Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Aksaule Zhanbozova, Aksana Panzabekova, Erkin Sadykov et al.

Type of the article: Research Article AbstractIncome inequality remains a key socio-economic challenge in Kazakhstan, where persistent disparities reflect institutional weaknesses, structural imbalances, and limited effectiveness of redistribution mechanisms. This study aims to assess the influence of institutional quality, economic structure, and social policy on income inequality in Kazakhstan. The analysis is based on annual national and international statistical data for 2001–2023, covering indicators of governance quality, investment activity, labor market dynamics, and social protection. Methodologically, the study uses Spearman’s rank correlation analysis to identify statistically significant associations between the Gini coefficient and selected explanatory variables, without assuming linear relationships. The robustness of results is verified through significance testing at multiple confidence levels. The findings indicate that stricter rule of law and lower corruption are associated with reduced inequality (Spearman’s ρ ≈ –0.44 to –0.50, p < 0.05), while a higher share of state-owned enterprises correlates with greater disparities (ρ ≈ +0.47, p < 0.05). Investment per capita and household expenditures exert a moderate equalizing effect (each ρ ≈ –0.47, p < 0.05), whereas growth in real incomes and an expanding manufacturing sector are linked to wider gaps. Manufacturing share shows a strong positive association with inequality (ρ ≈ +0.80, p < 0.001), and overall income growth correlates positively as well (ρ ≈ +0.72, p < 0.001). Social transfers and pensions operate primarily as reactive measures, smoothing short-term fluctuations rather than achieving sustained redistribution. The findings provide guidance for public policy aimed at reducing income inequality and indicate that the strongest equalizing effects are associated with improvements in the rule of law, reductions in corruption, and higher investment activity, while growth in real household incomes and existing social transfers are largely reactive and do not ensure sustained redistribution. AcknowledgmentThis paper was prepared within the framework of the scientific and technical program IRN BR28713593 “Sustainable development of Kazakhstan’s economy in the context of new challenges: foresight, strategies and scenarios of modernization, institutions.”

Shahboz Qozoqov

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly a revolutionary force in global banking, although its use in emerging economies like Uzbekistan is less documented. The banking sector in Uzbekistan is made up of a mix of state and foreign banks in a transitional digital setting. Problem Statement. Despite government-led efforts at the digitalization of the economy, little is known about the readiness of the banks of Uzbekistan for the adoption of AI technologies, or the strategic priority of such adoptions by different types of banks. Unresolved aspects of the problem. Existing literature predominantly focuses on AI readiness at the macroeconomic level without specific details regarding the sectoral adoption processes. Empirical analysis integrating digital infrastructure, institutional readiness, and workforce competencies within the case of Uzbekistan's banking is also nonexistent. Purpose of the Article. This research seeks to evaluate the AI adoption environment in the banking industry of Uzbekistan through the integration of various data sources in order to assess regulatory, technological, and human capital preparedness, along with visible implementation trends. Presentation of the Main Material. The approach adopts a multi-source exploratory method, including Oxford Insights AI Readiness Index (2024) research, web scraping of bank websites for AI disclosures, and investigating labor market activity on platforms like Telegram, LinkedIn for AI-skilled personnel presence. The use of Playwright and BeautifulSoup in a Google Colab environment enabled successful keyword-based surveillance of publicly available AI-related projects. Conclusions. The results indicate a split landscape: state banks focus on back-office automation while foreign banks are more likely to experiment with customer-facing AI solutions. With national digital agendas still unfolding, AI talent shortages, infrastructural limitations, and relative opaqueness persist. Based on this evidence, policy suggestions for AI planning and banking innovation in developing economies are presented.

Pilipchuk Nadezhda, Okun'kova Elena, Yazykova Svetlana et al.

The current global economic instability requires new effective tools to stimulate national labor productivity. The authors compared the dynamics of labor productivity in Russia and China for 2020-2024, as well as identified the state policy tools intended to support it in the conditions of external economic instability. The research involved the methods of statistical analysis, comparison, and trend analysis. The results were represented in tables. The data came from the Federal State Statistics Service, Trading Economics, McKinsey Global Institute, and Statbase. The comparative analysis of the factors and conditions determining the dynamics of labor productivity in Russia and China revealed the limitations of Russian stimulating state policy. However, the labor performance per hour was low in both countries. An analysis of the best practices in other countries made it possible to identify a set of measures that could boost labor productivity in Russia in the conditions of unstable global economy. The positive Chinese experience, if adjusted to Russian specifics, might also improve the situation on the domestic labor market.

W. A. Gould, David J. Kinitz, F. Shahidi et al.

Henar Álvarez Cuesta

La reforma llevada a cabo por el no convalidado RD-Ley 7/2023 en los subsidios por desempleo tiene como objetivos los siguientes: simplificar su percepción, extender su ámbito subjetivo de personas beneficiarias y, al tiempo, pretende impulsar una activación para el empleo más intensa de las personas subsidiadas a través de la compatibilidad entre trabajo y prestación. A la luz de los cambios mencionados, se trata de comprobar si la reducción del puzle del subsidio por desempleo sirve para  proteger realmente a quien más necesita una red de supervivencia frente a las consecuencias de las medidas de adaptación o mitigación frente al cambio climático y si se cumplen los requisitos que una transición justa frente al cambio climático precisa, esto es, la formación y recualificación de las personas trabajadoras dentro de la economía verde o circular y la protección de las personas que han perdido su puesto de trabajo o ven impedida su actividad productiva.

Siyuan Yin

In conversation with critical platform and labor studies, which tend to focus on drivers and food delivery workers, this article seeks to expand our understanding of the platform gig economy from the perspective of reproductive labor and migrant domestic workers. The exploitation of women’s unpaid and low-paid reproductive work has persisted throughout various stages of capitalist development. Migrant domestic workers’ underpaid reproductive labor becomes an essential site for primitive capital accumulation and the production of the labor force in the contemporary neoliberal global economy. Building upon analyses of the historical and contemporary circumstances of transnational migrant domestic workers in Canada, I argue that digital labor platforms become a technology-enabled, capital-driven force in the larger commodification and exploitation process of migrant workers’ reproductive labor, and such processes are underpinned by entangled structural and institutional forces of the uneven capitalist development, racism, patriarchy, and the state’s discriminatory (im)migration and labor policies. The article suggests that understanding the seeming prevalence of platform work should be situated in the continuous formal subsumption of reproductive labor and the class immobility of migrant domestic workers, and labor activism and movements should contest the entwined power dominations beyond merely demanding regulations over platforms.

Muyanja Ssenyonga

Abstract The article assesses the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the Indonesian economy and the influence that repercussions from the pandemic have had on the country’s long-term development goals and objectives. The article used backcasting approach to link expected development objectives and targets with current state of social and economic conditions. Results demonstrated a gap between long-term and current economic performance, attributable largely to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and society. A drastic decline in aggregate demand due to contraction in household and corporate expenditure, investment, and exports sparked a surge in open unemployment and underemployment. While swift and wide-ranging government response helped to attenuate the impact of the crisis on the economy and vulnerable sections of society, COVID-19 pandemic impact compounded existing fundamental problems facing the Indonesian economy including de-industrialization, wide urban–rural, East–West, inter-regional digital divide; unemployment and underemployment; weak human resource development; low participation in global value chains; and low education effectiveness. Policy recommendations to nudge the economy and society back to its long-term development trajectory include initiatives to enhance emergency response program effectiveness and tackling structural problems. The initiatives include strengthening and widening the coverage of government programs that support business and society in education, labor and employment, and SME and trade. The thrust of the pathways stresses the need for accelerating the implementation of the national information highway and the ASEAN connectivity initiative. Achieving will support efforts to mainstream the adoption and deployment of digitalization in the economy, government, and transboundary trade.

Natalia Hromadska

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the use of social dialogue as a tool for solving the problems of youth employment in Ukraine in the conditions of war. The youth labor market was considered, the segment of youth employment in Ukraine was characterized, and the main indicators characterizing the state of youth employment were analyzed. The active economic behavior of young people affects almost all aspects of the country's economy, and is one of the most important sources of its development. The article outlines the main problems of youth employment in Ukraine: low level of economic activity, unemployment, informal employment, structural imbalance between demand and supply on the labor market. Solving the problems of youth employment requires the formation of a mechanism for effective interaction and cooperation of youth (trade unions), employers, educational space and the state, which consists in coordinating efforts and joint measures aimed at improving the situation on the labor market and providing young people with affordable jobs. One of these mechanisms is social dialogue, which is able to act as a fairly effective tool for solving the problems of youth employment in Ukraine in the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction. The need to establish cooperation and interaction between employers and educational institutions with the aim of achieving a balance between demand and supply in the labor market, matching the level of education with modern requirements of the labor market was emphasized. The state should pursue an active policy to create favorable conditions for increasing the level of youth employment. The implementation of transparent and effective mechanisms to encourage employers to employ young people and provide them with decent working conditions, providing them with sufficient income and a high level of social protection, overcoming stereotyped perceptions of employers regarding the low professionalism of young people, motivating young people to work should become a priority of state policy in the near future perspective. Efforts of the authorities should also be directed to the development of appropriate post-war employment strategies, which should take into account the employment of young people who will return from abroad, as well as demobilized military personnel.

Sahar Zare Joneghani, Bahram Sahabi, Hassan Heydari et al.

The equity premium is obtained from the difference between the return on the risky stock asset and the return on the risk-free asset; the failure of financial theory to explain high equity premium is known as the equity premium puzzle. This puzzle was introduced for the first time by Mehra and Prescott in the framework of the C-CAPM model and states that stock returns are so high that it cannot be explained by the fluctuation of real consumption growth. Therefore, the examination of the puzzle is important because it provides the basis for the correction of models that lead to failure when faced with financial data. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the equity premium puzzle in Iran. Focusing on the relationship between the real and financial sectors, this study has specified a DSGE model in accordance with the conditions of Iran's economy. The specified model can investigate the equity premium puzzle in Iran by applying technology shocks, government spending, oil revenue, stock price index shock and money supply and the effect of these shocks on asset returns and consumption. The results show that the productivity shock, oil income shock and stock price shock in the high-risk aversion parameter while smoothing the consumption and creating a high equity premium can explain the equity premium puzzle in Iran. Introduction The neoclassical growth model is among the most successful models that have been influential in representing business cycles and macroeconomic issues, but it faces challenges when it comes to financial data. One of the best examples of this challenge is the equity premium puzzle presented by Mehra and Prescott (1985). Using the C-CAPM model, they showed that the empirical equity premium is larger than the risk tolerance in the standard neoclassical models of financial economics; therefore, the equity premium puzzle provided a basis for modifying the standard neoclassical models. So far, various studies have been carried out to modify the model, which provided solutions to solve the Equity premium puzzle. Some studies solved the Equity premium puzzle by introducing economic recession as a state variable (such as the study of Campbell & Cochrane (1999)), Others evaluated the Equity premium puzzle by including consumption habits (such as Constantinides (1990)); Epstein and Zin (1991) also looked for the Equity premium puzzle by separating the relative risk aversion coefficient and the time discount rate. In Iran, research has been done by Mohammadzadeh et al. (2015) and Erfani et al. (2015). By making changes in the C-CAPM model, they evaluated the Equity premium puzzle in Iran. Among the weaknesses of these studies, we can mention the neglect of the connection between the real and financial sectors, as well as the lack of attention to the role of fluctuations in macroeconomic variables in investors' decisions. In this regard, the present study has tried to correct these weaknesses by designing a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model for the Iranian economy. To be more precise, the purpose of this model is to examine the equity premium puzzle in a more realistic way, because it examines the fluctuations of asset returns and consumption in response to the shocks introduced in the model. The main idea of this model is taken from the study of Kaszab and Marsal (2015). Methods and Material The data used in this study are quarterly data (from the first quarter of 1993 to the fourth quarter of 2021) adjusted gross domestic product without oil (minus net exports), oil income, consumer price index, private sector consumption, private investment, monetary base, government spending, stock price index, and the bank deposit rate. The data were collected from the Central Bank of Iran and the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization. The specified DSGE model is simulated using MATLAB software and the Diner program. Results and Discussion As mentioned, this study specified the DSGE model with the approach of modifying preferences and focusing on the relationship between the real and financial sectors. The specified model includes 4 sections: household, corporations, financial, and monetary policymakers. The equations obtained from the first-order optimization conditions were linearized by the Uhlig method. The constant weighted ratios were calculated according to the data of Iran's economy and some parameters were calibrated using previous studies, and finally, 2 criteria were used to evaluate the simulated model in MATLAB: The closeness of the mean and standard deviation of the theoretical variables resulting from calibration to the mean and standard deviation of the real-world variables. The adaptation of the response of the variables to the shocks applied to the model with the theoretical topics. In table (3), the first criterion has been evaluated: Table 1. Comparison of mean and standard deviation of simulated variables and real data The standard deviation Average Title simulated value real data simulated value real data 0.0274 0.0895 0.00000 0.0000 inflation 0.0547 0.0938 0.00000 0.0000 Private investment 0.0251 0.0319 0.00000 0.0000 Private consumption 0.0785 0.2072 0.00000 0.0000 Stock price index 0.0050 0.0763 0.00000 0.0000 Bank deposit rate Source: Research calculations. According to the above table, the mean and standard deviation of the simulated variables of the model and the real sample are relatively similar, which reflects the relative ability of the model to predict the fluctuations of the variables. Evaluation of the second criterion (analysis of immediate response): In the present study, in order to investigate Iran's equity premium puzzle in the form of the DSGE model, taking into account the fact that changes in consumption depend on the preferences of individuals, which is reflected in the intertemporal elasticity of substitution of consumption; the instantaneous response functions of the simulated variables have been investigated in 3 different values of the risk aversion parameter. The values of this parameter are reported in Table 4: Table 2. Relative risk aversion coefficient values   The first model, the second model the third model Risk aversion parameter 1.65 5.00 12.00   the coefficient value is less than the acceptable range the coefficient value is within the acceptable range The coefficient value is greater than the acceptable range Technology shock: Table 3. Response functions of simulated variables to technology shock Source: Research calculations According to Table (5), in the higher risk aversion parameter (12), a negative correlation between inflation and consumption and a positive correlation between consumption and real stock price index can produce higher positive equity premium and confirm the equity premium puzzle in Iran in short-run, medium-run, and long-run. Money supply shock: Table 4. Response functions of the simulated variables to the money supply shock Source: Research calculations Money supply shock in higher risk aversion parameter (12), in the short run (up to 4 periods) can explain the equity premium puzzle in Iran.     Government expenditure shock: Table 5. Response functions of the simulated variables to the government expenditure shock  Source: Research calculations The shock of government spending in all values of the risk aversion parameter, by creating a positive covariance between consumption and inflation, produces a negative premium for 9 periods and produces a small positive premium from the 9th period until reaching a stable point; therefore, government expenditure shock cannot explain the equity premium puzzle.     Oil income shock: Table 6. Response functions of the simulated variables to the oil income shock Source: Research calculations According to Table (8), in the higher value of the risk aversion coefficient, more premium is produced, which can explain the equity premium puzzle.     Stock price shock: Table 7. Response functions of simulated variables to stock price shock Source: Research calculations This shock can show the equity premium puzzle in the short-run, medium-run, and long-run by producing a positive premium in the value of the high-risk aversion coefficient. Conclusion The aim of the present study is to investigate the equity premium puzzle in Iran. Focusing on the relationship between the real and financial sectors, this study specified a DSGE model in accordance with the conditions of Iran's economy; the specified model, assuming that households have sufficient information about the values of risk aversion parameters and consumption habits, was able to solve the Equity premium puzzle in Iran by applying technology shocks, government spending, oil income, stock price index, money supply and the effect of these shocks on asset returns and consumption. The results showed that in the value of the risk aversion parameter higher than the acceptable range, consumption has fewer fluctuations (the reason is the existence of consumption habits). Therefore, since households do not like sudden changes in consumption, then with changes in labor supply, saving or purchasing assets without risk. The analysis also reveals that when oil income, stock price, and technology shocks impact the risk aversion parameter beyond an acceptable range, a high equity premium emerges in the short, medium, and long term. This elevated equity premium helps explain the equity premium puzzle. Based on these findings, two policy recommendations are suggested for policymakers: Focus on Structural Parameters: Policymakers should consider structural parameters such as consumption habits and risk aversion, as households are aware of these values. Neglecting these factors may adversely affect policy objectives by misaligning with household expectations. Leverage the Equity Premium as an Investment Incentive: A high equity premium can encourage investment in riskier assets over risk-free assets under uncertain conditions. While a high premium may help mitigate investor uncertainty and risk aversion, it is essential for policymakers to implement economic programs that minimize fluctuations in macroeconomic indicators and control societal uncertainty. These considerations underscore the importance of stability in economic policy to support both investment confidence and broader economic goals.

Luísa Gonçalo Dai Prá, Adriana D'Agostini

Estamos submetidos a um modo de produção orientado a mais-valia, que continua a expropriar os conhecimentos tradicionais dos trabalhadores, inclusive as comunidades de pescadores artesanais ao longo da costa brasileira, impactadas por conflitos socioambientais que vêm se acentuando nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste texto é discutir os impactos que as expropriações possuem sobre os trabalhadores envolvidos com a pesca artesanal e a relevância e os desafios contemporâneos da formação de consciência de classe entre os pescadores artesanais. O artigo é fruto de pesquisa teórica realizada para o TCC sobre a temática. Palavra-chave: Conflitos socioambientais; Pescadores artesanais; Precarização do trabalho.

S.Yu. , T.P. , K.Ye.

HR managers are specialists who adjust all processes of search, adaptation, motivation, development and evaluation of company personnel, so they must perform their professional duties in accordance with established standards of moral ethics. The article examines the level of definition of the concepts of "professional ethics" and "HR-management" in the works of scientists, and proves the need to consider the general concept of "professional ethics in HR management". A number of ethical issues in HR-management that arise during employment, determination of rewards and benefits in labor relations, as well as possible consequences of unethical behavior that manifests itself in the form of business risk and can negatively affect the activities of the business entity are highlighted. The process of ensuring compliance with professional ethics through personnel policy, adoption of ethical codes and establishment of organizational structure is outlined. Measures are proposed to implement the norms of professional ethics in the personnel sphere in the forms of establishing uniform rules for the activities of the company's employees; giving priority to the professional development of each staff member and taking into account his moral and psychological state to ensure competitiveness in the market; implementation of the principles of inclusion and diversity in the selection of personnel, their development and motivation; conducting relevant trainings; ensuring the confidentiality of personnel information; development of local codes of ethics adapted to the conditions of the enterprise. Thus, compliance with ethics in HR-management ensures the company's image, customer loyalty and increased attractiveness among qualified employees on the labor market.

Rafael José López Bedmar

Roseny de Almeida

Poeta, carioca, antropólogo, amante da cultura popular, defensor do meio ambiente, andarilho… no seu país e fora dele. Tinha um pé na academia, outro na educação popular, escreveu dezenas de livros, lecionou em diversas universidades brasileiras e estrangeiras, foi amigo e companheiro de Paulo Freire, veja que dupla perfeita! Foi assim que o nosso gigante da educação popular fez pousada por aqui por oitenta e três anos, um “plantador de sonhos”. 

D. P. Rodrigues, V. Alves, A. M. E. Silva et al.

OBJECTIVES to understand women's perception regarding the care received during labor and birth. METHODS this is a descriptive-exploratory, qualitative study carried out with 54 postpartum women from hospitals in the Metropolitan Region II of the state of Rio de Janeiro, from January to December 2018, using semi-structured interviews submitted to content analysis. RESULTS puerperal women's perceptions about the childbirth care they received indicated the use of interventions, such as pressure maneuvers on the uterine fundus during the expulsion period - Kristeller maneuver, episiotomy and repeated vaginal examination and without consent. The use of institutional routines, such as zero diet, horizontal birth and disrespect. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS despite the encouragement of public humanization policies, the technocratic model is still present in obstetric care during childbirth. The humanization of obstetric care requires changes in attitudes and care paradigms, in order to guarantee respect and the right to quality care.

R. Parreñas

How do states manage their populations? Some scholars see the state as primarily governing through punishment, but how might the state engage in other forms of disciplining subjects? I address these questions by exploring the state management of labor migration through interviews and participant observation of compulsory government workshops. I look at the case of Filipino domestic workers in Arab states. States are said to exercise bio-power when they market and discipline migrants to be competitive and compliant workers, in the process ignoring migrant vulnerabilities. In contrast, this article establishes that sending states attend to migrant vulnerabilities. In addition to bio-power, states also exercise pastoral power, caring for the well-being of migrants through the creation of labor standards, regulation of migration, and education policies. This analysis extends our understanding of the state management of migration as well as the state management of populations as it advances Foucault’s discussion of the exercise of power.

Tássia Gabriele Balbi de Figueiredo e Cordeiro

A presente tese tem como tema central a investida do agronegócio na educação, considerando o contexto da questão agrária e a luta ampliada pela terra como componente da luta de classes no Brasil. Em face disso, procuramos compreender a consolidação do agronegócio no país, especificamente, sua inserção na educação e os impactos de sua expansão para a oferta escolar em espaços rurais e para o movimento por uma Educação do Campo (CALDART, 2016).

Jennifer Karas Montez, Nader Mehri, Shannon M Monnat et al.

The rise in working-age mortality rates in the United States in recent decades largely reflects stalled declines in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality alongside rising mortality from alcohol-induced causes, suicide, and drug poisoning; and it has been especially severe in some U.S. states. Building on recent work, this study examined whether U.S. state policy contexts may be a central explanation. We modeled the associations between working-age mortality rates and state policies during 1999 to 2019. We used annual data from the 1999-2019 National Vital Statistics System to calculate state-level age-adjusted mortality rates for deaths from all causes and from CVD, alcohol-induced causes, suicide, and drug poisoning among adults ages 25-64 years. We merged that data with annual state-level data on eight policy domains, such as labor and taxes, where each domain was scored on a 0-1 conservative-to-liberal continuum. Results show that the policy domains were associated with working-age mortality. More conservative marijuana policies and more liberal policies on the environment, gun safety, labor, economic taxes, and tobacco taxes in a state were associated with lower mortality in that state. Especially strong associations were observed between certain domains and specific causes of death: between the gun safety domain and suicide mortality among men, between the labor domain and alcohol-induced mortality, and between both the economic tax and tobacco tax domains and CVD mortality. Simulations indicate that changing all policy domains in all states to a fully liberal orientation might have saved 171,030 lives in 2019, while changing them to a fully conservative orientation might have cost 217,635 lives.

Doan Vu Anh, D. Duc, T. Nguyen

The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly hit the Vietnamese economy, including the private sector. Based on the analysis of the pandemic-caused impacts on this particular sector, the article evaluates the policies that Vietnam did implement in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. It is found that the Government had issued a number of policies to support businesses such as investment capital, financial costs, labor, and employment... but there are still certain limitations. The article, therefore, proposes some recommendations to effectively implement those policies in the coming time.

A. Pashkin

Introduction. The study of the activities of the prosecutor’s office and the court to maintain labor discipline is important for understanding the mechanisms of preparation of the USSR for the war of 1941–1945. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the processes that took place in the judicial and investigative bodies of the Middle Volga region in the light of the joint resolution of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, the Central Committee of the CPSU(b) and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of December 28, 1939 “On strengthening labor discipline” and the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1940. “On the transition to an eight-hour working day, to a seven-day working week and on the prohibition of unauthorized departure of workers and employees from enterprises and institutions”. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of documentary complexes of party organizations, prosecutor’s offices and courts from the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and three regional archives, which predetermined the use of concrete historical methods necessary for a detailed study of the interrelated processes of the emergence of new judicial practices during the transition of acts from the sphere of administrative to the sphere of criminal law. Results. Despite the tendencies of tightening the consequences of violations of labor regulations observed in the party-state policy of the USSR in the late 1930s, the organs of the court and prosecutor’s office of the Middle Volga region were not prepared for its implementation. Since July 1940, due to the receipt of criminal cases under the Decree of June 26, 1940, the volume of work of the people’s courts has increased by an average of 6 times. The low legal culture of the heads of enterprises and institutions led to careless registration of documents for violators, which required high-quality preliminary investigation from the staff of the prosecutor’s office and the court. At the same time, the Kuibyshev Department of the People’s Commissariat of Justice has not sent any explanations to the judges for several months, solely demanding compliance with the five-day deadline for the consideration of cases. In fact, people’s judges were left to themselves, did not have a generalized practice of trials, which is why sentences and measures of criminal prosecution for the same type of crimes differed. Discussion and Conclusions. Both in the Middle Volga region and on the scale of the USSR, absenteeism and unauthorized abandonment of a place of work have become the most widespread criminal offense. On average, in the USSR, the share of these crimes in the second half of 1940 accounted for over 60 % of convicts, in the Middle Volga region, which had a fairly high share of industry – more than 75 %. The result of the lack of preparatory work was the forced refusal of a preliminary investigation, and then of an in-person court session, which led to a decrease in the quality of work of courts in the territory of the Middle Volga region.

T. N. Lanets

The Far-Eastern region occupies strategically important position in Russia, and special attention is paid to its development both at the federal and regional levels. Labor market is the most important element of the regional economic system, and the changes taking place on it are indicators of the state of the economy. General trends in the Russian labor market are weakly sensitive even to strong shocks, but the regional shifts may run counter to general trends and change its structure. The article analyzes the dynamics of a number of employed in the Russian Federation, the Far-Eastern federal district and the Khabarovsk territory for 2010-2019, identifies structural shifts in the sectoral labor markets, evaluates their competitiveness based on the method of shift components and localization coefficients. Application of the methodology makes it possible to identify the influence of factors of national, sectoral and regional nature on the state of sectoral labor markets in the regionCalculation of localization coefficients makes it possible to identify the branches of regional specialization that are most significant from the point of view of economic growth prospects, which is important for the development of a set of measures to strengthen their positions, substantiate the quality of decisions made in the field of personnel policy and training for the regional labor market. In the methodological aspect, in addition to the traditional methodology, the author carried out a dynamic analysis of the coefficients of industry localization, and also took into account the relative contribution of the region's industries to the creation of GRP, which made it possible to make the more objective assessment of competitiveness of industries in the Khabarovsk territory.