Sorghum is a strategic crop for food, feed, and bioenergy. However, information on its cultivation area and agronomic profile in Indonesia remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to identify, characterize, and evaluate sorghum cultivation in different agroecosystems and pedoagroclimatic settings in Indonesia. We surveyed published articles, newspapers, and other digital resources, collating a dataset that contained pedoagroclimatic characteristics. We then conducted a field survey to gather data on sorghum farming practices. The results show that sorghum is planted in 11 agroclimatic zones, mainly in D3, B1, and E4, and in seven soil types, mainly in Inceptisols, Mollisols, Vertisols, and Andisols. The cultivated varieties cover Bioguma 1, Bioguma 2, Bioguma 3, Numbu, Kawali, UPCA-S1, Suri 3 Agritan, Soper 9, and local varieties. Under smallholder farmers’ management, the average sorghum yield ranges from 3.6 to 7.5 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>. The 15–68% of the yield gap can be closed by implementing site-specific technologies, including high-yielding varieties and soil management. These findings provide a baseline for supporting efforts to increase sorghum production and develop robust sorghum cultivation technologies.
Study region: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a critical hub of the ''Belt and Road'' initiative, making it particularly vulnerable to drought effects driven by climate change and human activities. Study focus: This study evaluates the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) at 0–10 cm and 10–40 cm depths using monthly grid data for meteorological and soil moisture from 1981 to 2021. The Run Theory, principal component analysis, and other methodologies were employed to analyze drought evolution and its driving factors. New hydrological insights for the region: The longer the timescale, the stronger the correlation between SPEI and SMDI. ''Dryness-dryness,'' indicating prolonged low moisture, and ''dryness-wetness,'' marking transitions to wetter conditions, were recorded during 1998–2003 and 2016–2021, respectively. Spatial trend analysis revealed significant declines in SPEI during summer and winter, while SMDI showed an upward trend in the northeast and southwest regions of CPEC. As indicated by the SPEI, SMDI0–10, and SMDI10–40, extreme drought events occurred with respective counts of 10, 8, and 6. These significant drought events primarily affected Sindh, Punjab, and Gilgit-Baltistan. The study identifies strong correlations (r > 0.7) between drought indices and climate factors, with atmosphere status exerting the more significant impact on drought in CPEC. These insights are invaluable for formulating effective drought monitoring and early warning systems within the CPEC region.
Study region: The Tibetan Plateau, the Third Pole of the world. Study focus: Accurate lake–catchment topological relationships are essential for hydrological modeling in endorheic systems. Traditional depression-filling methods often misclassify real lake basins as artificial depressions, creating incorrect connectivity. Many datasets also suffer from temporal mismatches between lake extents and digital elevation models, reducing reliability. To overcome this, we developed a lake-oriented algorithm that preserves terrain integrity while correctly identifying true endorheic basins. Lake boundaries are directly extracted from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model circa 2000, ensuring full temporal consistency between lakes and topography. New hydrological insights for the region: We produced the first temporally consistent lake–catchment network for the Tibetan Plateau as of 2000, containing 3985 lakes. Of these, 3743 are endorheic and 242 are exorheic. Lakes are categorized as 3764 starting, 19 middle, and 3673 terminal nodes, with 3471 serving simultaneously as both starting and terminal lakes. Our method significantly improves topological accuracy by eliminating errors from misclassified depressions and timing mismatches. This 2000 baseline offers a robust reference for tracking post-2000 hydrological changes driven by climate change and provides a transferable framework for studying water system evolution in high-altitude regions experiencing rapid environmental change.
Landsat series data (Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), and Landsat-9 OLI2) hold significant potential for detecting temporal changes of underwater terrain in optically shallow waters resulting from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, waves, and human activities due to their extensive time series (nearly 40 years) and medium-spatial-resolution (30 m). However, different Landsat series images have different band sets and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) which may impact the consistency of the bathymetry inversion results of optimization-based bathymetry inversion models. Therefore, this study initially quantitatively evaluated the consistency of Landsat series data-derived bathymetry data over the South China Sea, which has a notable distribution of coral islands. The results of 12 images indicated that the root mean square error values of the estimated water depth are generally less than 4 m at Qilian Yu and less than 2 m at Dongsha Dao at depths shallower than 10 m. At depths greater than 10 m, OLI/OLI2 obtained higher accuracy in water depth inversion than did TM/ETM+. The inter-comparison results and temporal results of different geomorphic zones indicated that the Landsat series-derived water depth values in the reef flat and shallow lagoon, where water depth is shallower than 10 m, exhibit high consistency. However, because TM and ETM+ have lower SNRs, for deep lagoons and fore reefs where water depth is greater than 10 m and the substrate is dark, the OLI/OLI2- and TM/ETM+-derived water depth values substantially differ. Then, Landsat series data were applied to detect bathymetric changes in the Nanwei Dao. The temporal results of Nanwei Dao show that the depth of the new port has increased from approximately 2.00 to 10.00 m, whereas the new land in the northeast region has changed from a depth of approximately 7.50 m to land. To date, approximately 584252.74 ± 228884.43 m3 of sediment has been excavated in the port area of Nanwei Dao, with 1010657.21 ± 897737.97 m3 of land reclaimed from the water. Overall, the Landsat series data can be used to detect temporal changes in the underwater terrain of coral islands in the range of approximately 0 to 10 m over the South China Sea for nearly 40 years, and achieving reliable 40-year long-term monitoring of water depths exceeding 10 m remains challenging.
Yelizaveta Chernysh, Viktoriia Chubur, Iryna Ablieieva
et al.
The migration of heavy metals and radionuclides is interrelated, and this study focusses on the interaction and complex influence of various toxicants. The rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories has a complex character and is based on scientifically supported measures to restore industrial, economic, and sociopsychological relations. We aim for the achievement of pre-emergency levels of hygienic norms of radioactive contamination of output products. This, in its sum, allows for further economic activity in these territories without restrictions on the basis of natural actions of autoremediation. Biosorption technologies based on bacterial biomass remain a promising direction for the remediation of soils contaminated with radionuclides and heavy metals that help immobilise and consolidate contaminants. A comprehensive understanding of the biosorption capacity of various preparations allows for the selection of more effective techniques for the elimination of contaminants, as well as the overcoming of differences between laboratory results and industrial use. Observation and monitoring make it possible to evaluate the migration process of heavy metals and radionuclides and identify regions with a disturbed balance of harmful substances. The promising direction of the soil application of phosphogypsum, a by-product of the chemical industry, in bioremediation processes is considered.
3D object detection is important for various indoor applications to understand the environment. Previous voting-based methods voted on the center of each seed point, which may suffer from errors from background points or adjacent objects. And the size-fixed feature grouping module is unsuitable for indoor objects with variable sizes. In this paper, we propose a Size Adaptive Clustering method for 3D object detection in point clouds . First, we present a super-voting module to divide seed points into foreground and background points and perform enhanced voting on the foreground seeds. To create a good match for the feature clustering area and the size of an object, we design a size-adaptive clustering module to infer a clustering radius based on the seed-to-vote displacement offset. Finally, because indoor objects are highly related to spatial room layouts, a position-aware module is used to calculate aware weights among objects and enhance the features of occluded objects. Experiments show that our method outperforms VoteNet by a large margin on ScanNet V2 (mAP@0.250 +8.3%, mAP@0.50 +14.2%) and SUN RGB-D (mAP@0.250 +3.5%, mAP@0.50 +13.6%). The proposed method can detect indoor objects with variable sizes in high accuracy, and perform robustly in case of occluded objects. The code of 3DSAC will be available at github-3DSAC.
Sirohi Basin of Trans-Aravalli Region, Rajasthan preserves a thick clastic sequence composed of phyllite and metasandstone. Based on their petrochemical properties, metasandstone is classified as K-feldspar rich wacke (Wacke I) and plagioclase rich wacke (Wacke II). Wacke I is characterised by higher K2O, Fe2O3 and lower CaO, Na2O, and Na2O/K2O ratios than Wacke II. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and the A-CN-K systematic prescribe least chemical weathering for the sediments of Wacke II, moderate for Wacke I and moderately intense for phyllite of the Sirohi Basin. Chemical traits perceived from UCC spidergrams, discrimination function diagrams, etc. in conjunction with immobile element ratios (e.g., Al2O3/TiO2, Th/Sc, La/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, Eu/Eu*, La/SmN and Gd/YbN) establish dual-source terrains for Sirohi clastics, one with preponderance of felsic componets and other mafic plus felsic ingrediatns. The petrochemical signatures of Sirohi clastics, though suggest procurement of detritus form diffrent sources but consanguineous evolution in the Sirohi Basin, in response to extensional stresses.
Detecting gas flaring activities during oil production on a regional scale is necessary, since it emits harmful gases and bring serious global environmental impacts. This study developed a new algorithm to detect gas flare sites (GFs) on daytime Sentinel-2 MSI images and Nighttime NOAA-20 VIIRS images. The algorithm includes three steps: Thermal Anomaly Index (TAI) on single-temporal MSI images was first used to detect potential GFs, then the daily night temperature of potential GFs was calculated based on Planck's law on VIIRS images, and finally the confirmed GFs were filtered based on the detection frequency and temperature. The algorithm was implemented in five regions with different surface covers in the top four countries (Russia, Iran, Iraq, and the USA) in terms of flared gas volumes in 2021. The algorithm achieves an average producer accuracy of 81.7 %, an average user accuracy of 80.3 %, and the root mean square error of the spatial position is 15.6 m for these five test areas. Compared with the existing global datasets of GFs, this algorithm detects the most GFs and the spatial location of the GFs is more accurate, indicating that the proposed method for GF detection has high spatial resolution and the result is reliable. This algorithm could be applied to detect the GFs globally and provide the scientific data to enact efficient measures to alleviate the environmental impacts.
Reclamation of salt-affected soil has been identified by the FAO as being critical to meet the needs to increase agricultural productivity. This paper reviews commonly used reclamation methods for salt-affected soils, and provides critical identifiers for an effective reclamation practice of salt-affected soil. There are widely used methods to reduce salinity and sodicity of salt-affected soils, including salt leaching, addition of amendments, revegetation using halophytes and salt scrapping. Not all reclamation techniques are suitable for salt-affected land. The reclamation strategy must be tailored to the site, and based on understanding the soil, plant and climate interactions. On some occasions, a combination of techniques may be required for reclamation. This can include salt scrapping to remove salts from the surface soil, the addition of physical amendments to improve soil pore systems and enhance salt leaching, followed by amelioration of soil by chemical amendments to preserve soil physical conditions, and then halophyte establishment to expand the desalinization zone. This study reveals that soil hydro-geochemical models are effective predictive tools to ascertain the best reclamation practice tailored to salt-affected land. However, models need to be calibrated and validated to the conditions of the land before being applied as a tool to combat soil salinity.
Mario Tachini, Dirceu Luis Severo, Hélio dos Santos Silva
Blumenau (SC) apresenta um histórico de danos sociais e econômicos associados às inundações e deslizamentos de massa. A análise das correlações entre as precipitações acumuladas entre um e até sete dias anteriores à ocorrência dos deslizamentos, foi realizada para o período de 2010 e 2017, a partir de três critérios. Os resultados do estudo indicaram que apenas o critério de separação por faixas se mostrou consistente, apresentando uma boa representação da curva de deslizamento relacionada com as chuvas.
Human ecology. Anthropogeography, Physical geography
Daniel Magnone, Vahid J. Niasar, Alexander F. Bouwman
et al.
Abstract Phosphorus (P) is a finite resource and critical to plant growth and therefore food security. Regional‐ and continental‐scale studies propose how much P would be required to feed the world by 2050. These indicate that Sub‐Saharan Africa soils have the highest soil P deficit globally. However, the spatial heterogeneity of the P deficit caused by heterogeneous soil chemistry in the continental scale has never been addressed. We provide a combination of a broadly adopted P‐sorption model that is integrated into a highly influential, large‐scale soil phosphorus cycling model. As a result, we show significant differences between the model outputs in both the soil‐P concentrations and total P required to produce future crops for the same predicted scenarios. These results indicate the importance of soil chemistry for soil‐nutrient modeling and highlight that previous influential studies may have overestimated P required. This is particularly the case in Somalia where conventional modeling predicts twice as much P required to 2050 as our new proposed model.
Nikolay V. Koldunov, Sergey Danilov, Dmitry Sidorenko
et al.
Abstract Sea ice dynamics determine the drift and deformation of sea ice. Nonlinear physics, usually expressed in a viscous‐plastic rheology, makes the sea ice momentum equations notoriously difficult to solve. At increasing sea ice model resolution the nonlinearities become stronger as linear kinematic features (leads) appear in the solutions. Even the standard elastic‐viscous‐plastic (EVP) solver for sea ice dynamics, which was introduced for computational efficiency, becomes computationally very expensive, when accurate solutions are required, because the numerical stability requires very short, and hence more, subcycling time steps at high resolution. Simple modifications to the EVP solver have been shown to remove the influence of the number of subcycles on the numerical stability. At low resolution appropriate solutions can be obtained with only partial convergence based on a significantly reduced number of subcycles as long as the numerical procedure is kept stable. This previous result is extended to high resolution where linear kinematic features start to appear. The computational cost can be strongly reduced in Arctic Ocean simulations with a grid spacing of 4.5 km by using modified and adaptive EVP versions because fewer subcycles are required to simulate sea ice fields with the same characteristics as with the standard EVP.
Les territoires alpins situés hors des grands domaines skiables ont souvent connu un développement contrasté, entre la réalisation d’aménagements permettant la pratique du ski alpin, et la nécessité de construire un modèle alternatif, valorisant d’autres pratiques et d’autres saisons. Le Queyras a suivi ce processus cyclique, alternant entre des périodes fastes de développement portées par l’innovation, et des périodes de crises. Cette contribution retrace la construction d’une association d’hébergeurs qui promeut les activités d’itinérances depuis quinze ans. Cette association est aujourd’hui devenue un acteur important de promotion de ces activités, identifiées par les acteurs touristiques comme un levier majeur pour l’avenir de l’identité touristique queyrassine. La trajectoire d’évolution de l’association est régulièrement ponctuée par le retrait d’actants non-humains. Alors qu’ils structuraient et équilibraient jusqu’alors son réseau-support, ce dernier doit alors se (re)composer autour de nouveaux acteurs et actants. Nos conclusions font état d’une évolution improvisée tendant vers l’agilité et la liberté d’action, avec la mise à distance progressive de l’acteur institutionnel. Cette évolution s’accompagne récemment de divers processus de traduction visant à recouvrer une cohérence d’ensemble par le truchement d’un principe supérieur commun territorial associé aux cités civiques et écologiques.
S.M. Vicente-Serrano, J. Zabalza-Martínez, G. Borràs
et al.
Study region: The Segre basin (northeastern Spain).
Study focus: The Segre basin is extensively regulated, through a dense network of dams, during the second half of the 20th century. This study assessed the impact of river regulation on the evolution of hydroclimatological extreme events across the basin during the past six decades (1950–2013). We assessed whether the occurrence of floods and hydrological droughts has changed, and whether these changes have differed spatially between the headwaters and lower areas of the basin. For this purpose, we employed a set of hydroclimatological indices in order to quantify the evolution of the amount as well as the frequency of quantiles of high precipitation and flood events. Changes in these variables were assessed by means of the nonparametric Mann–Kendall Tau coefficient.
New hydrological insights: Results reveal a general reduction in the occurrence of extreme precipitation events in the Segre basin from 1950 to 2013, which corresponded to a general reduction in high flows measured at various gauged stations across the basin. While this study demonstrates spatial differences in the decrease of streamflow between the headwaters and the lower parts of the basin, mainly associated with changes in river regulation, there was no reduction in the frequency of the extraordinary floods. Changes in water management practices in the basin have significantly impacted the frequency, duration, and severity of hydrological droughts downstream of the main dams, as a consequence of the intense water regulation to meet water demands for irrigation and livestock farms. Nonetheless, the hydrological response of the headwaters to these droughts differed markedly from that of the lower areas of the basin.
Célia Maria Paiva, Alexandre da Silva Pinheiro de Souza
O conhecimento da evapotranspiração das culturas é muito importante para o manejo da irrigação. A equação
FAO56 Penman-Monteith tem sido recomendada pela FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)
como método padrão para a estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo
). Entretanto, esse método requer variáveis
meteorológicas que em geral não são medidas nas estações meteorológicas no Brasil. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi
avaliar cinco métodos empíricos e comparar seus desempenhos com o de Penman-Monteith para as condições climáticas
da região de Piraí do Sul no Estado do Paraná. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados meteorológicos registrados por uma
plataforma de coleta de dados durante o período de 04/07/2008 a 12/10/2008 em uma cultura de trigo. Os resultados
indicam que a ETo
pode ser estimada adequadamente pelos métodos da Radiação Solar, Jensen-Haise e Makkink. O pior
desempenho foi apresentado pelo método de Hargreaves-Samani, seguido do método de Camargo.
El presente trabajo presenta una reseña de la historia de la Paleontología de Vertebrados y la investigación actual sobre vertebrados fósiles en la Argentina, en el marco del 25o aniversario desde la fundación de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina.
André Evette, Caroline Zanetti, Paul Cavaillé
et al.
Rivers in the Prealps have undergone considerable embankment and channelization work over recent centuries. The current management of these embankments often excludes woody plants for safety reasons. However, alluvial vegetation and riparian zones can play important ecological roles by providing often very biodiverse environments and acting as biological corridors.There is a paradox when managing these embankments between the security requirement to exclude woody plants and the ecological imperative to add vegetation. Experiments carried out under the Géni’Alp Interreg project in the French and Swiss Prealps have improved our knowledge of both risks to embankments by the root systems of ligneous plants and the impact of creating artificial riverbanks on biodiversity.This article aims to explain this paradox in the light of the results of these experiments. It presents an analysis of the size and spatial extension of the root systems of trees and shrubs extracted from the riverbanks and the embankments of two alpine streams. It also compares the results of findings on the taxonomic diversity of vegetation and ground beetles, as well as the diversity of benthic macrofauna between three types of banks: riprap, bioengineered and ‘natural’. Based on these elements, this paper explores the management tradeoffs faced by river maintenance engineers and offers suggestions on how to meet this dual challenge.
<p>Abstract</p> <p>The amount and timing of sleep and sleep architecture (sleep stages) are determined by several factors, important among which are the environment, circadian rhythms and time awake. Separating the roles played by these factors requires specific protocols, including the constant routine and altered sleep-wake schedules. Results from such protocols have led to the discovery of the factors that determine the amounts and distribution of slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep as well as to the development of models to determine the amount and timing of sleep. One successful model postulates two processes. The first is process S, which is due to sleep pressure (and increases with time awake) and is attributed to a 'sleep homeostat'. Process S reverses during slow wave sleep (when it is called process S'). The second is process C, which shows a daily rhythm that is parallel to the rhythm of core temperature. Processes S and C combine approximately additively to determine the times of sleep onset and waking. The model has proved useful in describing normal sleep in adults. Current work aims to identify the detailed nature of processes S and C. The model can also be applied to circumstances when the sleep-wake cycle is different from the norm in some way. These circumstances include: those who are poor sleepers or short sleepers; the role an individual's chronotype (a measure of how the timing of the individual's preferred sleep-wake cycle compares with the average for a population); and changes in the sleep-wake cycle with age, particularly in adolescence and aging, since individuals tend to prefer to go to sleep later during adolescence and earlier in old age. In all circumstances, the evidence that sleep times and architecture are altered and the possible causes of these changes (including altered S, S' and C processes) are examined.</p>