Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Rafael Fernández Mata

In this paper we analyse the etymology, the history and the first textual and lexicographical uses of the Japanese loanword manga, whose current meaning is documented for the first time in Spanish at the end of the 1980s. This word has undergone a semantic and formal modification in the borrowing language, which has been reflected in the Western adaptations: during the 19th century, in Japanese it was articulated as mangwa, but in the late 19th century the reduction to manga was completed. In the 1810s, the Japanese artist Hokusai used mangwa (meaning ‘random sketches’) to title a printed collection of his paintings; to some extent, this semantic value was retained until the early decades of the 20th century. Already in the middle of the last century, the concept was revived by mangakas such as Osamu Tezuka, who is considered by the specialized literature to be the true creator of present-day manga.

Olha Shevchuk-Kliuzheva

This study investigates the impact of forced migration on family language policy among Ukrainian families, with a particular focus on women who have relocated to Poland with their children due to the war in Ukraine. Utilizing data from in-depth interviews, it explores the language situation in refugee families. The analysis concentrates on changes in language behaviour caused by shifts in emotional attitudes towards their language repertoire, due to the traumatic experience of war. It is noteworthy that there has been an increase in the use of the Ukrainian language in family communication, an intentional familiarization of children with the linguistic situation in Ukraine, and a conscious avoidance of the Russian language in public places abroad. Despite these trends, some families continue to predominantly use Russian at home as the primary language for family communication, or they frequently engage in language code-switching. The study examines patterns of changes in language behaviour resulting from the rejection of the Russian language in daily communication, highlighting politically motivated decisions to alter language use and the corresponding strategies of language behaviour. These changes in adults' speech behaviour significantly affect the speech practices of children, one manifestation of which is language attrition. Special attention is given to the phenomenon of language shame and self-shame associated with the use or non-use of the Russian language, the evolution of language attitudes, and their influence on language choice in family language practices.

Enrique Gutiérrez Rubio

This paper presents a comparative study that aims at identifying the extent to which the most complete Czech and Spanish phraseological dictionaries are helpful for their users regarding the language employed in spontaneous conversations. Since the oral corpora of these two languages are not equally reliable, the source of the phraseological units (PUs) for this research is conversations extracted from the Czech and the Spanish versions of Big Brother. As a result of the research difficulties faced, only verbal idioms (VIs) are considered. In 90 minutes of conversations among the contestants, 29 Spanish and 34 Czech VIs were documented. These VIs were confronted with Slovník české frazeologie a idiomatiky (SČFI) and Diccionario fraseológico documentado del español actual (DFDEA). According to the data obtained, three main conclusions can be drawn: a) a high degree of difficulty when comparing PUs included in Czech and Spanish phraseological dictionaries, b) both works are relatively reliable tools for users interested in the language employed in spontaneous conversations, at least regarding the verbal idioms, c) in Czech, phraseology has a more strongly colloquial nature than in Spanish.

Maude Vadot

This article aims to conduct a metalexicographical micro-analysis of a paradigm of French lexemes whose uses have raised socio-political issues for several decades: integration, insertion, assimilation, inclusion, even acculturation and incorporation. While many recent publications bring these terms into play as sociological concepts, or study their uses in political discourse, work on the semantic functioning and uses of these lexemes in other discourses is rarer. However, the recurrent nomination conflict that runs through French public policies on immigration shows that the stakes of these usages remain salient. Do French dictionaries make it possible to grasp the ideological issues raised by the competing uses of lexemes? How do they treat and model the abundance of uses of these lexemes? How are paradigmatic competitors related: opposition, contrast, synonymy, hyperonymy, co-hyponymy? What are the salient semantic features retained in the given definitions? The corpus selected for this study is composed of extracts from two generalist French-language dictionaries, the Petit Robert de la langue française and the Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé. I analyse the production of meaning at work by using a grid with four entries. First, I model and analyze the semantic relations established between the terms of the paradigm, relations which structure the paradigm. I then try to identify the semantic features which are similar or different between the lexemes, thus revealing another type of structure in the micro-system. Last, I work on the collocations and the agentive configurations implemented in the definitions and examples composing each article. All these analyses highlight a defining circularity that hinders a contrastive grasp of the lexemes, in a context where important social and political issues are at stake.

Masoud Moshayedi, Mojtaba Maghsoudi

In this study, the “Descriptive Glossary of Lexicography” compiled by Fariba Ghatreh has been described and evaluated. To do so, on the one hand, the formal appearance of the book concerning the principles of scientific writing has been taken into account, and on the other hand, the content of the book regarding the whatness and the importance of the materials presented has been scrutinized. Concerning the view that the author has been successful in compiling the first “Descriptive Glossary of Lexicography” in Persian, it is extremely valuable, but at the same time, some shortcomings meet the eyes while looking deeply into the book. From the formal point of view, mechanics of writing, proper use of some fonts and sizes for entries and subentries, italicizing or non-italicizing the entries, alphabetical order, reference system and layout of the pages, the book lacks some degree of inconsistency. From the content point of view, some faults are observed in the book, among which they can be referred to as the lack of crystal clear definitions for some entries, overlapping entries, the absence of some necessary terms in lexicography, some blind and confusing references and lack of examples and tables.

Olena GORDIYENKO

The work is de- voted to the study of English anatomy atlases, as one of the com- ponents of the general system of English medical lexicography. The relevance of the work is determined by the choice of the sub- ject of the research, the application of a systematic approach that is important and timely to ensure fruitful communication in the field of medicine in the era of the global confrontation of humanity with serious diseases and viruses. The object of the research is the dy- namics of development and methods of English medical lexicogra- phy and the subject is English anatomical atlases, as factual refer- ence books in the general paradigm of English medical lexicogra- phy. The purpose of the article is to study the features, parame- ters and principles of lexicographic representation of English medi- cal terminology in anatomical atlases for the determination of their role in English medical lexicography, as a system which is func- tioning in the global scientific and technical space. To achieve the goal, a complex methodology was used: an analytical review of the literature, which was published within the framework of gen- eral theory of lexicography, lexicography for special purposes (LSP lexicography) and English medical lexicography; biblio- graphic method– for compiling the list of English medical refer- ence books; method of lexicographic analysis – to characterize the parameters and structure of atlases; the method of critical analysis (dictionary criticism) – to study the features of the compilation of anatomical atlases; the method of typological analysis was used to develop the principles of classification of reference books; dia- chronic approach – for the systematic study of lexicographic pro- cesses; methods of comparative and analytical analysis – to sys- tematize the results obtained. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact, that the article for the first time examines the issues of lexicographic representation of an English term in anatomical atlases with their extrapolation to methods and approaches which were adopted in English medical lexicography and offers prospects for their improvement, taking into account the challenges of mod- ern times. The obtained results allow to reach the following con- clusions: anatomical atlases are an integral functional component of the general system of English medical lexicography, which passed their independent way of formation and development from the first manuscripts to modern 3D electronic editions with their clear organization and systematic codification of medical knowledge; anatomical atlases perform their specific functions and tasks in the general paradigm of English medical terminography, adhering to terminological norms and requirements for creation of such types of reference works and using the methods of termino- logical lexicography; anatomical atlases function within and under the influence of global scientific and technological progress as an integral part of English medical lexicography as a dynamic system.

Ольга Николаевна Николаенкова

In this research we concentrate on how CSP techniques can contribute to computational linguistics. For this purpose, we tested CP techniques on a linguistic problem of polysemy in machine translation. Ambiguity arises almost every time computers try to deal with human language. In information retrieval, the computer often provides information about alternative meanings of the search terms, meanings that we have no interest in. In machine translation, different meanings of an English word may be expressed by very different words in the target language, so it is important to determine which meaning of the English word the author had in mind and this is where a computer fails. Over and over, attempts to use computers to process human language have been frustrated by the computer’s limited ability to deal with polysemy (Miller 2001). A toy system has been designed for translating between English and Greek. It is based on 6 sentences that, using the same lexicon, can be expanded to slightly more phrases. The translation is based on the results of two parsers — the English and the Greek one. Parsing uses a set of constraints (both semantic and grammatical). The main objective of this research is to evaluate Backtracking as one of CSP algorithms for machine translation. We used PROLOG to write an application because it is the only programming language that supports backtracking and where the choice made by the program can be traced back at every stage.

Dmitry Yu. Ilyin, Elena G. Sidorova

In the study linguistic-and-ecological approach is used for describing the reference book of regional toponyms The Names of Settlements in the Volgograd Region as a lexicographic issue. Dictionary entry zones are described and the most complex issues of their compilation are indicated. The authors have characterized the entry zone The Degree of Name Uniqueness within the Region, represented in the onomastic dictionaries for the first time. The four successive stages in oikonym uniqueness gradation have been identified, that enables making adjustments to the directories and reference books while nominating settlements. The zone of the dictionary entry Syntactic Characteristic of the Head Unit in Combination with the Appellative, the introduction of which is stipulated by the variability of such combinations in speech practice, contains information about case parallelism between the oikonym and the appellative, or its absence. The zone of the dictionary entry Ottoponymic Derivatives of the Vocabulary Unit reveals the possibility of forming relative adjectives and nouns naming the inhabitants of a particular locality. Dictionary entries in the reference book are drawn up taking into account the linguistic-and- ecological criteria developed by the authors for the toponymic names.

Raffaella Tonin

One of the main challenges in teaching translation between Spanish and Italian with tourist texts are culture-specific items, both for their referential role – presenting a foreign reality and therefore attractive to the travellers’ eyes– and as functional markers within the communicative context in which they are employed. Although they could be labelled as mere extralinguistic problems since they are related to cultural differences, these culture-specific items might cause other kinds of problems, related to the author’s intention, or depending on the target context and audience of the translated text, i.e. pragmatic problems. So, apart from an exahustive documentation, including out of date bilingual dictionaries –providing, for instance, extended encyclopedic information– and Linguistic Istitutional sites such as Real Academia Española–providing information about neologisms or proper use of anglicisms–, before deciding the right translation strategy for rendering them, we have to take under consideration some other factors, such as the relevance of the culture-specific item and its functions within the specific text employed, as well as the text type and genre, the relationship between the two cultures, etc. In our didactic proposal we present a hybrid text type, the editorial hotel review, written by a travel journalist of El Pais, in which culture-specific words are employed with different purposes and, as a consequence, translation tecniques may vary. Finally, we will underline the relevance of the translator’s "internalised culture" of the language from which he/she translates, as well as his/her intercultural competence who helps to convey the functions of culture-specific items without forgetting the needs of the target audience and always keeping in mind that practical employment of the translated tourist text.

Vanessa González Ribao

The Lexicographic Treatment of Neologisms from the Perspective of Hispanophone Learners of GFL.On the basis of some instrumental verbs of communication such as mailen (to mail) or twittern (to tweet) we examined the lexicological information offered on neologisms for its adequacy for text production in a foreign language. The study is carried out from the perspective of a Hispanophone learner of GFL. We analyzed neologism dictionaries and databases for German as well as bilingual online dictionaries for Spanish–German. We compared the results of the lexicographic investigation with corpus-based data from a doctoral thesis. The findings point out the need and necessity of improving the treatment of (verbal) neologisms in Spanish–German dictionaries. When doing so the text production in a foreign language should be particularly considered.

Julian Gutierrez, A. Murano, Giuseppe Perelli et al.

Q. Ju, Ying Zhang

Michael Bräuning, Eyke Hüllermeier, Tobias R. Keller et al.

Giovanni Iamartino

The man in the street’s attitude of mind towards dictionaries is that they are the true repositories of all the words in a language, and that they are both authoritative and objective – in short, dictionaries are perfect. By mainly referring to the early history of English mono- and bilingual lexicography, this essay explodes the myth of the perfect dictionary and shows that mistakes in dictionaries may profitably be discussed under two headings: lexicographical mistakes, i.e. vague or circular definitions and the so-called ghost words in monolingual dictionaries, and non-insertable equivalents in bilingual dictionaries; and socio-cultural mistakes, which are related to the often elusive impact of ideology on dictionary-making.

Peter G. Stechlinski, P. I. Barton

Nonsmooth equation-solving and optimization algorithms which require local sensitivity information are extended to systems with nonsmooth parametric differential–algebraic equations embedded. Nonsmooth differential–algebraic equations refers here to semi-explicit differential–algebraic equations with algebraic equations satisfying local Lipschitz continuity and differential right-hand side functions satisfying Carathéodory-like conditions. Using lexicographic differentiation, an auxiliary nonsmooth differential–algebraic equation system is obtained whose unique solution furnishes the desired parametric sensitivities. More specifically, lexicographic derivatives of solutions of nonsmooth parametric differential–algebraic equations are obtained. Lexicographic derivatives have been shown to be elements of the plenary hull of the Clarke (generalized) Jacobian and thus computationally relevant in the aforementioned algorithms. To accomplish this goal, the lexicographic smoothness of an extended implicit function is proved. Moreover, these generalized derivative elements can be calculated in tractable ways thanks to recent advancements in nonsmooth analysis. Forward sensitivity functions for nonsmooth parametric differential–algebraic equations are therefore characterized, extending the classical sensitivity results for smooth parametric differential–algebraic equations.

S. Barik, R. Bapat, S. Pati

Fritz Bökler, Petra Mutzel

Grygorii Chetverikov, Iryna Vechirska, Oleksii Puzik

Technical Features of the Architecture of an Electronic Trilingual Dictionary This article is devoted to the development of the software system used to create an English-Russian-Ukrainian terminological dictionary. Scanned and recognized documents in MSWord format were the input data for the dictionary. Issues which appeared during the parsing of the input data are analyzed and solutions using regular expressions are identified. This article also describes the scheme of the dictionary’s lexicographical database, and its classes of models, views and view models. In addition, a detailed description of the software system from a user’s perspective is included, the prospects for the usage of the dictionary are discussed, and the methods used during the development of the system are described. The software system is built using the design pattern Model-View-View-Model. Through the use of this pattern, internal logic is separated from user interface, thus changes made in different parts of the software may be independent. The developed software system allows users to edit, to fill, and thus to create new thematic transferable electronic dictionaries. The main advantage of the system is the equality of languages, i.e. each user can decide which language is to be major.   Opracowanie oprogramowania trzyjęzycznego słownika elektronicznego Artykuł jest poświęcony opracowaniu oprogramowania rosyjsko-ukraińsko-angielskiego słownika terminologicznego. Za wejściowe dane autorzy przyjęli zeskanowane i rozpoznane dokumenty w formacie MSWord. Błędy powstałe w czasie analizy składniowej wejściowych danych zostały przeanalizowane, a autorzy wskazali drogę ich likwidacji za pomocą regularnych wyrażeń. W pracy została dokładnie opisana baza leksykograficzna danych słownika, zostały opisane klasy modelu danych i klasy modelu prezentacji systemu. Oprogramowanie jest zbudowane w taki sposób, aby można było wykorzystać szablon projektowania Model-View-ViewModel. Dzięki wykorzystaniu tego szablonu interfejs użytkowania jest oddzielony od logiki programu, co pozwala wprowadzać niezależne zmiany poszczególnych części oprogramowania. Sporządzone oprogramowanie pozwala na redagowanie, uzupełnienie i tym samym tworzenie nowych tematycznych słowników przekładowych. Zaletą systemu jest równorzędność języków. Autorzy nakreślili zarówno sposoby wykorzystania samego słownika, jak i metody jego budowania.

Volodymyr Shyrokov

System semantics of explanatory dictionaries Some semantic properties of the language to be followed from the structure of lexicographical systems of big explanatory dictionaries are considered. The hyperchains and hypercycles are determined as the definite kind of automorphisms of the lexicographical system of explanatory dictionary. Some semantic consequencies following from the principles of lexicographic closure and lexicographic completeness are investigated using the hyperchains and hypercycles formalism. The connection between the hypercyle properties of the lexicographical system semantics and Goedel’s incompleteness theorem is discussed.

The publication presents the official review of the first edition of S. I. Ojegov’s “Russian dictionary” (1949) written by Doctor of Philology F. P. Filin in the preceding preparation of the second edition of the dictionary of 1952 and stored in Russian Academy of Sciences Archive. In the review F. P. Filin’s vulgar-sociological, purist views were reflected. In the comment it is shown, on what compromises S. I. Ojegov was compelled to go when editing dictionary; it is noted that the lexicographer managed, despite political nature of the charges brought by the critic, to keep a number of the major principles of his main work and not to renounce quality of the dictionary.