Hasil untuk "Political theory"

T. A. Dmitriev

The article is devoted to the problem of studying the activities of revolutionary and ideological virtuosi of the XX century by means of the historical sociology of modernity. It attempts both to identify the main trends in the participation of intellectually active strata of modern societies in the radical transformation of social reality, and to clarify the reasons that pushed them to do so. It is noted that the ideological background of such forms of socio-political radicalism were the symbolic means of challenging the old forms of social reality and constructing new forms through secular ideologies of various types (socialism, communism, anarcho-syndicalism, fascism, national socialism, etc.). The role of conductors of the ideological message of these secular religions of salvation to the masses was usually performed by radical-minded intellectuals and students, for whom the worship of new idols and symbols of faith became the true meaning of life and struggle. In the XX century, it was the intellectuals who acted as the main creators and operators of collective salvation religions, and the social communities created on their basis. Moreover, they not only tried to save themselves with their help, but at the same time laid claim to the legitimate monopoly of determining who would be saved, and who would not. Thus, radical intellectuals acted as both the creators of the new norm and as agents of the policy of rationalization. The article pays special attention to the characteristics of the creators and social carriers of radical ideological views — and the worldviews based on them — as well as the refraction of these utopian visions in the socio-political practice of the last century. In conclusion, it is suggested that Max Weber’s historical sociology and Emile Durkheim’s symbolic theory of the “sacred”, supplemented by modern developments in the field of political sociology and socio-historical anthropology, can serve as a relevant system of theoretical coordinates for the study of ideological and revolutionary virtuosi of the XX century.

Fabio Masini

Global public goods and the contrast to global public bads require a dramatic change in the international monetary system, enforcement capacity, democratic legitimation, the return to regionalism and multilateralism. Pending the emergence of a more equitable global reserve and payments system, an increased use of the Special Drawing Rights, channeled through Multilateral Development Banks, may help managing the transition towards the provision of such global public goods. This would also provide a guidance for the reduction of Central Banks’ balance sheets, the financialization of the economy and an increase of real investment, thus anchoring the whole international economy to a less vulnerable and volatile monetary structure.

Kübra Nur Bilen, Metin Işık

Bu çalışmanın amacı iş yerindeki panoptikon uygulamalarının çalışanların sanal kaytarma davranışı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda nicel bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın ana kütlesini Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi’nde görev yapan akademik ve idari personel oluşturmaktadır. Rassal örnekleme ile araştırmaya katılan 303 akademik ve idari personel örneklemi oluşturmaktadır. Anket yöntemi ile elde edilen veriler SPSS 25 ve Amos 23 programları ile ilk olarak güvenirlik ve geçerlilik yönünden analiz edilmiştir. Daha sonra açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri ile değişkenlerin bileşen yapıları tespit edilmiştir. Literatür taraması sonucunda oluşturulan hipotezleri test etmek amacıyla regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; izlenme bilgisi ve negatif panoptikonun önemli sanal kaytarma davranışı üzerinde anlamlı etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca negatif panoptikonun önemsiz sanal kaytarma davranışı üzerinde de anlamlı etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma bulgularına göre; çalışanların panoptikona ilişkin bilgilere sahip olmasına ve gözetimden rahatsızlık duymasına rağmen sanal kaytarma davranışlarına devam ettiği söylenebilir.

A.V. Lapaeva

Background. In the modern conditions of building a legal and social state, the problems of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen are of particular relevance. There is no doubt that the creation of a stable social security system, as well as mechanisms for its implementation, will contribute to the achievement of the pur-poses proclaimed in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the concept of social and economic transformations of N. von Bunge is of particular importance. The purpose of the study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of social and economic views. Bunge is one of the outstanding reformers in the field of economics, finance and social policy, a scientist-economist, an experienced practitioner-financier, publicist, profes-sor, who advocated the implementation of his social and economic ideal in the political and legal life of the country. Materials and methods. The research methodology involves the use of a wide range of methods of scientific knowledge. It is based on the dialectical ap-proach, general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, system-structural approach), as well as private legal methods, among which special attention is paid to the historical-legal and formal-legal approaches. Bunge was a specialist in the field of police (administrative) and tax law, the author of many scientific works, among which special attention is paid to the following: “Police Law”, “Theory of Credit”, “Foundations of political Economy”, etc. Results. The author reveals the state-historical concept of N. von Bunge, his views on topi-cal issues of the form of government, peasant, worker, and social issues. The social and economic transformations of the scientist, the key aspects of the factory legislation are ana-lyzed. Conclusions. N. von Bunge was a progressive innovator of social and economic transformations in Russia, who implemented the ideas of resolving peasant, worker and social issues in law-making activities. With his direct participation, the first Russian factory laws were adopted. N. von Bunge was a supporter of maintaining the balance of labor rela-tions between the employee and the employer, control of labor relations by the state through the appropriate state body (labor inspections); compensation for workers for inju-ries through the development of insurance. The statesman considered charity an effective measure to combat poverty, thanks to the functioning of personal unions, the church, and communities with the direct participation of the state.

Hanna Samir Kassab

In 1995, Michael J. Sullivan questions whether China’s human rights violations would cease given increased trade with the democratic world. Today, the United States and the European Union import more from China than any other major power or state. The European Union, a defender of international human rights as enshrined in its constitution, is working on a major investment deal with China. However, China’s human rights record did not improve; rather, China continues to violate the rights of Uyghurs, Buddhists, and other ethnic and religious minorities like Falun Gong practitioners and Christians. It now has the potential to directly challenge the liberal order of the United States. The Russian invasion of Ukraine will only increase China’s power and influence. Russian isolation resulted from Western-backed sanctions generates an economic dependency on China. Thus, China’s military power and political influence will continue to increase, furnishing its position as a counter-hegemonic power to the United States. This article’s first task is to deconstruct liberal and neoliberal institutionalism theoretical frameworks that dominated American foreign policy architecture since the early 1980s. Its focus on absolute gains enabled China’s rise regardless of its totalitarian stance, specifically its human rights violations. China’s influence is now global as it exports its development model to developing states. Democratic states are thus responsible for the rise of China.

Ihwan Sormin & Fatahuddin Aziz Siregar & Muhammad Arsad Nasution

This study aims to determine what the people's political preferences are in the election of the Head of Huta Baru Village, Huta Baru District, South Tapanulli Regency. The formulation of the problem raised in this study is whether the community's political preferences in the election of the Head of Huta Baru Village, Kuantan Tengah District, Kuantan Singingi Regency.The data collection technique used is in the form of a questionnaire, namely a list of questions where the respondent just chooses the answers that the researcher has provided. The samples taken in this study were 100 people from the Huta Baru Village community. To test the correctness of the research, researchers used descriptive-qualitative data analysis techniques. Descriptive-Qualitative, namely analyzing the data obtained based on reality and then linked with a theory that supports the discussion, so that it can explain the causes and effects that affect political participation in the village. This descriptive analysis begins with data collection, data presentation, data analysis and finally drawing conclusions. The indicators in this study are the presence of stimuli, someone's characteristics, social care and high social status.The results of the study proved that the stimulant indicator was more dominant as a political preference in the election of the Head of Huta Baru Village, Batang Toru District, South Tapanuli Regency.

Efe Can Gürcan

<p class="first" id="d354504e72">This article sheds light on the changing character of the Transcaucasian geopolitical economy based on the question of how the multipolarization of world politics has shaped the course of regional conflicts and the balance of forces in the region. In this framework, the article proposes transcending static labels such as Georgia / Azerbaijan as a “Western post,” Iran and Azerbaijan as “arch enemies,” and Armenia as a “traditional Russian ally” by reference to recent developments such as the peaceful rise of China in the region, Putin's Eurasianist geostrategic leanings, and the reorientation of Turkey's foreign policy since 2016. Georgian and Armenian color revolution dynamics are likely to be suppressed thanks to the recent foreign policy shift of Turkey as a strategic ally of Georgia, Georgia's inclusion in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and the Russo-Turkish rapprochement. Amidst deteriorating relations with the US and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the 2010s, moreover, Azerbaijan's foreign policy gives increasingly greater weight to relations with Russia, which can be further deepened under the influence of Turkey's foreign policy. A similar situation goes for Azerbaijan's involvement in the Non-Aligned Movement and BRI, as well as Iranian acknowledgment of Azerbaijan's territorial integrity despite unresolved tensions in bilateral relations. </p>

Dario Germani

Not a day goes by without a reference to populism both within the scientific community and within the political area, in addiction to the information field–to define the attitude or characteristics of parties, movements and political context as a whole, but the question of what it is and in what it actually consists is open, or better, very open. It seems to be most frequently characterized by the elements of anti- establishment sentiment, authoritarianism and nationalism. The populist philosophy tends to exalt the virtues of "ordinary people" in opposition to the elites (which include not only politicians, but also representatives of economic and financial powers and intellectuals) seen as corrupt and dishonest. The aim of this work is to overcome the ideological debate that a great part of literature seems to dedicate to the phenomenon, reconstructing its genesis through a bibliometric analysis to the point of conceptualizing it through the Theory of Action.

Frédéric Volpi

How exceptional is the 2019 social unrest in Algeria? If it is exceptional what are its characteristics? Alternatively, is this wave of discontent merely a variation of the movements of the 2011 Arab Uprisings? Social movement theory proposes different frameworks to make sense of these mobilizations and their political outcomes. Although these analytical perspectives were only recently systematically applied to the Middle East and North Africa, their methodological and analytical tools bring some useful insights on events like the current wave of mobilization in Algeria. They help structuring and explaining to varying degrees what constitutes the specificities of the 2019 Algerian movement and what represents generic processes of protest movements. In this light, this contribution seeks to reposition this particular movement within the larger field of social movements in order to highlight its likely trajectory as well as its novel character in relation to the reconfiguration of authoritarian governance in the country.

Karina Meneghetti Brendler, Aida Victória Steinmetz Wainer

O conceito de políticas públicas não é unânime entre a doutrina. O ponto de toque entre as distintas compreensões dos expoentes está no fato de que essas são ferramentas empregadas objetivando a concretização dos direitos fundamentais assegurados aos indivíduos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a atuação do Projeto “Quem é meu pai?”, desenvolvido na comarca de Capão da Canoa/RS como uma política pública concretizadora do direito fundamental à filiação. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa legislativa e bibliográfica delineando conceitos de políticas públicas e da filiação como garantia constitucional. Outrossim, buscou-se verificar a atuação do projeto no município, apresentando dados de sua atuação e demonstrando sua eficácia enquanto política pública em defesa do direito fundamental à filiação.

Vdovin Mikhail

Recent decades have witnessed an increase in the number of works dedicated to the analysis of effects of historical events on the choice of institutions and further economic and social development of regions. This article employs the new institutional economic theory approach to consider the choices regarding title to land and serfdom in Moscovy and the Polish — Lithuanian Commonwealth (earlier the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) in the 16th—17th centuries. The author emphasizes the factors, which affected the choice of institutional development trajectory, and considers the influence exerted by these institutes on the political and military development of these states. This article shows how the contingent property rights in Moscovy turned out to be competitive in the conditions of a considerable contribution of decentralization factors to defence capacity and, opposite to the situation in the Polish — Lithuanian Commonwealth, ensured the formation of large and efficient troops. This work contributes to the research on the property rights and Russian economic history.

Alexey Alexandrovich Semenov

Rapid economic growth of the PRC has brought new challenges and promoted social transformation in Chinese society. China suffers profound changes involving fundamental principles of public relations. The political regime in China is in a changeable condition, and continues to transform. Some decisions of the Chinese government affect not only the economy and public administration, but also in some ways human rights and political changes. Chinese political regime takes on the pending social problems and begins to gently lift old political bans. There is development of processes which at least by the formal features can be attributed to be democratic or quasi-democratic. However, despite a number of political changes and improving of human rights situation in last decades, China is still an illiberal state. Moreover, the level of repression in China has increased in the last few years. All of these actions raise questions about the political future of China. The scale of the socio-economic changes that have occurred in the PRC is so significant, that the maintaining of the existing governance structure is not possible. Rapid economic growth reduced public discontent at the disregard to fundamental human rights. Yet the “economic miracle” is coming to an end, and the country desperately needs economic and political reforms. Lack of reforms or its incorrect implementation can put the existing system out of balance, which will lead to adverse effects not only in China but also in the world. Depending on the reforms we can assume several scenarios for further development of the PRC.

Omer Moussaly

The mechanicist association of capitalism to western imperialism has paved the way for current “globalisation” and “empire” discourses while minimising the importance of the nation-state. Conversely only a small number of neo-Marxists think otherwise, and our paper, by returning to classical Marxist theorists of imperialism, tends to valorise their minority position.

V.C. LUTZ

The article analyses some of the less widely discussed features of Italy’s rapid economic expansion of recent years. In particular, the author examines the factors which have helped to determine the high rate of income growth, the pattern of investment, and their effects on employment and productivity. The development process between 1950-1955 seems to have been of a dual character. In one area of the economy - the industrial sectors predominately organised in the form of medium and large-scale units of production, construction, transport, and limited zones within the small-scale, labour intensive and other family-type businesses of manufacturing industry and within commerce - real wage rates, and in some instances also profits, rose substantially. However, additional employment went not so much into this area of the economy as it did into the province of artisan, and other tiny firms, and which was not only poorer to start with, but probably also enjoyed smaller gains in average earnings over the period than did the more prosperous area. The account depicted of the economic development process is thus an uneven one, the increase in income being very largely concentrated among the numbers who were already employed and especially among those who were wage- or profit-earners in the activities that are mostly in the hand of medium- or large-scale firms. The author goes on to examine what would be necessary for the increase in prosperity to be more evenly spread in the future.   JEL: O11, O14

José Enrique Ruiz-Domènec

This article is an analysis of the experience of a European medievalist over a period of forty years of teaching, research, and cultural management in biographical code, but also an outline of a future treatise on the theory and methodology of history needed in the 21st century. It is also a reflection on the political and cultural ideas that have transformed the meaning of history in France, Italy and Germany. The author has tried to introduce these same ideas into Spain, his native country, where he has done most of his teaching, despite the mistrust of an academic society educated in a pragmatic version of Marxism or in a positivistic form of conservatism.

G.L.S. SHACKLE

The paper is a contribution to a series of recollections and reflections on the professional experiences of distinguished economists which the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review started in 1979. In it G.L.S. Shackle traces the evolution of his thoughts over the half-century since his first publication, recounting a brief story of ideas rather than personal events.   JEL: B31

Robert Slidelsky

The work compares the relative strenghts, in understanding the current crisis, of the Keynesian tradition with those of two non-Keynesian traditions: those which emphasise income inequality and those which emphasise power. In other words, Hobson and Marx. Text of a speech given at the Post-Keynesian conference ‘Reclaiming the Keynesian Revolution’ in Kansas City.