Hasil untuk "Materials Science"

Samer Bayda, M. Adeel, T. Tuccinardi et al.

Nanoscience breakthroughs in almost every field of science and nanotechnologies make life easier in this era. Nanoscience and nanotechnology represent an expanding research area, which involves structures, devices, and systems with novel properties and functions due to the arrangement of their atoms on the 1–100 nm scale. The field was subject to a growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, and in turn, the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnologies contribute to almost every field of science, including physics, materials science, chemistry, biology, computer science, and engineering. Notably, in recent years nanotechnologies have been applied to human health with promising results, especially in the field of cancer treatment. To understand the nature of nanotechnology, it is helpful to review the timeline of discoveries that brought us to the current understanding of this science. This review illustrates the progress and main principles of nanoscience and nanotechnology and represents the pre-modern as well as modern timeline era of discoveries and milestones in these fields.

Abhishek Sarkar, Qingsong Wang, Alexander Schiele et al.

High‐entropy materials, especially high‐entropy alloys and oxides, have gained significant interest over the years due to their unique structural characteristics and correlated possibilities for tailoring of functional properties. The developments in the area of high‐entropy oxides are highlighted here, with emphasis placed on their fundamental understanding, including entropy‐dominated phase‐stabilization effects and prospective applications, e.g., in the field of electrochemical energy storage. Critical comments on the different classes of high‐entropy oxides are made and the underlying principles for the observed properties are summarized. The diversity of materials design, provided by the entropy‐mediated phase‐stabilization concept, allows engineering of new oxide candidates for practical applications, warranting further studies in this emerging field of materials science.

D. Fall, 1. Admin, A. Coates

Rinaldo Raccichini, A. Varzi, S. Passerini et al.

F. Giustino, H. Snaith

Po-Wei Liang, Chien‐Yi Liao, Chu‐Chen Chueh et al.

Haegyeom Kim, Jihyun Hong, Kyu‐Young Park et al.

K. Sapsford, W. R. Algar, L. Berti et al.

Chemistries that Facilitate Nanotechnology Kim E. Sapsford,† W. Russ Algar, Lorenzo Berti, Kelly Boeneman Gemmill,‡ Brendan J. Casey,† Eunkeu Oh, Michael H. Stewart, and Igor L. Medintz*,‡ †Division of Biology, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States ‡Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900 and Division of Optical Sciences Code 5611, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States College of Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, United States Sotera Defense Solutions, Crofton, Maryland 21114, United States

Feng Wang, Yu Han, C. S. Lim et al.

G. Balasubramanian, P. Neumann, D. Twitchen et al.

Thandavamoorthy Subbiah, G. Bhat, R. W. Tock et al.

K. Uhrich, S. Cannizzaro, R. Langer et al.

T. Cath, Amy E. Childress, M. Elimelech

B. Conway

Jian‐mei Lu, Feng Yan, J. Texter

L. Basabe‐Desmonts, D. Reinhoudt, M. Crego-calama

Arkadiusz Kacała, Mateusz Dorochowicz, Jędrzej Fischer et al.

<i>Background and Objectives:</i> Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is associated with pulmonary embolism and long-term complications such as post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Anticoagulation prevents thrombus extension but does not actively remove clot. Interventional techniques, including catheter-directed thrombolysis, mechanical and pharmacomechanical thrombectomy, and venous stenting, have been introduced to restore venous patency and reduce complications. This systematic review summarizes current evidence on outcomes, safety, and patient selection for these procedures. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between January 2000 and February 2024. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and observational studies with ≥20 patients. Extracted outcomes were technical success, thrombus clearance, venous patency, PTS, quality of life, and complications. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and AMSTAR-2. <i>Results:</i> Of 456 records screened, 35 studies were included. Randomized trials (CaVenT, ATTRACT, CAVA) showed that catheter-directed and pharmacomechanical approaches improved venous patency and reduced moderate-to-severe PTS in selected patients with iliofemoral DVT, though overall benefit was variable. Mechanical thrombectomy devices (e.g., AngioJet, ClotTriever, FlowTriever) achieved high thrombus clearance and shorter procedural times, with device-specific complication profiles. Observational data demonstrated venous stenting patency rates of 74–89% at 12 months. Study heterogeneity limited direct comparisons. <i>Conclusions:</i> Interventional procedures can reduce PTS and improve outcomes in carefully selected patients, particularly those with acute iliofemoral DVT. Modern mechanical and pharmacomechanical techniques enhance efficiency and safety, while venous stenting addresses underlying obstructions. Further high-quality trials with long-term follow-up are needed to define optimal patient selection and comparative effectiveness.

Ksenia A. Blinova, Irina E. Mishina, Galina E. Ivanova et al.

INTRODUCTION. The use of antitumor therapy in patients with breast cancer has led not only to an increase in their life expectancy, but also to the need to correct various side effects, including manifestations of cardiotoxicity. Rehabilitation of such patients in Russia is currently lacking. AIM. To search and analyze the literature on the effectiveness of physical training for the prevention of cardiotoxic complications of antitumor therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Publications from the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro databases over the past 15 years were collected and analyzed 15 years by keywords in Russian and English: “cardiotoxicity”, “exercise”, “breast cancer”. 126 sources were selected, including systematic reviews and a Cochrane review. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Preclinical studies have shown that physical exercise reduces the accumulation of antitumor drugs in the myocardium and increases the proliferation of cardiomyocyte progenitor cells. Conducting physical training during and after anticancer treatment increases cardiorespiratory endurance and reduces the manifestations of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. This rehabilitation intervention leads to less fatigue, decreased depression, improved physical fitness, cognitive functions, and quality of life. The greatest effectiveness during and after anticancer therapy was shown by aerobic and strength exercises of moderate intensity, performed for 30–40 minutes 3–5 times a week, which provide 150 minutes of physical activity per week. The limitation of the use of physical training in patients is due to the impossibility of predicting the training heart rate by age, as well as the need to take into account concomitant diseases and the patient’s condition. CONCLUSION. The use of physical training can be used in cancer patients to prevent cardiotoxicity of anticancer therapy. Further research is needed to ensure their successful use in patients with different physical fitness and treatment tolerance.

Peng Wang, Mingquan Ma, Fei Wang

Abstract Metakaolin-based geopolymers, which are emerging as a novel and eco-friendly construction material, have garnered significant attention in recent years. This study employs bibliometric techniques to systematically analyze 1,553 relevant publications from the Web of Science database, with the goal of identifying research hotspots and trends over the period from 2003 to 2023 in this field. The findings reveal a pronounced growth trend in the annual publication volume of metakaolin-based geopolymers, particularly entering a phase of accelerated development after 2019. China emerges as the leading country in research output, establishing a close collaborative network with countries such as the USA, Italy, France, and Brazil. Institutions like the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia have demonstrated exceptional performance in this field.Cristina Leonelli boasts the highest publication output, while authors such as Joseph Davidovits and Peter Duxson have made significant contributions, providing valuable theoretical and practical guidance for subsequent research. The journal Construction and Building Materials has been identified as a core publication in this field. Keyword analysis reveals that research hotspots include raw material optimization, synthesis mechanisms, mechanical properties, durability, and environmental applications. The evolution of research hotspots in metakaolin-based geopolymers has progressed through three distinct stages: fundamental exploration, performance enhancement, and application expansion. Through a multidimensional analysis, this study systematically organizes the knowledge structure and development trends in metakaolin-based geopolymer research. It offers macro-level insights for related researchers and provides directions and ideas for future research.

E. F. Keane, V. Graber, L. Levin et al.

Most of the pulsar science case with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) depends on long-term precision pulsar timing of a large number of pulsars, as well as astrometric measurements of these using very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). But before we can time them, or VLBI them, we must first find them. Here, we describe the considerations and strategies one needs to account for when planning an all-sky blind pulsar survey using the SKA. Based on our understanding of the pulsar population, the performance of the now-under-construction SKA elements, and practical constraints such as evading radio frequency interference, we project pulsar survey yields using two complementary methods for a number of illustrative survey designs, combining SKA1-Low and SKA1-Mid Bands 1 and 2 in a variety of ways. A composite survey using both Mid and Low is optimal, with Mid Band 2 focused in the plane. We find that, given its much higher effective area and survey speed, the best strategy is to use SKA1-Low to cover as much sky as possible, ideally also overlapping with the areas covered by Mid. In our most realistic scenario, we find that an all-sky blind survey with Phase 1 of the SKA with the AA* array assembly will detect $\sim10,000$ slow pulsars and $\sim 800$ millisecond pulsars (MSPs) if SKA1-Mid covers the region within $5°$ of the plane, while higher latitudes will be covered with SKA1-Low. The yield with AA4 is $\sim 20\%$ higher. One could increase these numbers by increasing the range covered by SKA1-Mid Bands 1 and 2, at the cost of a considerably longer survey. The pulsar census will enable us to set new constraints on the uncertain physical properties of the entire neutron star population. This will be crucial for addressing major SKA science questions including the dense-matter equation of state, strong-field gravity tests, and gravitational wave astronomy.