Hasil untuk "Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law"

Rohmad Adi Yulianto

The transformation of global order in the twenty-first century has challenged the traditional state-centric structure of international law. Classical doctrine, grounded in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, recognizes primarily states, and to a limited extent international organizations, as subjects of international law. However, the emergence of transnational movements, multinational corporations, global NGOs, and influential individuals has exposed the insufficiency of this narrow conception. Simultaneously, Islamic legal and moral traditions provide a rich framework for understanding responsibility, rights, and agency that centers on the individual as the primary bearer of obligations (taklif). This article offers a comparative conceptual analysis between Islamic jurisprudence and international legal theory regarding the notion of the "subject" of law. Drawing on classical and contemporary scholarship, including Vattel, Grotius, Lauterpacht, Kelsen, Rawls, and Dworkin, as well as ur'anic ethics and the works of al-Shatibi, Fazlur Rahman, and M.A. Draz, the study argues that the individual is the foundational subject of legal responsibility. States and institutions are legal entities with Islamic moral philosophy; the article proposes a reconceptualization of international legal subjectivity that is more inclusive, coherent, and normatively grounded.

Constitutionalism and Liberty: Essays in Honor of David K. Nichols explores the relationship between liberty and constitutionalism in American politics and political theory, and is organized around the question of how human liberty is preserved and advanced while empowering government to have the necessary authority to effectively govern society. The essays themselves are divided into three areas reflecting the breadth and diversity of David K. Nichols’s scholarship. The first assesses how we should understand separation of powers and checks and balances in the American constitutional system. The second area treats different aspects of American legal practice and jurisprudence, including the powers and role of the American judiciary philosophically and institutionally as well as questions of administrative power, civil rights, parental rights, and symbolic speech. The final section examines a range of issues in political philosophy and theory, including two chapters on the intersection of political theory with literature and art. The array of subjects covered by these chapters is a testament to the broad influence of Nichols’ teaching and scholarship, and to the widening interest in aspects of American politics, constitutional law, and political theory that cross traditional barriers in political science.

Antonio Carlos Wolkmer

Este artículo propone como objetivo principal una reflexión sobre las condiciones de posibilidad de una concepción crítica del Derecho en el siglo XXI, reconociendo la complejidad y las múltiples interpretaciones que involucran esta proposición. La teoría crítica, tradicionalmente vista como un instrumento de resistencia, ruptura, resistencia y emancipación, enfrenta nuevos desafíos en el siglo XXI cuando se aplica al contexto institucional del derecho formal, que se ha demostrado insuficiente para abordar problemas contemporáneos como las desigualdades sociales, las crisis ambientales, las nuevas formas de violencia, la discriminación racial, la migración y el neocolonialismo. La propuesta central del artículo es redefinir el pensamiento crítico en Derecho, priorizando las dimensiones sociales, tecnocomunicacional y ecológica. La conclusión apunta a la necesidad de un proyecto civilizatorio crítico, ecosocial y contrahegemónico, inspirado en las insurgencias periféricas del Sur, que defienda la urgencia de la vida y la operacionalización de un Derecho Humano para el futuro.

Henrique Rabello de Carvalho, Fabio Alves Gomes de Oliveira

O artigo busca analisar as manifestações contra a diversidade de orientações sexuais e identidades de gênero como estratégia política em meio à crise das democracias, neoconservadorismo crescente e políticas anti-gênero na Hungria e na Polônia. Assim, pretende-se verificar como esses países adotam estratégias na tentativa de controlar e reprimir a diversidade sexual e de gênero. Na Hungria, as políticas governamentais reforçam estereótipos tradicionais, limitando os direitos LGBTI+ e promovendo uma visão conservadora da família. Enquanto isso, na Polônia, medidas legislativas e discursos políticos reforçam a discriminação e a marginalização dos grupos LGBTI+. Uma análise comparativa revela como ambos os países estão atravessando uma regressão nos direitos individuais, a partir de estratégias de estigmatização e perseguição para restringir a liberdade de expressão e identidade em um contexto em que se tem denominado de democracias iliberais e avanço do neoliberalismo e enfraquecimento das instituições.

О. И. Захарова

Современная система административно-процессуального законодательства сталкивается с рядомсущественных проблем, препятствующих эффективной защите прав граждан и организаций. В статье рассматриваются ключевые вызовы в обеспечении процессуальных гарантий защиты лиц, привлекаемых к административной ответственности, предлагаются пути совершенствования законодательства. Анализ основан на нормах действующего законодательства Российской Федерации, судебнойпрактики и международных стандартов справедливого судебного разбирательства, вносятся предложения по совершенствованию законодательства. Особое внимание уделяется вопросам юрисдикции,полномочиям защитника, оценке существенных недостатков протокола и целесообразности выделения административного расследования в самостоятельную форму производства по делу.

M. Aziz

Abundant studies on Islamic art have been written, ranging from those based on the dimensions of universality, philosophy, and legal aspects. Yet, how it represents a sense of moderation, which can be found in Islamic semantic legal theory is something underdeveloped. The present research hence aims to reveal this aesthetic dimension examined in the context of Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī's jurisprudence for Muslim minorities (fiqh al-aqalliyyāt). Apart from the descriptive analysis, this qualitative research will employ a content analysis method to figure out al-Qaraḍāwī's paradigm in Islamic art, moderation, and fiqh al-aqalliyyāt inherent in his multiple works and interrelate to each other. This study concluded that the aesthetic moderation of the Islamic semantic legal theory lies in the four terms falling under the theory of meaning clarity (naẓariyyat al-wāḍiḥ al-dilālah), i.e., manifest (al-ẓāhir), explicit (al-naṣṣ), unequivocal (al-mufassar), and perspicuous (al-muḥkam). The terms produce beautiful meanings, moving gradually from particularity to universality and corresponding to characters of perfection (symmetrical) and elasticity (asymmetrical). In al-Qaraḍāwī's fiqh al-aqalliyyāt's issues like religious pluralism, greeting other religions' festivals, and democracy, the beauty crystallizes in a thesis that every Muslim must have perfect faith and, at the same time, elastic social association with people of other religions. These findings are expected not only to provide new avenues for the discourse of Muslim minorities but also of Islamic art and semantic law.

Fabiola Silva, Monica Picanço Dias

O Direito à Moradia é uma luta histórica e fundamental para a satisfação dos direitos humanos. A moradia é essencial para garantir bem-estar e dignidade, reconhecido como direito social pela Constituição Federal. A efetivação desse direito enfrenta desafios em diversos países, incluindo o acesso à justiça às populações vulneráveis frente às questões como despejos e regularização fundiária. A Justiça Multiportas, proposta por Frank Sander em 1976, busca privilegiar a autocomposição em litígios, permitindo que as partes tenham autonomia na escolha dos meios de resolução de conflitos. A pesquisa apresenta o consenso como uma técnica de resolução de conflitos e um instrumento democrático para efetivar o direito humano à moradia, destacando a importância de estimular sua aplicação. O artigo 3º do Código de Processo Civil incentiva a solução consensual de conflitos, além dos métodos de conciliação e mediação. A pesquisa utiliza o método descritivo e bibliográfico, baseado em livros, artigos e notícias divulgadas. A adoção do procedimento da construção do consenso nos conflitos relacionados à moradia, sob a perspectiva da Justiça Multiportas, possibilita a efetivação do Direito Humano à Moradia.

Matias Meza

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar un informe pericial producido por el área de química legal en la determinación de residuos de disparo. La finalidad es examinar si el mismo cuenta con la información necesaria para evaluar la calidad del conocimiento experto, considerando las exigencias del debido proceso. Para alcanzar este propósito, en primer lugar, se describirá el contenido del informe en relación con la normativa procesal y la práctica pericial, con un enfoque en los aspectos formales del mismo. En la segunda parte, se hará hincapié en los aspectos sustanciales, resaltando el contenido del conocimiento especializado y evaluando la calidad del conocimiento experto en el caso particular, tratando de comprender la lógica subyacente en el razonamiento pericial. Finalmente, en la tercera parte, se presentarán reflexiones y recomendaciones de mejora, relacionadas con los puntos anteriores, con el propósito de contribuir a la calidad del conocimiento especializado, esencial para garantizar un proceso legal adecuado.

Yue-Liang Wu

We investigate the essential properties of gravitational quantum field theory (GQFT) based on spin gauge symmetry, using the general theory of quantum electrodynamics as an example. A constraint equation for the field strength of the gravigauge field is derived, serving as a gravitization equation within the spin-related gravigauge spacetime. This equation reveals how gravitational effects emerge from the non-commutative relation of the gravigauge derivative operator. By transmuting the action from gravigauge spacetime to Minkowski spacetime, we demonstrate that translational invariance results in a vanishing energy-momentum tensor in GQFT when the equations of motion are applied to all fundamental fields, including the gravigauge field. This extends the conservation law of the energy-momentum tensor in quantum field theory to a cancellation law of the energy-momentum tensor in GQFT. As a result, an equivalence between the general gravitational equation and the zero energy-momentum tensor theorem naturally arises in GQFT. Certain aspects of the Poincaré gauge theory are also briefly discussed. Furthermore, a GQFT incorporating the Chern-Simons action in three-dimensional spacetime is developed, based on the inhomogeneous spin gauge symmetry WS(1,2) and the global Poincaré symmetry PO(1,2). This framework provides a basis for exploring its connection to Witten's perspective on three-dimensional gravity.

César Giovanny Castañeda Blandón

Durante las cuatro décadas anteriores las redes criminales del municipio de Bello crecieron y sofisticaron sus estructuras y repertorios criminales, convirtiéndose en estructuras mafiosas con amplio dominio territorial, capaces de constreñir a gran parte de la ciudadanía mediante la imposición de tributos criminales, creando monopolios comerciales en mercados legales e ilegales, y alimentando redes de corrupción para quitarle efectividad a la política pública de seguridad. Luego de identificar y establecer las motivaciones económicas y los repertorios de las redes delincuenciales analizadas, mediante el uso de las herramientas analíticas de teoría de la agencia, se establecieron algunas de las vulnerabilidades que afloraran cuando sus dirigentes enfrentan los dilemas surgidos de la relación agente-principal. Los diseñadores de la política pública de seguridad, podrían derivar importantes líneas de acción que exploten las vulnerabilidades de los criminales en pos de la tutela material de los bienes jurídicos de la comunidad bellanita.

David Miller

Felipe Castro Zurita, Santiago Cisneros Bejarano

La Ley de Sostenibilidad Fiscal, promulgada a propósito de la crisis económica por la cual atraviesa Ecuador, introduce una figura novedosa en materia tributaria: la transacción de las obligaciones tributarias en determinados supuestos. El criterio de arbitrabilidad objetiva en la legislación ecuatoriana es la transigibilidad de la materia en disputa. El presente artículo analiza si la habilitación de la transacción en esta materia, permite también el sometimiento a arbitraje de este tipo de obligaciones. El trabajo contiene un estudio de la arbitrabilidad objetiva y su aplicación en Ecuador, con observación a las particularidades que conlleva la transigibilidad cuando se trata de derecho público. Así mismo, se realiza una interpretación sistemática del ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano y teleológica de la mencionada ley para determinar la arbitrabilidad de las obligaciones tributarias. Finalmente, se concluye cuáles son los supuestos, de los regulados por la Ley, que podría conocer la jurisdicción arbitral.

E. Frolova

In the review of V.S. Gruzdev’s monograph “Realism in jurisprudence: theoretical, methodological and historical aspects” it is noted that the research of the author of the reviewed work seems to be in demand by modern philosophy and jurisprudence. The purpose of this monograph is to study on the basis of original texts the main directions of legal realism as a paradigm of legal understanding in the context of its genesis, typology, main interpretations and directions of development, to show its evolution and interpretation. To achieve it, the author solves a number of theoretical, methodological and methodical tasks: generalizes approaches in domestic and foreign literature to the interpretation and justification of realism as a theoretical and methodological attitude and method of cognition of law; identifies the main directions of evolution and typology of conceptual legal realism; explores the concept of activity as a semantic characteristic of legal practice; analyzes the most significant trends in the evolution of legal realism in the history of Western European and Scandinavian legal thought; explores the specifics of American legal realism; determines the role of realism among the dominants in the history of Russian legal thought. The issues raised in the monograph and their presentation are of interest for further scientific research in the field of theory, Philosophy and Sociology of Law, history of political and legal doctrines, history and methodology of legal science.

Laila Muhammad Rasyid, Fanny Tasyifa Mahdy

This research aims to study the feminist concept as an entity in the process of forming a view of law and justice. With a normative -sociological approach, where data is obtained from the study of legal texts, expert opinions, and various other sources related to this topic. The results of the study show that the birth of male dominance in the thought process of legal formation, because male groups have misunderstood or biased in constructing the concept of man. According to feminists, legal structures are created by men and reinforce male values. By stating that the male group is the norm. Conversely, women are deviations from the norm and this is hegemony in the concept and reinforcement of patriarchal law and power. Feminists challenge and dismantle the belief or myth that men and women are so different, that certain behaviours can be distinguished on the basis of gender differences. Gender according to feminists is socially created or moulded not biologically. Sex determines physical appearance, reproductive capacity, but does not determine psychological, moral or social traits. Feminist legal theory or Feminist jurisprudence is a legal philosophy based on gender equality in the political, economic and social field

L. Batiev

The object of research is the methodological program of Sergey Muromtsev, on the basis of which a program for transforming legal science was developed. The aim of the article is to characterize the formation of Muromtsev's methodology, its sources and composite elements, the impact on the definition of the subject and objectives of legal science and its separation in the industry. Theoretical and methodological attitudes of Muromtsev were formed at the time when the need for reforms was certainly recognized in Russian jurisprudence. The historical and legal basis of the concept was made up of studies on the history and dogma of Roman law. Muromtsev's conception was built on the basis of a critical analysis of the main lines of development of German jurisprudence - Hegelianism, the historical school, taking into account the practical direction and active use of the works of R. Iering. The conception was formed on the basis of the German school of jurisprudence and later supplemented and improved based on the positivist philosophy itself. The transition from “historical-philosophical” to “objective-scientific” research reflected Muromtsev's greater attention to the Anglo-French positivism (in particular, the logic of J. St. Mill). From the point of view of positivist methodology, Muromtsev considered the addition and verification of the results of the historical-comparative study with a priori theses about the nature of man and society, the addition of induction by deduction from psychological and sociological laws. Muromtsev's psychologism was focused primarily on the explanation of the processes of legal education. Muromtsev can be considered a supporter of a multifactorial explanation of the origin of law. However, the immediate (final) source of law, according to his theory, is jurisprudence in the broadest sense of the word (legal thinking). The psychological characteristics of society and lawyers are a factor that determines the specifics of the law in a particular period of a particular society. This conclusion can serve as a guideline in sociological research of the legal education process even today. The distinction between science, politics, and dogma is based on a radical revision of the subject, tasks (goals), and methodology of jurisprudence from the standpoint of positivism and historicism. As a result, Muromtsev proposed to distinguish between dogma in the strict sense (study of current law in order to apply it in practice) and a new general dogmatic theory (“a systematic presentation of the principles of the current law of any country and any time”). It is not a study of laws in the scientific sense of the word, but it can be a preparatory stage for induction and deduction, which should be done by jurisprudence as a part of social science. The merit of Muromtsev is not the “invention” of new methodological techniques, but a consistent application of the positivist methodology to the study of legal material.

Yuri N. Obukhov

We analyse the conservation laws in the gauge gravity theory which are derived for the general class of gravitational models with the action invariant under the local Poincare and the diffeomorphism group. The consistent Noether-Lagrange formalism is developed, revealing the important role of the auxiliary Goldstone and Stueckelberg fields, with the help of which we construct the composite gauge fields that have a clear geometrical and physical meaning.

Pablo Serra Palao

Este artículo reseña: José Luis REY PÉREZ, Los derechos de los animales en serio, Dykinson, Madrid, 2019, 236 pp.

Oleksandr Gaydulin

The article is devoted to one important problem of the ratio of various legal theories under the same system, which is associatedwith the process of international cooperation in the legal sphere.As known the system of legal sciences is not a system of co-ordinate ideas, found at one and the same level. It is a hierarchicalstructure of superordinate and subordinate theoretical provisions, whose reciprocal relations are illuminated by the structural analysisundertaken by the Pure Theory of Law (Hans Kelsen). The enquiry into the hierarchical structure of the legal system is the main taskof this article.It was generally accepted that the important step towards the modernization of the systems of legal sciences is the expansion ofinterdisciplinary connections.It is for this purpose that it is necessary together in subordination links to expand coordinate and rewarding relations between scientifictheories. In order to implement this concept, it is proposed to pay attention to the development of the theory of interpretationallaw. During the creation of the lower-level theory, the higher-level general theory determines the content of the special theory.According to the concept presented in the study, the Jurisprudence Systems in European countries are directly formed on the basisof: philosophical hermeneutics, philosophy of common sense and the doctrine of European legal interpretivism.Thus, this paper presents theoretical and methodological frameworks to be taken as a basis of a new civil law interpretation theoryelaboration. Such theory is anticipated to become the basic ideas system of private law convergence, in particular Europeanization ofcontract law, through the coordination of the national legal interpretation institutes.The proposals stemming from this work directed to to solve the praxeological problems of the legal interpretation efficiency inthe context of the Ukrainian private law Europeanization.

C. Cormac

This chapter assesses Earth jurisprudence, which is a philosophical approach to legal and governance systems at every level, rather than a theory of international environmental law. It refers to philosophies of law and governance which seek to guide humans to behave in ways that contribute to the integrity, healthy functioning, beauty, and ongoing evolution of the community of life known as ‘Earth’. This approach seeks to promote the flourishing of the Earth community and a ‘mutually enhancing human-Earth relationship’, rather than its subjugation and exploitation by humankind. The chapter explains the worldview that informs Earth jurisprudence, before looking at the essential concepts and principles that make this approach so distinctive. It then tracks the emergence of Earth jurisprudence and the rights of Nature/Mother Earth within the international sphere, and evaluates how this approach may affect the development of international law.

I. Padjen