Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Seda Tigranyan

Ibn Taymiyyah’s (1263-1328),  the prominent representative of the Hanbali Madhhab,  discussions on the issue of the Qur’an's createdness is part of his struggle against dangerous innovations (bid'a) in Islam. The emergence of the discussed question is associated with theological disputes between Muslims and Christians in the context of the expansion of the Caliphate, the rapid development of the Islamic community and clashes with other cultures. During the Abbasid Caliphate, such questions acquired a political connotation, and the answer options to them were imposed or prohibited at the state level. In his works, Ibn Taymiyyah attempts to clarify and substantiate the approaches of the Hanbali school of thought, freeing them from ambiguity.

Rouben Manasserian

Le capitaine Parthe Suréna, victorieux des légions de Crassus fut exécuté par Orodès aussitôt après sa victoire éclatante. L'examen de ce fait portent à révéler les particularité du développement politique de l'Empire Parthe.

Bembya L. Mitruev

Introduction. Data from Tibetan-language sources on Ayuka’s full title ― Daichin Khan Ayuka ― have never been introduced into scientific circulation, nor have those been subject to any essential analysis. Goals. So, the article introduces a variety of messages dealing with the ruling era of Khan Ayuka and narrating how the latter received the title of Daichin Khan from the then Dalai Lama. Materials. The paper investigates Tibetan-language biographies of the Fifth Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso, Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso, and Fifth Panchen Lama Lobsang Yeshe. Results. The study figures out the date when the mentioned ruler did receive the title of Daichin Khan, and specifies the dates of embassies that delivered the Kalachakra seal and that of Khan from the Sixth Dalai Lama. Conclusions. The article examines materials contained in various Tibetan-language texts, such as the autobiography of the Great Fifth Dalai Lama and that composed by Desi Sangye Gyatso, biography of Fifth Panchen Lama, etc. The work ascertains the ruler of the Kalmyk Khanate received the title of Daichin Khan Ayuka from the Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in 1697. The paper also reveals some data on Khan Ayuka’s embassy to Tibet led by Arabjur and on the latter’s mother Tsojal. Another newly identified and important historical fact is that the Dalai Lama did send an embassy to Khan Ayuka to deliver a secret message about the Great Fifth’s death.

Marina M. Sodnompilova

Introduction. The sacral map of ethnic spatial development is a complicated mosaic of multifunctional zones that includes places of residence, territories for economic activity, and sacral areas proper. Ethnic Buryatia’s sacral map comprises a variety of spatial elements, such as border markers of settlements, places for economic pursuits, burial grounds, and those of hierophanies. ‘Healing’ localities, including healing springs, are somewhat distinguished in this sacral space. Goals. The study attempts a review of images of healing springs, their functions and significance for society — through the prism of spatial, social ‘narratives’ of culture. Materials and methods. The Buryat development space is a compound information environment comprising elements that remain relevant to date. Healing springs are considered from the perspective of the information theory of culture, which makes it possible to identify a few layers of somewhat contradictory messages articulated by representatives of different generations. Results. The paper traces certain chains of changes in statuses of such springs: from ‘water of immortality’ once granted by deities — to symbols of holiness of Buddhist hierarchs whose efforts gave birth to a number of such arshans. Special attention is given to images of supernatural patrons of springs, their healing properties and prescribed practices, beautification endeavors across adjacent territories. Conclusions. The insight into the arshan cult and water-related practices reveals some most socially relevant details inherent thereto. Information layers characterizing the image of a spring reflect certain changes in perceptions of its significance — from clan-level status to public one. Furthermore, Buddhism has yielded significant transformations both in ritual arrangements, patterns of healing practices, and design of such treatment places.

Sevtap Gölgesiz Karaca

Between the 11th and 12th centuries, various types of coins were minted in the Jerusalem Kingdom, which was centered in Jerusalem and spread mainly along the coastal cities of the Eastern Mediterranean. In the important city centers of the kingdom, such as Jerusalem and Akkâ, mints were established and coins were struck there. In this study, various examples of coins minted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem between 1099-1187 are discussed. Many types of coins were used in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. These are divided into three main groups: Saracen bezant, Jerusalem Royal denier/obol and other types (early anonymous coins, pilgrim coins, baronial coins). The minting periods, weights. and characteristics of each of these coins are different from each other. All of these types of coins originated from different needs and places. These coins, according to their intended use and various needs, played an important role in the commercial life of the kingdom. This article examines the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the largest leader of the Crusader states, from a different perspective to provide information about Crusader coins that were effective in the commercial life of the kingdom.

Khodadad Bahri

Adverbs add to the meaning of the word and clarify its different angles in such a way that it can be said the more the verbal adverbs are, the greater its meaning will be and its implications become wider. Time and place adverbs are most commonly used in Arabic because every action takes place at a time and occurs in a place. Al-Khansa is one of the most famous Arab poets and the pioneer of making jeremiad of that nation. In this article, the author intends to examine the time and place adverbs in Al-Khansa's poetry in order to clarify how the poet has used them to creating meaning? And what roles have these adverbs played in the images which she has created? The method chosen to conduct this research is a descriptive analytical method and sometimes the use of statistics. The results of this research point to the fact that Al-Khansa has used well-known adverbs to express her emotions, which more reflects the grief of the loss of her relatives, and has created meaning and innovations through the proper use of them. She has added to her admiration through using adverbs which has placed him at the top of that trait. Occasionally, by using specific adverbs, such as giving or delaying, she extracts her intended meaning. The poet has also used the adverbs for the richness of the simile and metaphorical images she creates, and she used them to creat metonymic images.

Aljona N. Chugunekova

Introduction. This article, based on the material of the Khakass language, describes models of complicated sentences with comparative constructions. Notably, many issues related to the description of complicated sentences in Khakass have not received proper coverage yet, which determines the relevance of this study. The article aims to identify and analyze the structural-semantic types, as well as ways of expressing complicated sentences with comparative constructions in the Khakass language. The research is based on a solid sample of examples from the texts of fiction of various genres, folklore, and journalistic texts, as well as recordings of oral speech. Results. The research shows that there are three types of complicated sentences in Khakass, including a comparative model based on the equality of compared features, a comparative-gradation model, and a substitution model. Each model is described in terms of its basic semantics and ways of formalizing the relationship between dependent and main parts, with specific examples illustrating their use. Each model varies in semantic and structural terms. The comparative model of equal features and the comparative-gradation model have two variants, the substitution model has five. In a comparative model based on equality of features, equal relations between two given events are expressed, while the comparison-gradation model compares the degree of significance of given events, with the action in the main part becoming significant. The substitution model may be of two types: substitutive per se and substitutive-preferential. In substitutive models proper, the actions of the main part do not meet the speaker’s expectation, while in the other model, preference is given to the main event.

سعاد علي أحمد الشامي, يحيى دخيسي

The present study is an investigation of the syntactic issues of Tense and Subject features in SA and YA. This study is cast within the MP advocated by Chomsky (1993, 1995). The main objective of the study is to examine the structural properties of the subject in SA and YA and its relationship with its verb. More specifically, the study shows that the subject in SA and YA has two forms, namely lexical noun, and suffixed pronoun. Therefore, the suffixed morphemes within the verb have been proved to be real pronoun subjects of the verb whether they occur alone within the verb or followed by a lexical DP as the case in some of YA sentences. Based on empirical evidence, the preverbal DP was affirmed to be a topic that occupies the [Spec TopP] while the post-verbal DP, which occurs after a suffixed pronoun, was proved to be a noun in apposition that occupies a position below VP.

Fatih Yerdemir

Osmanlı sahasında en çok okunan eserlerden biri olan Hâfız Divanı üzerine eski ve yeni birçok araştırma ve inceleme yapılmıştır. İçerdiği duygular, estetik yönü ve şiirlerindeki lirizmin çok beğenildiği bu eserin Türkçeye yapılmış birçok tercümesi ve şerhi vardır. Günümüzde dahi eserin anlaşılması için tezler ve makaleler yazılırken, birçok araştırmacı tarafından Türkiye Türkçesine de çevirileri yapılmaya devam edilmektedir. Eserin tamamına 16. yüzyılda sırasıyla Surûrî, Şemʻî ve Sûdî tarafından üç farklı şerh yazılmıştır. Kendi anlayışlarına göre Hâfız Divanı’nı şerh eden bu şârihlerin, esere yaklaşımlarında hem farklı hem de benzer yönleri mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada, bahsi geçen şerhlerin Hâfız Divanı’ndaki beyitleri açıklamalarındaki yaklaşımları, Divanı’n ilk gazeli üzerinden irdelenmeye çalışılacak, şerhlerin benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları ortaya konulacaktır.Surûrî ve Sûdî şerhlerinde, bazen gazelin her bir kelimesi mana ve dilbilgisi açısından değerlendirirlirken bazen de hiçbir kelime açıklanmadan doğrudan şerhe başlamıştır. Şârihler, genellikle kendilerince gerekli izahatları yaptıktan sonra beyitleri nesre çevirmişlerdir. Şemʻî ise, ilk olarak gazeli nesre çevirmiş; daha sonra kelimeleri mana ve dilbilgisel açılardan açıklama yoluna gitmiştir. Şârihlerin, kendi şerhlerinde de her beyti aynı düzende ve aynı anlayışla irdelemek gibi tek bir yöntemi benimsemedikleri görülmektedir. Kendi aralarında ele aldıkları beyitleri farklı anlayış ve yapı açısından inceleyen şârihler, yeri geldiğinde verdikleri hükümleri desteklemek için bazen Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’den ve kelâm-ı kibardan bazen de İran Edebiyatı’nın önemli şahsiyetlerinden örnekler vermişlerdir.

Цаган Бадмаевна Селеева

Изучение эпического сюжетосложения является одной из актуальных проблем поэтика фольклора. Целью настоящего исследования является изучение способа организации и подачи эпических сюжетов в традиции, выявление семантических, структурных связей, отношений между персонажами, обнаружение скрытых планов, контаминации, новотворчества, сюжетных трансформаций и модификаций. В качестве объекта исследования привлекаются сюжеты о героическом сватовстве эпоса «Джангар», бытующие в синьцзян-ойратской эпической традиции. Результаты. Анализ эпических сюжетов о героическом сватовстве, в контексте поздней национальной традиции ойратов Синьцзяна, выявил некоторые характерные особенности сюжетосложения. Разработка универсальной для тюрко-монгольской эпики темы героического сватовства в синьцзян-ойратской традиции отмечена многообразием, отражающим различные формы сватовства сказочно-эпической архаики, а также последовательные изменения брачных и семейных отношений, пережитки обычаев матриархата и патриархальных тенденций; брака-умыкания, брака по колыбельному сговору, традиционного брака и др. В ходе исследования было выявлено, что в синьцзян-ойратской традиции представлены все типы сюжетов: архаизированные сюжеты, насыщенные мотивами, традиционные и классические. Обнаружены также полистадиальные образцы, имеющие в большей или меньшей степени влияние архаического и классического типов эпоса. Следует отметить, что некоторые традиционные мотивы претерпели трансформацию в сюжетах классического типа, а их содержание, событийный фон, функции персонажей, приближены к исторической действительности. В сюжетах поздней эпики «живой» синьцзян-ойратской традиции наблюдаются процессы сказительского новотворчества и контаминации. Контаминация может быть проявлена на уровне эпизодов, обусловленных контекстными взаимосвязями сюжетов внутри традиции и общности, а также заимствованиями калмыцкой версии («О женитьбе Узюнг Алдар хана», «О том, как славный нойон богдо Джангар взял в жены Ага Шавдал», «О женитьбе Хошуна»). Обнаруживаются сюжеты, имеющие двухходовую контаминированную структуру, ― сюжет «о мнимом женихе» («О Хан Сийре»), сюжет «о мнимой невесте» («О женитьбе Хонгора»), сюжет «о запрете и его нарушении» («О женитьбе Узюнг Алдар хана»). Эпическая общность сюжетов обнаруживается на содержательном уровне эпических ситуаций и коллизий, функций персонажей, ходе повествования.

В первом полугодии 2009 года состоялось 7 заседаний Ученого совета КИГИ РАН, на которых рассматривались вопросы планирования научной работы, заслушивались отчеты о выполнении НИР сотрудников института, утверждались к печати труды КИГИ РАН, обсуждались вопросы, связанные с финансово-хозяйственной деятельностью, а также с подготовкой и проведением Международной научной конференции «Единая Калмыкия в единой России: через века в будущее», посвященной 400летию добровольного вхождения калмыцкого народа в состав Российского государства. 4 февраля 2009 года состоялась научная сессия по итогам работы Калмыцкого института гуманитарных исследований РАН в 2008 году, посвященная 100-летию со дня рождения ученого-калмыковеда, кандидата педагогических наук Бембя Джалыковича Муниева. С докладом «О жизни и деятельности Б.Д. Муниева» выступила директор КИГИ РАН Н.Г. Очирова. В выступлении было отмечено, что «Б.Д. Муниев в 1959 году поступил на работу в Калмыцкий научно-исследовательский институт языка, литературы и истории, где более 35 лет проработал в качестве заведующего сектором языкознания, ученого секретаря и практически стоял у истоков становления современного отдела языкознания КИГИ РАН. За годы работы в институте Б.Д. Муниев обобщил свой многолетний практический опыт. Тема кандидатской диссертации «Принципы составления учебников чтения для калмыцкой начальной школы и вопросы калмыцкой лексики и лексикографии», которую он защитил в 1968 году, отражает основные направления его научно-исследовательской деятельности - лексикографию и лексикологию калмыцкого языка. В 60-80-е годы под его руководством в институте велась планомерная лексикографическая работа по изданию академических словарей - «Русско-калмыцкого словаря» (1964), «Краткого русско-калмыцкого словаря» (1969), «Калмыцко-русского словаря» (1977). Бембя Джалыкович вошел в историю калмыковедения не только как крупный лингвист, но и как автор многих учебников и методических пособий по родному языку. Он был талантливым педагогом, и его имя неразрывно связано с развитием национального образования Калмыкии. Будучи ученым секретарем института, Бембя Джалыкович проявил незаурядные организаторские способности. Он активно пропагандировал научные знания, родной язык на страницах республиканских газет и журналов, по радио и телевидению. Б.Д. Муниева отличали последовательность, целеустремленность и творческое дерзание. Научное и педагогическое наследие Б.Д. Муниева выдержало проверку временем. Имя Бемби Джалыковича всегда будет занимать видное место в истории нашего института, в истории развития науки и образования Республики Калмыкия». В рамках работы научной сессии были заслушаны доклады сотрудников института по завершенным в 2008 году темам научно-исследовательских работ, Программам Президиума РАН, а также отчеты о выполнении проектов по грантам. Завершенные темы НИР: 1. История Калмыкии с древнейших времен до наших дней (коллективная монография). Исп. отдел истории. 2. Ойраты - предки калмыцкого народа в XIII - первой трети XVII вв. Исп. к.и.н. Санчиров В.П. 3. Формирование и этнический состав населения Калмыцкой степи (1806-1897 гг.). Исп. м.н.с. Оконова Л.В. 4. Новая экономическая политика и ее результаты. Исп. к.и.н. Бадмаева Е.Н. 5. Новые памятники эпохи средневековья на территории Республики Калмыкия. Исп. н.с. Шаральдинов С.В. 6. Калмыцкая поэзия ХХ века. Т.2. Исп. к.ф.н. Салдусова А.Г. Сектор литературы. 7. Исследование перевода «Сутры о мудрости и глупости», выполненного О.М. Дорджиевым (Тугмюд Гавджи). Исп. к.ф.н. Музраева Д.Н. 8. Тибетский буддизм в Калмыкии: источниковедческие аспекты. Исп. м.н.с. Кукеев А.Г. 9. «Калмыцкий героический эпос «Джангар». Том свода калмыцкого фольклора (кн. 1, 2). Рук. к.ф.н. Овалов Э.Б., исп.: к.ф.н. Горяева Б.Б., н.с. Селеева Ц.Б., м.н.с. Убушиева Д.В. 10. Калмыцкая мифология. Исследование и тексты. Рук. и исп. к.ф.н. Басангова Т.Г. 11. Конституционный строй в Республике Калмыкия в 90-е гг. XX - начале XXI вв. Исп. н.с. Гунаев Е.А. Проекты программы фундаментальных исследований Президиума РАН «Адаптация народов и культур к изменениям природной среды, социальным и техногенным трансформациям»: 1. Республика Калмыкия в условиях трансформации российского общества. Науч. рук. к.полит.н. Очирова Н.Г. 2. Этнокультурная адаптация калмыков среди народов Поволжья и Северного Кавказа. Рук. к.и.н. Батыров В.В. Гранты РГНФ (завершенные в 2008 году): 1. Фольклорная экспедиция, посвященная 100летию со дня записи героического эпоса калмыков «Джангар». № 08-04-18002 е. (рук. Басангова Т.Г.) 2. Лингвоэтнографический ландшафт современной Монголии в структурно-типологическом ракурсе: западномонгольские локальные традиции. № 08-04-923-72 е/G (рук. Очирова Н.Г.) 3. Словарь философско-религиозных терминов (тибетско-калмыцко-русский словарь). № 0703-36304 а/Ю (рук. Бичеев Б.А.) 4. Калмыцкая обрядовая поэзия. № 07-0436404 а/Ю (рук. Басангова Т.Г.) Проекты по грантам Фонда содействия отечественной науке: 1. Номинация «Кандидаты и доктора наук РАН» (Тепкеев В.Т.) 2. Номинация «Лучшие аспиранты РАН» (Борлыкова Б.Х.)

Abdul Hayy Azb

V. Salykova

The article presents the results of the comparative study of the color-denoting lexic in two chapters of the Xinjiang-Oirat and Kalmyk versions of epos «Dzhangar». As a result of the analysis it was stated that the most commonly used were lexeme ulan (red) and khar (black), than followed words with semantics color white, yellow, blue, light blue, green and grey.

I. Batinova

The article is devoted to the history of emergence of theatre in Kalmykia. The elements of theatrical art which are concluded in national creativity and religious practices of a Tsam mystery are considered. There are also considered the history of emergence of theatre in 1920–1930s.

J. Tyszkiewicz

Documents from the Archives of the University of Warsaw, stories by Irena Krudowska, Stanislawa Plaskowicka and materials left by Stanislaw Kryczynski shed some light on the first years of A. Zajączkowski’s seminar. As the head of the Turkology Department at the Institute of Oriental Studies at the University of Warsaw, A. Zajączkowski launched his seminar in the autumn of 1933. His first students were Jan Reychman, Jozef Szulimowicz, Armand Stefanski and Stanislaw Szachno-Romanowicz. Reychman was a graduate of history studies, Szachno-Romanowicz was an assyriologist and archivist, and Szulimowicz was a Karaite from Halicz. Professor Zajączkowski worked closely with Professor Tadeusz Kowalski from Cracow and historians from Warsaw. Prof. Waclaw Tokarz sent 2 of his students to the Turkology seminar (Reychman, Stefanski). In 1934/5, the topic of the seminar was: “Topics on Turkish Culture and Literature in the 16–17th cc.” The students were Stanislawa Plaskowicka, Halina Koeber and Bohdan Baranowski. In 1935/6, the seminar was attended by J. Szulimowicz, A. Stefanski, H. Koeber, S. Plaskowicka, I. Krudowska, A. Murza Murzicz and S. Kryczynski. Back then, Prof. Zajączkowski presented 4 lectures on: the language and culture of the Turkish peoples, the Arabic language, the prose work “Gulistan” as well as classes in Turkish philology, which was attended by his students. Prof. Zajączkowski took his students on a trip to Istanbul (September 1934), and later S. Plaskowicka went there on a scholarship (1935). Prof. Zajączkowski was also a lecturer at the School of Eastern Studies at the Eastern Institute in Warsaw. Some of his students studied there. His students J. Reychman and S. Plaskowicka became long-serving academics at the University of Warsaw.

A. Mohammadpur, Jalil Karimi, K. Mahmoodi

U. Marzolph

Shaker Amery

Allah, because of His wisdom and omniscience chose Arabic as a framework and expression of His greatness and miracles. The multitude of Arabic dialects at the time of the revelation of the Quran has caused the scholars to disagree on the dialect in which the Quran was revealed. This study first discusses the status of Mecca and its Bazaars before Islam. Then, it explains some important terms: language, dialect, lingua franca, core language, and colloquial language. Arabic dialects were so similar at the time of revelation of the Quran there was a commonality of 90 percent. The existence of many dialects caused the spread of Arabic language. This could be seen in the compilation of rich and comprehensive dictionaries and grammar books. This article tries to prove that the dialect of revelation was not that of Qureish but a common one. It was the fluent dialect people conversed in it. Of course, some changes have happened to the language of the people. All reasons put forth claiming that the dialect of Qureish dominates the Quran are false, inexact and based on no proofs.