Mink are small carnivores of the Mustelidae family. The American mink is the most common and was imported to Europe, Asia, and Latin America for breeding, as its fur is very popular. Denmark, the Netherlands, and China are the biggest producers of mink. Mink farms with a high population density in very small areas and a low level of genetic heterogeneity are places conducive to contagion. The mink’s receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is very similar to that of humans. Experimental models have shown the susceptibility of the ferret, another mustelid, to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 and to transmit it to other ferrets. On April 23, 2020, for the first time, an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a mink farm was reported in the Netherlands. Since then, COVID-19 has reached numerous mink farms in the Netherlands, Denmark, United States, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, and Canada. Not only do mink become infected from each other, but also they are capable of infecting humans, including with virus variants that have mutated in mink. Human infection with variant mink viruses with spike mutations led to the culling in Denmark of all mink in the country. Several animals can be infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, anthropo-zoonotic outbreaks have only been reported in mink farms. The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in mink farms raises questions regarding their potential role at the onset of the pandemic and the impact of mutants on viral fitness, contagiousness, pathogenicity, re-infections with different mutants, immunotherapy, and vaccine efficacy.
Felipe E. García, Carmen Gloria Barraza-Peña, Anna Wlodarczyk
et al.
The Brief-COPE is an abbreviated version of the COPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced) Inventory, a self-report questionnaire developed to assess a broad range of coping responses. Currently, it is one of the best validated and most frequently used measures of coping strategies. The aim of this study was to validate a culturally appropriate Chilean version of the Brief-COPE, assess its psychometric properties and construct and congruent validity. The Spanish version of the Brief-COPE was administrated in a community sample of 1847 Chilean adult (60.4% women) exposed to a variety of stressful experiences. The factorial structure of the inventory was examined by comparing four different models found in previous studies in Latin American population. The results of confirmatory factor analyses revealed, as in the original studies, a 14-factor structure of the Brief-COPE. These dimensions showed adequate internal structure and consistency. The factorial invariance comparing women and men confirmed strict invariance. Additionally, the results showed significant correlation between some Brief-COPE scales, such as denial and substance use, with perceived stress and emotional support and active coping with subjective well-being. Overall, the present work offers a valid and reliable tool for assessing coping strategies in the Chilean population.
Abstract This article explores the uses of sources in coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic in social media posts of mainstream news organizations in Brazil, Chile, Germany, Mexico, Spain, the U.K., and the U.S. Based on computational content analysis, our study analyzes the sources and actors present in more than 940,000 posts on COVID-19 published in the 227 Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter accounts of 78 sampled news outlets between January 1 and December 31 of 2020, comparing their relative importance across countries, across media platforms, and across time as the pandemic evolved in each country. The analysis shows the dominance of political sources across countries and platforms, particularly in Latin America, demonstrating a strong role of the state in constructing pandemic news and suggesting that mainstream news organizations' social media posts maintain a strong elite orientation. Health sources were also prominent — consistent with the defining role of biomedical authority in health coverage—, while significant diversity of sources, including citizen sources, emerged as the pandemic went on. Our results also revealed that the use of specific sources significantly varied over time. These variations tend to go hand in hand with specific global milestones of the pandemic.
A. Fresno, Nadia Ramos Alvarado, Daniel Núñez
et al.
ABSTRACT Background: ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) are stress-related disorders. The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is a widely used instrument to assess PTSD and CPTSD. To date, there is no evidence of the psychometric characteristics of the ITQ in Latin American countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the construct and concurrent validity of the Latin American Spanish adaptation of the ITQ in a sample of Chilean adults. Methods: A sample of 275 Chilean young adults completed the ITQ, a traumatic life events checklist, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21, and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale short version. Four alternative confirmatory factor analysis models were tested. Correlation analyses were performed to determine concurrent validity with associated measures (number of reported traumatic events, number of adverse childhood experiences, anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk). Results: The second-order two-factor (PTSD and DSO) and the correlated first-order six-factor model provided acceptable fit; however, the first model showed a better fit based on the BIC difference. The PTSD and DSO dimensions, as well as the six ITQ clusters showed positive correlations with reported number of traumatic life-events, reported number of adverse childhood experiences, levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk. Conclusions: The ITQ Latin American Spanish adaptation provides acceptable psychometric evidence to assess PTSD and CPTSD in accordance with the ICD-11. HIGHLIGHTS This study is an initial validation of the Latin American Spanish adaptation of the ITQ with a Chilean young adults sample. The latent structure of the Latin American Spanish ITQ was better supported by a two-factor second-order model (PTSD/DSO); a six-factor correlated model was also acceptable. The six ITQ symptom clusters, as well as the PTSD/CPTSD dimensions were significantly positively correlated with three criterion variables: anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk. The number of potentially traumatic experiences, as well as number of exposure to adverse childhood experiences, was significantly associated with PTSD/CPTSD symptoms.
Each of the four articles in this Dialogues draws on recent conservation and/or material analysis of a single work created in colonial Latin America, specifically New Spain, to explore the self-image of the artist as manifest through practice—that is, the techniques of manipulating a range of materials to achieve a desired aesthetic effect. The four foci are a featherwork miter and infulae, the Codex Mendoza, the Adoration of the Magi by Cristóbal de Villalpando, and a casta painting by Miguel Cabrera. The introductory essay argues that examining artistic practice is one avenue to ascertaining artists’ own choices about self-presentation. RESUMEN Cada uno de los cuatro ensayos se basa en la conservación reciente o el análisis material de una única obra creada en la América Latina colonial, específicamente en la Nueva España, para explorar la autoimagen del artista tal como esta se manifiesta a través de la práctica, es decir, el conjunto de técnicas desarrolladas por artistas para poder manipular diversos materiales a fin de lograr el efecto deseado. Los cuatro focos son una mitra e ínfulas de plumas, el Códice Mendoza, la Adoración de los Reyes Magos de Cristóbal de Villalpando y una pintura de casta de Miguel Cabrera. El ensayo introductorio sostiene que asignar un papel principal a la práctica de los artistas permite entender las propias decisiones de los artistas sobre la auto-presentación. RESUMO Cada um destes ensaios baseia-se em análises de conservação ou material recentes de um único trabalho criado na América Latina colonial, especificamente na Nova Espanha, para explorar a auto-imagem do artista como manifesta através da prática, isto é, o conjunto de técnicas que artistas desenvolveram para manipular os efeitos desejados de uma variedade de materiais. Os quatro focos são uma mítra e ínfulas em arte plumária, o Codex Mendoza, a Adoração dos Magos por Cristóbal de Villalpando e uma pintura de casta por Miguel Cabrera. O ensaio introdutório argumenta que atribuir um papel primário à prática dos artistas é chegar às próprias escolhas dos artistas sobre a auto-apresentação.
Neste artigo, abordamos os termos da representação lésbica em dois longas-metragens, de ficção, realizados por mulheres no Brasil, no período de ditadura civil-militar (1964-1985). Analisamos Marcados para viver (1976), de Maria do Rosário Nascimento e Silva, e Amor maldito (1984), de Adélia Sampaio. Partimos de referenciais feministas do cinema, que reconhecem o jogo de (in)visibilidade lésbica em cinematografias, desde filmes clássicos de Hollywood, sustentando que, apesar de códigos de censura e do padrão de heterossexualidade compulsória ou de heteronormatividade, as lésbicas sempre apareceram neles, mesmo que de maneira fantasmagórica. =======
In this article, I address the terms of lesbian representation in two fictional feature films directed by women in Brazil during the period of civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985), namely Marcados para viver (1976), by Maria do Rosário Nascimento e Silva, and Amor maldito (1984), by Adélia Sampaio. Beginning with feminist references in cinema, which have recognized the play of lesbian (in)visibility in cinematographies since the classic age of Hollywood, I maintain that, despite censorship codes and the standard of compulsory heterosexuality or heteronormativity, lesbians have always been present, even if in a ghostly manner.
El debate sobre el populismo en América Latina ha resurgido a raíz del viraje que se produjo hacia la izquierda en varios países de la región. En este artículo se analiza, en primer lugar, la ambigüedad y la polisemia de dicho concepto, así como las razones para dicha polisemia. En segundo lugar, las diversas periodizaciones que se han propuesto para la identificación de las etapas del fenómeno en la historia política latinoamericana, precisando las controversias generadas por dicha periodización; y, por último, se recogen los elementos de discusión, tanto teórica como política, para definir al populismo, así como para explicar el porqué de sus causas, y la valoración que se ha hecho del fenómeno populista desde las diversas disciplinas sociales y desde diversos espectros ideológicos.
En 1946 el sociólogo Frank Tannenbaum ofreció una imagen positiva de la esclavitud en América Latina. Desde entonces, sus consideraciones respecto a la esclavitud han sido replanteadas. Sin embargo, se ha prestado poca atención a su afirmación de que una vez emancipados, los antiguos esclavos se convirtieron en ciudadanos. En este artículo analizamos la posición de la gente libre de color en la legislación colonial en la América hispana que les discriminaba y les impedía la posibilidad de ocupar un cargo en las instituciones civiles, militares y eclesiásticas mediante el requisito legal de la pureza de sangre. Este tipo de exclusiones raciales fueron suprimidas en los inicios del proceso de independencia de la América hispana continental pero se mantuvieron vigentes en Cuba y en Puerto Rico hasta la década de 1880.
In 1946, sociologist Frank Tannenbaum offered a positive image of Latin America’s slave. Since then, his views on slavery have been revised, but little attention has been paid to his claim that once freed, former slaves became citizens. This article focuses on the position of free people of color in colonial Spanish American law, which discriminated against them and barred them from civil, military and church positions through the legal requirement of blood purity. Such racial exclusions were lifted at the onset of continental Spanish America’s independence process, but were in force in Cuba and Puerto Rico until the 1880s.
Definir patrimônio é uma tarefa estimulante, pois amplia horizontes a cada adjetivo agregado àquela palavra. Pode-se falar em patrimônio cultural, natural, imaterial, dentre outras formas de interpretar o registro da expressão humana que confere significado a quem a fez e a seus semelhantes. Mais que isso, o patrimônio tornou-se objeto de políticas públicas e institucionalizou-se. Ganhou ares internacionais. Chegou ao ápice ao ser definido como da humanidade. Há uma instituição multilateral que se
apregoa definidora das expressões a serem mantidas pela humanidade, a
Unesco; e sua similar nacional, o Iphan, na escala federal, e outros órgãos públicos estaduais e municipais também lutam pela manutenção das evidências da aventura humana na Terra.
Latin America. Spanish America, Social sciences (General)
Reseña bibliográfica del libro de Nicolau Sevcenko, Orfeo extático en la metrópolis: San Pablo, sociedad y cultura en los febriles años veinte Traducción de Ada Solari, Bernal, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 2013, 417 pp.
Latin America. Spanish America, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
La escritora colombiana Laura Restrepo propone considerar su última novela, Hot Sur, como una novela de fronteras, por cuanto en ella se ocupa de mostrar lo falaz que resulta el sueño americano para los latinos y, simultáneamente, de revisar los diferentes prejuicios con los que se configura la imagen de los ciudadanos del Sur. Esta afirmación sirve de punto de partida a la lectura hermenéutica que se propone en este artículo, donde se analiza el proceso comparativo entre los del Norte y los del Sur que desarrolla su autora a través de una trama policiaca. El análisis se detiene en dos motivos temáticos de naturaleza dicotómica, el idioma/la escritura y lo limpio/lo sucio, propuestos en la novela como parámetros de diferenciación y de encuentro entre las dos culturas.