El artículo se propone analizar la construcción de la cirugía estética como “terapéutica psicológica” entre los cirujanos plásticos argentinos en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Para ello, se analizan publicaciones médicas expertas y de divulgación producidas por estos especialistas. El trabajo comienza planteando una controversia jurídica en torno al valor terapéutico de la cirugía estética. Partiendo de esta controversia, se analizan las justificaciones psicológicas esgrimidas en la literatura médica y algunas narrativas de casos que dan cuenta del carácter “preventivo” de estas prácticas. Al cierre, se abordan las iniciativas de los cirujanos plásticos argentinos destinadas a asegurar el acceso económico a la cirugía estética.
Medical history education enables the medical students to understand the humanistic aspects of medicine and also help to promote the professionalism of doctors. It makes them understand the disappearing or emerging diseases by recognizing the historical changes and trends to respond appropriately. Therefore, it is helpful to study and understand modern medicine.As of March 2023, 22 (55.0%) out of 40 medical schools in Republic of Korea have medical history course as an independent subject and two schools have integrated courses with medical ethics. Compared to 53.1% in 1995 and 56.2% in 2010, similar percentage of medical schools maintained the subject independently. However, the average credits of 18 schools in 2023(2.0) are higher than those of 1995(1.4) and 2010(1.2).The number of full-time professor who specialized in the history of medicine was 2 in 1995, 6 in 2010, and 11 in 2023. Generally, a full-time professor majoring medical history tend to have other duties besides the education and research of medical history, depending on the role of the department to which he or she belongs since they are assigned to the humanities education other than medical history education.Currently, the curriculums that have been recommended by Korea Association of Medical Colleges(KAMC), Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation(KIMEE), and The Korean Society of Medical Education(KSMED), emphasize medical humanities but do not necessarily include the medical history. As a result, medical history courses have increased slightly, but the other humanities classes have increased significantly since 2000.The knowledge of medical history will help students become a doctor, and a doctor with professionalism adapting to the rapidly changing medical environment. Students will also be able to establish the ideas they must pursue in the present era when they come into contact with numerous historical situations. And if they share a sense of history, they will inspire a sense of unity as a profession and will be more active in solving social problems such as health equity.It is hoped that The Korean Society for the History of Medicine will step forward to set the purpose and goal of the medical history education, and organize the contents of the education. Classes should be prepared so that students are interested in them, and education should be focused on how the contents of education will be able to be used in medicine. To this end, it is necessary to establish the basic learning outcomes of history of medicine, and prepare learning materials based on these learning outcomes. It is also necessary to increase the competencies of educators for the history of medicine, such as performing workshops.With the dedication of the pioneers who devoted their energy to the education of medical history, it is expected that medical history will find out what to do in medical education to foster better doctors and provide better education.
Maryam Mohammadi, Shabnam Mohammadi, Ali Mehri
et al.
This study aimed to investigate dominant predictor components of moral intelligence (MI) based on the Lennick and Kiel's model in students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU).
In this descriptive-analytical study, 322 students of SBMU were chosen through cluster sampling. To collect data, a 40-item questionnaire, whose validity and reliability was confirmed in previous studies, based on the Lennick and Kiel's model was used. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using appropriate descriptive and analytical statistics. Of 322 participants, 180 and 142 were female and male, respectively. The mean age of the participants was 22.30±2.69 years. The study’s regression analysis revealed that the most and the least direct effects were related to the forgiveness (R2=0.320) and compassion (R2=0.284) components, respectively. Among the inspected components, the responsibility component with an overall effect of R2=0.655 was shown to be the strongest predictor component of MI. Universities play a significant role in students’ moral development and enhancement. The present study’s findings suggest that developing strategic plans and interventions can enhance MI level (e.g., incentive systems for individuals maintaining high moral responsibility). Since today’s students will be tomorrow’s medical and healthcare professionals, upgrading of MI level in students studying in various divisions of medical sciences enhances their moral responsibility through setting out strong ethics principles to follow and the quality of care that they will provide to patients, thereby improving health.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Скакун Игорь. Концепция антропоцентризма в неклассической философии. В работе исследуется мировоззренческий и методологический потенциал антропоцентризма и его реализация в динамике парадигм человекомерности научного знания. Раскрывается суть идеи человекомерности и принципа антропоцентризма, формы их актуализации в постклассической парадигме знания.
Ключевые слова: антропологизация, антропоцентризм, человек, методология, научная картина мира.
Skakun Ihor. THE CONCEPT OF ANTHROPOCENTRISM IN THE NONCLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY. In the paper the ideological and methodological potential of anthropocentrism and its implementation in the dynamics of human dimensional paradigms of scientific knowledge is argued. The author reveals the essence of the idea of personality and principle of anthropocentrism, shapes their actualization in postclassical paradigms of knowledge. The concept of anthropocentrism became an independent philosophical concept, according to which man is the center and purpose of world creation. Anthropocentrism in non-classical philosophy outlined the importance of the qualitative change in the methodological approach of philosophical understanding of man. It should be emphasized that man-restructuring concept was only potential, as factors of its implementation (as it was in post-non-classical period) to the just formed. Thinkers’ ideas of the transition period (from classic to non-classic) and the ideas of thinkers formed a new era of post-non-classical objectivistic and subjectivist concepts of man. Awareness of the problem of man as the central philosophical subjects helped to change scientific understanding of human dimensional constants. An attempt was made to move from philosophical objectivism to subjectivism, from the outside, objectively caused to the subject, the real entity. In the controversy with speculative metaphysics and traditional philosophy of abstract rationalist objectivism became an emerging trend of Western thought in terms of anthropological orientation: phenomenology, personalism, existentialism, philosophical anthropology etc. Metaphysics and objectivistic conception of man were challenged and replaced with contemporary philosophical systems. The process of antropolohization acquired an open form in all senses.
Keywords: anthropologization, anthropocentrism, man, methodology, science, scientific world picture.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Social Sciences
A través del testamento de Juan Moliner, médico de los reyes Carlos II y Carlos III de Navarra, el presente estudio pretende acercarse a su persona, familia, ámbito social y nivel socioeconómico en el que desarrolla su vida. Los datos que aporta dicho documento arrojan algo de luz sobre su ciclo vital, hasta el momento bastante desconocido, pese a ser uno de los más importantes médicos cristianos que atendieron a Carlos III ‘el Noble’. A todo esto hay que añadir la dimensión espiritual y religiosa de sus últimas voluntades, que vienen a completar la mentalidad y el modo de vida de este personaje.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, History of medicine. Medical expeditions
Aborda a formação científica de Carlos Chagas Filho, entre 1926 e 1942, período de socialização do cientista na Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro e no Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Abrange desde o início de sua atuação profissional até o momento em que deixou a direção do Serviço de Estudos de Grandes Endemias, em 1942, para se dedicar à carreira acadêmica no Laboratório de Física Biológica. Analisa o modo como seus recursos científicos e sociais foram acionados ao longo de sua trajetória, visando observar o momento em que rompeu com a tradição de pesquisa biomédica de Manguinhos e se lançou na construção de um novo local em que pudesse implantar seu projeto científico.<br>The study dwells on the scientific background of Carlos Chagas Filho, between 1926 and 1942, which was the period of socialization of the scientist in the Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro and the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. It covers the period from the beginning of his professional career to the moment when he resigned from the administration of the Serviço de Estudos de Grandes Endemias in 1942 to devote himself to his academic career at the Laboratório de Física Biológica. The way in which his social and scientific resources were deployed throughout his career is analyzed, with a view to ascertaining the moment when he broke with the tradition of biomedical research of Manguinhos and embarked on the construction of a new location where he could implement his own scientific project.
El objetivo de este artículo es describir y analizar el desarrollo de los primeros años de funcionamiento del Servicio Nacional de Salud en Chile, fundado en 1952, y la importancia que cobró en este contexto el Programa de Salud Materno Infantil. Se identifican los avances y dificultades en esta etapa del Servicio, y se analiza cómo el Programa representó la continuidad de diversas políticas de protección sanitarias a madres y niños (implementadas en el país desde la década de 1920), y el mejoramiento, ampliación y creación de nuevas políticas en el marco de una medicina social. Se documentan los logros alcanzados por el Programa, pero también sus limitaciones, que expresan no solo los problemas del Servicio sino también los problemas sociales y económicos que aquejaban al país.<br>This description and exploration of the early years of Servicio Nacional de Salud, founded in 1952, analyzes the agency's progress and challenges, as well as the role of the Programa de Salud Materno-Infantil. The latter program lent continuity to a variety of sanitary protection policies for mothers and children dating to the 1920s, while also improving and expanding on existing policies and devising new ones within the framework of social medicine. The program recorded successes but also encountered limitations, which derived not only from agency-specific problems but also from the social and economic ills afflicting the country as a whole.
Amir Salari, Seyyedeh Roghayeh Ehsani, Ghasem Abotalebi
et al.
Patients' rights observance is one of the effective measures of patients' satisfaction of health care services. We performed this study at the aim of evaluation of nurses' awareness of patients' rights in a teaching hospital in Tehran.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010. In this study 156 nurses were randomly selected. Two-part questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity and reliability of questionnaire was determined and then it was distributed between subjects. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 15 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Our results showed that %58.33, %39.10 and % 2.56 of nurses have good, medium, and poor levels of awareness respectively. We observed a significant relationship between nurses awareness and work experience (P=0.008) and concurrent work in public and private hospitals (P=0.01). The most of the nurses (%95.51) were aware of "right to privacy protection and ensure confidentiality of information" and the least of them (%33.97) were aware of "right to receiving necessary information about the health care providers, the rate of tariff and insurance coverage".According to our survey it is concluded that implementation of Patients' Right Charter in this hospital is accompanied by some limitations which necessitates promotion of the nurses' awareness about patients' rights. Taken together in order to enhance nurses' awareness special measures and strategies should be considered.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Analisa ações de médicos ligados às iniciativas pública e privada e que colaboraram para a incorporação do combate ao câncer, na agenda das políticas públicas de saúde do governo federal, cristalizadas na criação do Serviço Nacional de Câncer em 1941. Objetiva também demonstrar que esse processo histórico se relaciona diretamente ao contexto internacional de intercâmbio científico entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos, incentivado pela 'política da boa vizinhança', nos anos 1940. Aponta disputas políticas pela primazia da coordenação de ações de combate à enfermidade, no âmbito do poder central.<br>The article analyzes initiatives taken by physicians from both the private and public sectors who contributed to placing the fight against cancer on the federal government's agenda of public health policies, which became embodied in the 1941 creation of Brazil's National Cancer Service. The text also aims to show that this historical process was directly related to the international context of scientific exchange between Brazil and the United States that was encouraged under the Good-neighbor Policy of the 1940s. It calls attention to political disputes over the coordination of efforts to fight the disease at the federal level.
Los paradigmas fundacionales de la biología surgen en Europa al margen de la medicina, pero las comunidades médicas los apropiarán socialmente, generando tensión en ellas. Originalmente las teorías celular y de la regulación fisiológica, no están relacionadas con lo médico, pero serán asimiladas a la nueva medicina y los estudios sobre herencia y microbiología, que desde su surgimiento si tienen vínculos con las prácticas médicas, serán apropiados de inmediato por esta medicina diferente. Esta 'domesticación social' del conocimiento implica operaciones de traducción donde surgirán versiones híbridas, con particularidades distintas a las europeas. Aquí se analiza y discute la introducción de paradigmas de la biología en México (siglos XIX y XX).<br>The functional paradigms of biology emerged in Europe on the margins of medicine, but medical communities appropriated them into society, thereby generating some friction between them. Originally, cell theory and theories about physiological processes did not concern physicians, but they became assimilated into the new medicine and studies into heredity and microbiology, which since their emergence had been close to medical practice, and were quickly appropriated by this new form of medicine. The 'social domestication' of this knowledge involved a process of translation to the new environment, giving rise to hybrid versions with quite distinct features from their European counterparts. Here, we analyze and discuss the introduction of biology paradigms into Mexico (19th and 20th centuries).
In the aftermath of Thomas Kuhn's The structure of scientific revolutions, there was a great deal of discussion about the relationship between the History of Science and the Philosophy of Science. A wider issue was at stake in these discussions: 'normativism' versus 'naturalism' in Epistemology. If the History of Science, at best, gives us reliable information about what actually occurred historically, how can it inform debates about such things as confirmation or explanation in Philosophy of Science? This essay makes a case for the centrality of historical investigation in the Philosophy of Science. I will defend what I term the 'Phylogenetic' approach to the Philosophy of Science. I will argue that since the foundations and dominant methods of a particular scientific field are shaped by its history, studying that History can give us considerable insight into conceptual and methodological problems in a particular Science. The case will be made both on general, philosophical grounds, and by compelling instantiation.<br>A publicação de A estrutura das revoluções científicas de Thomas Khun resultou em uma grande discussão sobre a relação entre a história da ciência e a filosofia da ciência. Nessa discussão, o que estava em jogo era algo bem mais abrangente, isto é, o 'normativismo' versus o 'naturalismo' em epistemologia. Se a história da ciência, na melhor das hipóteses, nos dá informações confiáveis quanto ao que realmente ocorreu historicamente, como é que ela pode auxiliar os debates da filosofia da ciência sobre aspectos tais como confirmação e explicação? O presente artigo defende a centralização da investigação histórica para a filosofia da ciência. O autor defende o que ele chama de abordagem 'filogenética' à filosofia da ciência, argumentando que, uma vez que a as bases e métodos que prevalecem em uma área científica são moldados pela sua história, estudar esta história pode esclarecer consideravelmente os problemas conceituais e metodológicos de uma determinada ciência. A argumentação se faz em bases filosóficas gerais e através de exemplificações determinantes.
A produção de imunobiológicos deveria ser assumida pelo governo federal como atividade estratégica para o país e tratada em plano diretor que instituísse mecanismos para assegurar competitividade aos laboratórios nacionais. É o que sustenta, nesta entrevista, o médico João Baptista Risi Júnior, uma das maiores autoridades em epidemiologia do Brasil. Fluminense de Niterói, Risi Júnior é um vasto arquivo humano da história da imunização brasileira. Com as credenciais de quem coordenou a Campanha de Erradicação da Varíola no estado do Rio de Janeiro (de 1968 a 1970), chefiou o Setor de Epidemiologia da Fundação SESP (de 1974 a 1979), foi secretário nacional de Ações Básicas de Saúde (de 1980 a 1988) e por duas vezes secretário nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (em 1992 e 1999), ele se recusa a situar em campos opostos a estratégia dos dias nacionais de vacinação e a defesa dos serviços permanentes de atenção integral, universal e descentralizada de saúde. O atual representante no Brasil da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde (OPAS) preconiza o uso de todos os recursos possíveis e a convivência da gestão centralizada, necessária à padronização do Brasil continental, com a ação local, descentralizada, prioridade do Sistema ùnico de Saúde (SUS). Neste depoimento concedido a Carlos Fidélis Ponte, ele também não poupou críticas à instabilidade institucional e à descontinuidade administrativa, pelo desperdício de experiências históricas que, consideradas no presente, ajudariam a reduzir os erros e a multiplicar os acertos no serviço público de atendimento integral à saúde. Erros e acertos que, no encontro de contas, põem em jogo vidas humanas.