyongan culture. Contribution: This research contributed to the fact that traditions that are good and acceptable to society can become the law as part of the Urf, which need to be maintained as long as they do not conflict with Sharia.

Chris Keyworth, Adnan Alzahrani, Adnan Alzahrani et al.

BackgroundInternational efforts have been made to develop appropriate interventions to support the mental health needs of healthcare professionals in response to COVID-19. However, fewer staff have accessed these than expected, despite experiencing elevated levels of mental distress since the onset of the pandemic. Consequently, we aimed to examine the barriers and enablers for healthcare professionals in accessing interventions offered by a Staff Mental Health and Wellbeing Hub.MethodsTwenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare, social care and voluntary, community and social enterprise (VCSE) sector staff. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsFour key themes were identified: (1) Environment and Atmosphere in the Workplace; (2) The Impacts of COVID-19; (3) Confidentiality; and (4) Awareness and Communication of Resources. Organisational environments were perceived as an important enabler of accessing the hub services for mental health and wellbeing support. This included the importance of recognising and responding to the ongoing pressures of COVID-19- specific challenges. Ensuring and communicating aspects of confidentiality, and ensuring clear and consistent communication of the benefits of the Hub may encourage help-seeking for mental health challenges among healthcare professionals.DiscussionOur findings highlight important considerations to increase uptake and engagement with services to support the mental health and wellbeing of healthcare professionals and associated staff and volunteers. Organisations aiming to increase employee uptake of these services should regularly circulate consistent and clear emails about what these services offer, provide training and information for managers so they can support staff to access these services and ensure access is confidential.

Anuj Saraswat, Mehar Bhatia, Yaman Kumar Singla et al.

Recent studies in speech perception have been closely linked to fields of cognitive psychology, phonology, and phonetics in linguistics. During perceptual attunement, a critical and sensitive developmental trajectory has been examined in bilingual and monolingual infants where they can best discriminate common phonemes. In this paper, we compare and identify these cognitive aspects on deep neural-based visual lip-reading models. We conduct experiments on the two most extensive public visual speech recognition datasets for English and Mandarin. Through our experimental results, we observe a strong correlation between these theories in cognitive psychology and our unique modeling. We inspect how these computational models develop similar phases in speech perception and acquisitions.

Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov, Hans Colonius

This is a chapter for the third volume of the New Handbook of Mathematical Psychology. It presented mathematical foundations of Fechnerian Scaling, a method of metrizing stimulus spaces based on subjective measures of dissimilarity.

Inga Simm, Ursula Winklhofer, Thorsten Naab et al.

With the COVID-19 pandemic, children and adolescents confronted a completely new learning situation. Instead of learning in class, they had to cope with home learning to achieve academically. This mixed-method study examines how children and adolescents in Germany perceive their coping success with home learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and how personal, school, family, and peer context factors relate to this self-perceived coping success. Quantitative data from an online survey of n=141 children (mage=10,8y) and n=266 adolescents (mage=15,2y; study 1) were used to analyze the questions with multiple regression analysis. With the qualitative data from 10 interviews with parents and their children (study 2), we examined the process of how school, family, and peer groups interact with students’ way of coping with home learning. Quantitative data show that most children and adolescents perceived their coping with home learning as successful and that school joy before COVID-19, parental support, and available equipment during home learning are still relevant for children, and family climate, calm place to learn, and equipment during home learning are important for adolescents learning at home. Qualitative data show that students apply individual ways of coping with home learning, where family and peers have a vital role, especially when contact with teachers is limited. Quantitative data confirm the importance of family context for students’ self-perceived coping success.

Pynar Ali Dai, Arzu Araz

Children do not know how to solve problems with their friends in a constructive manner. They may resort to violence or act passively to avoid conflict. Therefore, violence in communication between children is quite common. Conflict resolution programs are widely used in schools around the world to prevent violence. This study examines the effectiveness of the “We Can Resolve Our Conflicts” conflict resolution training program in a sample of Western Thrace Minority elementary school students. It aims to enhance student conflict resolution skills by teaching constructive ways, to increase emotional regulation, social behavior skills, and reduce conduct problems. We used a pre-test post-test control group design. Our training group consisted of 103 students and our control group consisted of 74 students. Conflict resolution skills were assessed by conflict scenarios. Emotion regulation skills were measured using Emotion Regulation Checklist. Pro-social behavior skills and conduct problems assessed using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We Can Resolve Our Conflicts” program is a school-based prevention program consisting of 21 sessions with materials like caricatures, posters, and cartoons. We trained students to recognize emotions, empathy, control anger, and resolve conflicts constructively. Different techniques were employed, such as classroom discussions, role-playing, and penciland-paper activities to ensure active student participation. Control group students did not receive this training. We tested the “We Can Resolve Our Conflicts” program in a different location with similar cultural characteristics, and its effectiveness was approved. Findings showed that the training program raised students’ constructive conflict resolution skills, emotion regulation skills, and pro-social behavior skills. It reduced the level of conduct problems. The control group exhibited no changes in their conflict resolution and pro-social behavior skill scores from the pre to post-test. However, their emotion regulation and conduct problems scores changed negatively. In general, the findings of this study revealed that conflict resolution education is effective in resolving conflicts in elementary school students.

Riko Kelter, Julio Michael Stern

Hypothesis testing is a central statistical method in psychological research and the cognitive sciences. While the problems of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) have been debated widely, few attractive alternatives exist. In this paper, we provide a tutorial on the Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST) and the e-value, which is a fully Bayesian alternative to traditional significance tests which rely on p-values. The FBST is an advanced methodological procedure which can be applied to several areas. In this tutorial, we showcase with two examples of widely used statistical methods in psychological research how the FBST can be used in practice, provide researchers with explicit guidelines on how to conduct it and make available R-code to reproduce all results. The FBST is an innovative method which has clearly demonstrated to perform better than frequentist significance testing. However, to our best knowledge, it has not been used so far in the psychological sciences and should be of wide interest to a broad range of researchers in psychology and the cognitive sciences.

Elaine Fehrman, Vincent Egan, Alexander N. Gorban et al.

This is a preprint version of the first book from the series: "Stories told by data". In this book a story is told about the psychological traits associated with drug consumption. The book includes: - A review of published works on the psychological profiles of drug users. - Analysis of a new original database with information on 1885 respondents and usage of 18 drugs. (Database is available online.) - An introductory description of the data mining and machine learning methods used for the analysis of this dataset. - The demonstration that the personality traits (five factor model, impulsivity, and sensation seeking), together with simple demographic data, give the possibility of predicting the risk of consumption of individual drugs with sensitivity and specificity above 70% for most drugs. - The analysis of correlations of use of different substances and the description of the groups of drugs with correlated use (correlation pleiades). - Proof of significant differences of personality profiles for users of different drugs. This is explicitly proved for benzodiazepines, ecstasy, and heroin. - Tables of personality profiles for users and non-users of 18 substances. The book is aimed at advanced undergraduates or first-year PhD students, as well as researchers and practitioners. No previous knowledge of machine learning, advanced data mining concepts or modern psychology of personality is assumed. For more detailed introduction into statistical methods we recommend several undergraduate textbooks. Familiarity with basic statistics and some experience in the use of probabilities would be helpful as well as some basic technical understanding of psychology.

Aneta Sylwia Baranowska

Abstract The aim of this study is to explore the professional and non-professional assistance and support provided to foreigners before and after emigrating to Poland. Material and methods The qualitative analysis was conducted on a group of 21 immigrants who had resided in Poland for at least 5 years. 8 women and 13 men took part in the study, representing a total of 14 nationalities. The research method chosen for the study was the biographical method, while the technique employed was the biographical narrative interview. Results The interviewed immigrants assigned the most value to informal support received from persons with migration experiences. Conclusions Over time, the role of the social capital decreases and the role of the human capital increases for a migrant who resides in a foreign country, which means that when faced with difficulties, the migrants try to cope on their own, without the help of others, drawing on previous experience.

Xiaoming Wang, Xiaoming Wang, Shaojuan Cui et al.

BackgroundDysfunctional beliefs about the self are common in the development of depressive symptoms, but it remains unclear how depressed patients respond to unfair treatment, both dispositionally and neurally. The present research is an attempt to explore the differences in sensitivity to injustice as a victim and its neural correlates in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) versus healthy controls.MethodsFirst episodic, drug-naïve patients with MDD (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30) were recruited to compare their differences in victim sensitivity. A second group of patients with MDD (n = 23) and their controls (n = 28) were recruited to replicate the findings and completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. Spontaneous brain activity measured by fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) was used to characterize the neural correlates of victim sensitivity both in patients and in healthy controls.ResultsHigher victim sensitivity was consistently found in patients with MDD than healthy controls in both datasets. Multiple regression analysis on the fALFF showed a significant interaction effect between diagnosis and victim sensitivity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).ConclusionsThe patients with MDD show higher sensitivity to injustice as a victim, which may be independent of their disease course. The MDD patients differ from healthy controls in the neural correlates of victim sensitivity. These findings shed light on the linkage between cognitive control subserved by the DLPFC and negative bias towards the self implicated by higher victim sensitivity among the depressed patients.

Lucas Gren, Richard Torkar, Robert Feldt

The focus on psychology has increased within software engineering due to the project management innovation "agile development processes". The agile methods do not explicitly consider group development aspects; they simply assume what is described in group psychology as mature groups. This study was conducted with 45 employees and their twelve managers (N=57) from two SAP customers in the US that were working with agile methods, and the data were collected via an online survey. The selected Agility measurement was correlated to a Group Development measurement and showed significant convergent validity, i.e., a more mature team is also a more agile team. This means that the agile methods probably would benefit from taking group development into account when its practices are being introduced.

David Garfinkle

The problem of the electric field of a uniformly accelerating charge is a longstanding one that has led to several issues. We resolve these issues using techniques from linguistics, cognitive psychology, and the mathematics of partial differential equations.